REVIVALIST ARCHITECTURE Crystal Palace (London)

o architect: Sir Joseph Paxton

NEOCLASSICISM Westminster Palace (London)
 revival of using Greek and Roman orders as decorative o architect: Sir Charles Barry
motifs
 simple and strongly geometric composition HIGH VICTORIAN
 shallow reliefs on facades  Gothic and Renaissance Revival
 style for US Government Buildings
St. Pancras Railway Station (London)
Paris Opera House o architect: Sir Gilbert Scott
o Palais Garnier
o architect: Charles Garnier
o elements from the Baroque, the classicism of
LATE VICTORIAN
 “Queen Anne” style
Palladio and Renaissance blended together
 Eclectic, revival of Byzantine, Romanesque, Baroque, and Early
o elements were combined with axial symmetry
Renaissance
and modern techniques and materials.
Including the use of iron frameworks
Carson Mansion (California)
Country Hall (Wakefield, England)
GREEK REVIVAL  architect: James Gien Sivewright Gibson and Samuel
Second Bank of the United States (Philadelphia) Russel
o architect: William Strickland
o
o
design was based on the Pantheon
features a stylobate, eight doric columns, MODERN ARCHITECTURE
antablature with triglyph frieze pediment
INDUSTRIAL AGE
 invention of Steam Engine
ROMANTICISM o Industrial Revolution
 turning to styles of the past to draw playful forms that
 vast economic and social upheavals, stemming
addresses emotions.
from mechanization and mass production
 it allowed architects to tailor historical styles according to
the particulars of building type and location  required new building types for industry,
commerce, and transportation
o Material Innovations
GOTHIC REVIVAL  cast iron
 revived the spirit and forms of Gothic Architecture  steel
 remained the accepted style for churches in the US into the
 reinforced concrete
20th century
 cheaper manufacture of glass
Palace of Westminster (United Kingdom)  Crystal Palace (London)
o House of Parliament o architect: Sir Joseph Paxton
o perpendicular English Gothic Style o cast-iron and plate-glass structure built for
o was burned in 1834 the Great Exhibition in the year 1851
 Brooklyn Bridge (New York)
BEAUX-ARTS ECLECTICISM o world’s largest Steel suspension bridge
 symmetrical plans and eclectic use of architectural o suspension towers are Gothic Style
features  Eiffel Tower (Paris)
 often gives a massive, elaborate, and ostentanious effect o wrought Iron Lattice tower
o named after Gustave Eiffel
École des Beaux-Arts
o constructed for the entrance of the 1889
o School of Fine Arts established in 1819 by the
French government World’s Fair
o taught a way of organizing a building into a SKYSCRAPERS
balanced hierarchy of spatial elements and  an American invention
planning principles  called “Skyscrapers” because it scrapes the skies and
City Beautiful Movement clouds
o proponent: Daniel Bumham  the invention of elevator and more sophisticated
o an approach to urban planning characterized by heating, plumbing, and electric lighting systems made
monumentally placed buildings, grand the sky scrapers as accessible and comfortable as lower
promenades, spacious plazas, and classical spaces
sculptures o Picache Building (Quiapo, Manila)
McMillan Plan (Washington, DC)
- first ever skyscraper in the Phillipines
o National Mall Lincoln Memorial at the bottom
- designed by Angel Nakpil
o Washington monument at the center
Lincoln Memorial (Washington, DC) o Home Insurance Building
o architect: Henry Bacon - first ever skyscraper
o concept derived from the Greek Doric Temple - architect: William Le Baron Jenney
o surrounded by peristyle of 36 Doric Columns one - first building supported by fire-proof structural
for each 36 states steel and metal frame
o Wainwright Building (Missouri)
AGE OF REVIVALS - designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
- Terra cotta office building
CONFLICT WITH CLASSIC AND GOTHIC
- Modern and Neoclassical style
EARLY VICTORIAN
 Greek Revival and Greko Roman
ARCHITECTS IN MODERN o
o
Germany – Jugendstill
Spain – Modernismo
ARCHITECTURE o
o
Italy – Stile Liberty
Austria – Sezession
o France – Le Style Metro
Louis Sullivan
 “Form ever follows function” Hotel Tassel (Belgium)
 greatest contribution to the skyscraper was the  architect – Victor Horta
organizing of its identical, stacked floors to express a Paris Metro Entrance (Belgium)
strong visual identity  architect – Hector Guimard
 used nature-inspired or “Organic” decorations to
humanize his imposing structure Antoni Gaudi
 The Skyscraper has three levels; Base, Shaft, and  combined Moorish and Gothic elements with
Top Floor naturalistic forms, their textured, undulating
shapes recall waves, sea coral, and fish bones
o Prudential “Guaranty” Building (New York) o Casa Mila (Spain)
o Carson, Pirie, Scott Building “Sullivan Center” o Casa Batllo (Spain)
(Chicago) o Sagrada Familia (Spain)

