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Neutral Earthing
The process of connecting neutral of the system to the earth through a GI wire is
known as Neutral earthing or System earthing. It is used in star winding systems
including generator, transformer, etc.
Equipment Earthing
When the metallic frame of the equipment is connected to the earth by the help of a
conducting wire then it is called Equipment earthing. In fault condition in the
apparatus, the fault current flows to the earth and the system is protected.
Need of Earthing
Earthing is needed for the following reasons −
The following figure shows the flow of fault current without earthing system –
Fault Condition
In a fault condition, the fault current flows from the equipment to the earth through
the earthing system. Thus, the apparatus is protected from short circuit or fault
current. At the fault time, the voltage of the electrode increases and equals to the
resistance of the electrode and the ground fault.
The following figure shows the flow of fault current with an earthing system
Ground Resistance Measurement
Ground Resistance
Resistance Curve
From the figure, the portion of the curve is marked as R of E, which is a nearly
horizontal slope in the curve. The upward slope indicates the effect of the
resistance of C. For the field measurement earth tester calibration, the ratio is
directly used.
Risk reduction
The earthing system must follow the rules and regulations for the risk reduction
according to the following standards.