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Chapter 18
Chapter 18
CHAPTER
18 CHI-SQUARED TESTS
Focus on EXAM 18
Σfx 2 H0: The playing time is normally
1 X = distributed with mean 61.5 minutes
Σf
and standard deviation 1 minute.
1250 H1: The playing time is not normally
=
500 distributed with mean 61.5 minutes
= 2.5 [Shown ] and standard deviation 1 minute.
X ~ Po(2.5)
x − m x − 61.5
X ~ N(61.5, 12); z =
=
2.5 x s 1
P( X = x ) = e −2.5
, x = 0, 1, 2, …
x! P ( x < 60) = P (z < −1.5)
H0: Y is a Poisson random variable.
= 0.06681
H1: Y is not a Poisson random variable.
P (60 < x < 61) = P( −1.5 < z < −0.5)
a = 0.05
= 0.24173
v = 8 − 1
=7 P(61 < x < 62) = P( − 0.5 < z < 0.5)
c 02.05, 7 = 14.07 = 0.38292
2
P (62 < x < 63) = P (0.5 < z < 1.5)
c = 7.15 < c 0.05, 7
2
= 0.24173
∴ Do not reject H0. Y is a Poisson
P ( 63 < x < 64) = P (1.5 < z < 2.5)
random variable.
= 0.06060
(Oi - Ei )2
x P(X = x) Oi Ei = npi P(x > 64) = P ( z > 2.5 )
Ei
= 0.00621
0 0.0821 50 41 1.9756
1 0.2052 98 102 0.2427 (Oi - Ei )2
2 0.2565 120 128 0.5000
Oi Ei = nP
Ei
3 0.2138 113 107 0.3364
33 66.81 17.1100
4 0.1336 61 67 0.5373
225 241.73 1.1579
5 0.0668 29 33 0.4848
380 382.92 0.0223
6 0.0278 19 14 1.7857
280 241.73 6.0588
7 0.0099 10 5
10 7 1.2857 78 60.60 4.9960
8 0.0031 0 2 4 6.21 0.7865
Σ 500 500 7.1482
30.1306
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1x 781(609)
X ~ Po(1) P( x = x ) = e −1 , x = 0, 1, 2,… 328 = 318.146 0.3052
x! 1495
714(609)
(Oi - Ei )2 281 = 290.8535 0.3338
x P(X = x) Oi Ei = npi 1495
Ei
0 0.3679 35 36.79 0.0871
a = 0.05
1 0.3679 44 36.79 1.4130 v = 6 − 1
2 0.1839 14 18.39 1.0480
=5
c 2
= 11.070
3 0.0613 1
0.05, 5
8.03 0.1321
5 0.0031 3
∴ Do not reject H0. Age and sex are
0.0006
independent factors for insulin−
6 0
dependent diabetes in children
Σ 2.6802
under the age of 15.
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(Oi - Ei )2
a = 0.05
Oi Ei
Ei
v=4−1
=3
79 77.90 0.0155
c 2
= 7.815
81 82.83 0.0404
0.05, 3
∴ Do not reject H0.
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e −0.2 x
∞
c 2
= 9.488
= 0− 0.05, 4
c 2 = 19.8 > c 02.05, 4
0.2 0
∴ Reject H0. The data is not a good fit
1
= 0 − 0 − model.
0.2
= 5 [Shown] 8 H0: The data is normally distributed with
mean 48.7 and standard deviation 14.9.
3
P(0 < X < 3) =
∫ 0
0.2 e − 0.2 x dx = 0.4512 H1: The data is not normally distributed
with mean 48.7 and standard
5
P(3 < X < 5) = ∫3 0.2 e deviation 14.9.