Frank Lloyd Wright MODERNISM AND OHER

 promoter of Organic Architecture
 believed that buildings should be spread Horizontally
o Prairie House
 house with overhanging rooflines and
flowing rooms
o Broadacre City
 visionary plan meantv to bring urban
life to the country
 a low densitysettlement with small
establishments and an acre of land
for each person
o Robie House (Chicago, Illinois)
 greatest example of a Prairie school
 first architectural style considered as
uniquely American
o Fallingwater Kauffman House (Pennsylvania)
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE
 promotes harmony between human habitation and the
natural world
 materials, motifs, and basic ordering principles are
based on Nature
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York)
o design was cylindrical, wider at the top than the
bottom, conceived as “the temple of the spirit”
o original concept was an inverted ziggurat
o vertical rather than horizontal
Johnson Wax Headquarters (Wisconsin)
o features curvilinear forms, streamlined art,
modern style
o used “Cherokee Red” bricks and dendiform
(tree-like) concrete columns
ART DECO
 also called Style Moderne
 based on geometric motifs, streamlined and curvilinear
forms, sharply defined outlines
 uses bold colors and synthetic materials (plastic)
Chrysler Building (New York)
 architect – William Van Alen
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
EXPRESSIONISM
 a European movement what generated jagged and dynamic
forms in both painting and architecture
 Promotes symbolism
Einsteinturm (Germany)
o Architect: Erich Mendelsohn
o Astrophysical observatory named after Albert
Einstein
o Building in brick, covered with stucco
o Symbol: Microscope
De Stijl
o “The Style”
o Use of black and white with the primary
colors rectangular forms, and asymmetry
(inspired by a Mondrian painting)
Rietveld Schröder House (Netherlands)
o Architect: Gerrit Rietvel
o House without interior walls
CONSTRUCTIVISM
 Expression of construction was to be the basis for all
building design
 Emphasizes on functional machine parts
Rusakov Worker’s Club (Moscow)
o Architect: Konstantin Melkinov
o Constructed on a fan-shaped plan with three
cantilevered concrete above the base
Bauhaus
o Bau (building), haus (house)
o A school in Germany founded by Walter Gropius
o Synthesis of technology, craft, and design
aesthetic
o Emphasis on functional design (“form follows
function”)
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
 Functional architecture devoid of regional characteristic
 Simple geometric forms, large untextured surfaces (often
white), large areas of glass, and general use of steel or
reinforced concrete construction