− 0.2 x
dx = 0.1809
X ~ N(48.7, 14.92)
7
P(5 < X < 7) = ∫3 0.2 e
−0.2 x
dx = 0.1213 a − 48.7 b − 48.7
∴ P(a < x < b) = P
<Z<
9
14.9 14.9
P(7 < X < 9) = ∫7 0.2 e
−0.2 x
dx = 0.0813
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X ~ N(180, 32)
c 2 = 9.23 < c 02.01, 3
(Oi - Ei )2 ∴ Do not reject H0. The number of babies
Height Oi Ei = Pi P(X )
Ei born in I, II, III, and IV quadrant are
in the ratio 4 : 2 : 1 : 3.
2
x < 175 4.78 0.00956
17 15.87 0.0805
175 x < 177 15 11.09 0.02218 11 X ~ B(5, 0.5)
177 x < 179 29 21.09 2.9667 0.04218
(Oi - Ei )2
179 x < 181 25 26.09 0.0455 0.05218 Pi O2 Ei = mp
Ei
181 x < 183 12 21.09 3.9179 0.04218
183 x < 185 10 11.09 0.02218 0.0313 2 3.13
17 18.76 0.1651
x 185 7
17 15.87
4.78
0.0805
0.00956 0.1563
15 15.63
7.0911 ( Σ − 31.25) 2
0.3125 S 31.25
31.25
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a = 0.01
160
v=5−1
=4
(Oi - Ei )2 ∴ c 0.01, 4 = 13.28
2
Oi Ei
Ei
c 2 = 1.01 < c 0.01,4
2
24 21.000 0.4286 ∴ Do not reject H0. The sample is from
9 11.250 0.4500 the Po(1.5) distribution.
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H1: The condition of a patient is
dependent of the type of cream used.
(b) H0: The severity of lung ailment and
the smoking habit are independent.
Patients
H1: The severity of lung ailment and
No Partial Complete the smoking habit are dependent.
Cream Recovery Recovery Recovery
Smoker Lung Mild Ailment Severe
100(35) 100(55) 100(110) 43(37) 53(37)
A 200 200 200 100 Light = 16.5729 = 20.4271
96 96
= 17.50 = 27.50 = 55.00
43(59) 53(59)
Heavy = 26.4271 = 32.5729
100(35) 100(55) 100(110) 96 96
B 200 200 200 100
= 17.50 = 27.50 = 55.00
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16 p 2 = 2p ( q + r )2
2p + q + r
8p 2p
16 p 2 ( q + r )2
2p − q − r = 2p
8p 2p
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(0i - Ei )
2
v = (2 − 1)(3 − 1) Ei = 72
=2 xi 0i
ºProbability Ei
c 02.05, 2 = 5.991
c = 3.32 < c 02.05
2
,2 0 0.08208 0 5.9098 5.9098
∴ Do not reject H0. The rate of
1 0.20521 14 14.7751 0.0407
germination does not depends on the 2 0.25652 17 18.4694 0.1169
types of corn seeds.
3 0.21376 12 15.3907 0.7470
25 H0: The blood pressure follow a normal 4 0.24243 8 17.4550 5.1216
distribution with mean 128.46 and
Total 1 72 72 11.936
standard deviation 13.69.
H1: The blood pressure does not follow a V = 5 − 1 = 4
normal distribution with mean 128.46 ∴ At 1% significance level, from table
and standard deviation 13.69. the critical value is, c 02.01, 4 = 13.28. Since
11.94 < 13.28, do not reject H0. Thus at
X ~ N(128.46, 13.692) 1% Significance level, we have evidence
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28 (25.205)
+ 27 (24.140)
+ + + +
High
41.18
25 (25.915) 33
21 (24.820)
35.75 33.75 27 29.25
Total 71 68 = 16.8486
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i =1 Ei
smoking habit are associated.
=
(40 − 33)2 + (20 − 38.50)2 + (50 − 38.50)2 + (20 − 27)2 + (50
Heavy Moderate Non-
Total 33 38.50 38.50 27
Smokers Smokers Smokers
(40 − 33) +25(20 − 38.15
Symptom Presence = 22
2
50 ) (62
2
+
50 − 38.50 ) ( 20 − 27) (50 − 31.50 ) ( 20 − 31.50 )
2
+
2
+
2
+
2
of 33 (28.217) 38(20.150)
(19.633) .50 38.50 27 31.50 31.50
Hyper Absence 16 18 24 58 = 19.894
tension (18.367) (20.783) (18.850)
V = 2 − 1) (3 − 1) = 2
Total 38 43 39 120 (
∴c 2 = 10.60
0.005, 2
(Oi - Ei )2
0i Ei Since c 2 = 19.984 > 10.60, reject H0. We
Ei have enough evidence to conclude that
there are some associations between
22 19.633 0.2854
hours spent on computer games in a day
25 22.217 0.3486 and gender.
15 20.150 1.3163
16 18.367 0.3050 32 H0: Sinus and average of hours slept per
night are independent
18 20.783 0.3727
H1: Sinus and average of hours slept per
24 18.850 1.4070 night are not independent
120 120 4.0350 The expected value Ei is as follows.
Ei
games in a day and gender are i =1
independent.
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+
(18 − 19.95) 2
+
( 21 − 21.008)
2
we have enough evidence to conclude
that road accidents and years of driving
19.95 21.08
experience are not associated.
+
(25 − 26.87) 2
+
(16 − 14.05)
2
n
Ei 2
∴c 2
0.005, 22
= 10.60 + ∑
i =1 Ei
Since c = 0.6836 < 10.60, thus do not
reject H0. n
Oi 2 n
Oi 2
n
33 H0: Road accident and years of driving =∑ − 2n + n
experience and not associated. i =1 E
H1: Road accident and years of driving n
Oi 2
experience are associated. =∑ −n
i =1 Ei
Yes No Total
(b) H0: The data follows Poisson
Less than a year 66.72 53.28 120
distribution with a mean of 0.9
1-5 years 44.48 35.52 80 H1: The data does not follow Poisson
More than 5 27.80 22.20 50 distribution with a mean of 0.9
years
If H0 is true then
Total 139 111 250
e −0.9 (0.9)
x
(Oi - Ei )2
( X = x) = , x = 0,1, 2,…
Ei
x!
Oi
Ei
xi Pi (X = xi ) Ei = 60 ¥ Pi
73 66.72 0.5911
47 53.28 0.7402 0 e −0.9 = 0.4066 24.40
36 44.48 1.6167
44 35.52 2.0245 1 e −0.9 (0.9) = 0.3659 21.95
30 27.80 0.1741
e −0.9 (0.9)
2
20 22.20 0.2180 2 = 0.1647 9.88
250 250 5.3646 2!
1− 0.4066 − 0.3659 −
V = ( 2 − 1) (3 − 1) = 2 3
0.1647 = 0.0628
3.77
Total 1.000 60
∴a = 0.05, c 02.005, 2 = 5.991
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c = 6.9941
2
(Oi - Ei )2
ci P (X = c i ) Oi Ei = 72 ¥ Pi
Ei df = V = ( r − 1) ( c − 1)
0 0.1353 14 9.7416 1.8615 = ( 2 − 1) (3 − 1)
1 0.2707 21 19.4904 0.1169 =2
2 0.2707 17 19.4904 0.3182 At 1% level of significance, the critical
3 0.1804 12 12.9888 0.0753 value from table is c 02.01, 2 = 4.605
4 0.1429 8 10.2988 0.5092 Since c 2 = 6.994 > 4.605, reject H0. We
Total 1.0000 72 72 2.8811 have enough evidence to show that gender
and preference of car have some association.
∴ c = 2.88
2
df = V = K −1 37
= 5 −1 = 4 Time taken to Expected
Probability,
Thus from table c = 13.28
2 complete the test, frequency,
0.01, 4
x in seconds Pi 100 ¥ Pi
Since c = 2.88 < 13.28 , do not reject H0.
2
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