ART NOUVEAU Le Corbusier

 Charles Edouard Jeanneret
 “New Art”  “The house is a machine for living in.”
 based on the return to craftsmanship and integration of
o Villa Savoye (Poissy, France)
art, design, and architecture
- Reflected Le Corb’s Five Points of
 characterized by fluid, undulating motifs, often derived Architecture
from natural forms
Five Points of Architecture
1. Pilotis - structural system of stilts that lifted the building
off the ground to allow people and traffic to pass
underneath
2. Open Plan - Free plan, rooms enclosed by non-load bearing
partitions
3. Free Facade (Curtain wall)
4. Ribbon Window (Use of Horizontal Window)
5. Roof Garden
o Unite d’habitation (Marseille, France)
- Used Modulor as basis of measurement
- Apartment block with 23 different unit types
o Notre Dame du Haut (Ronchamp, France)
- More complex, sculptural shapes in concrete
- Roman Catholic Chapel
- Enclosed by thick walls, with upturned roof
supported on columns
o Villa Contemporaine
- A visionary scheme of highly ordered
groupings of skyscrapers
- Vertical development
o Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
- “Less is more”
- Best known for developing boxy, steel-and-
glass architecture for nearly every purpose -
from houses to skyscrapers
o Barcelona Pavilion (Spain)
- German Pavilion for 1929 International
expo in Spain
o Farnsworth House (Illinois)
- One-room weekend retreat
o Seagram Building (New York)
- Built on steel frame, from which
nonstructural glass walls are hung
POSTMODERNISM
 A renewed appreciation for the rich traditions of architecture
past
 Architects began enlivening facades with color, pattern, and
ornaments
Postmodern Architects
Alvar Aalto
 “Nature, not the machine, should serve as the model for
architecture.”
 Finnish architect; one of the first modernists to fuse
technology with craft.
 Humanized modernism with curved walls and roofs and
wood-finished interiors. He was also sensitive to the
contours of the land and to a building’s orientation to
daylight.
o MIT Baker House Dormitory (Cambridge,
Massachusetts)
o Phillips Exeter Academy Library (New
Hampshire)
- Constructed in three concentric areas called
“doughnuts”
 Outer area – houses reading carrels,
made of brick
 Middle area – heavy book stacks, made
of reinforced concrete
 Inner area – atrium
o Kimbell Art Museum (Fort Worth, Texas)
- Natural illumination
o Richards Medical Research Building
(Pennsylvania)
- Clustered towers to accommodate the
“served” and “servant”
Robert Venturi
 “Less is a bore.”
 Suggested that architects should embrace ambiguity,
decoration, and “messy vitality” in their buildings.
 His vision was an architecture of “both-and” rather than
“either-or.” This led to the development of a more
pluralistic attitude towards architecture that still prevails
today.
o Vanna Venturi House, Pennsylvania
- Mother’s House
- Reaction against the standard modernist
architecture
o Episcopal Academy Chapel, Pennsylvania
- Two levels of clerestory windows
- Tapered cruciform spire
Philip Johnson
 Once an advocate of the International Style, became one of
postmodernism’s biggest promoters
o Glass House/Johnson House (Connecticut)
-
-
Inspired by the Farnsworth House
International Style
- Contains furniture designed by Mies
o AT&T Building, Manhattan
- Feature: open pediment and arched
entrance way 7 stories in height
James Stirling


Proponent of New Brutalism and high-tech.
Sculpted his buildings to convey solidity
o Neue Staatsgalerie (Germany)
- Modernist with classicism
Michael Graves
 Incorporated decorative, historical references within his
abstract designs.
 His architecture often has a childlike, cartoonish quality,
shown to exaggerated effect.
o Team Disney Burbank, California
- 19 -ft tall dwarf that appear to support the
pediment

o
- One-room weekend retreat
Helsinki University of Technology Main THE NEW YORK FIVE
Building (Espoo, Finland)  Leading the Modern Revival Group
- Amphitheatre-like structure contains 1.) Peter Eisenman
main auditoriums, while the exterior can 2.) Michael Graves
be used for plays and other activities 3.) Charles Gwathmey
4.) John Hejduk
Eero Saarinen 5.) Richard Meier
 Used advances in structural systems to create sculpturally
expressive buildings. o Getty Museum (California)
 His buildings followed a unique design direction according - By Richard Meier
to the particulars of their site and purpose. - A cultural acropolis situated high above a Los
Angeles freeway
o TWA Flight Center (New York)
- Airport terminal of John F. Kennedy
International Airport
- used thin shell roofing
o Dulles International Airport (Virginia)
Louis Kahn
 “Architectural form should reflect a building’s social
purpose.”
 His work is often compared to ancient monuments.
 Composed of circles, squares, and triangles, his designs
were constructed of rough concrete and brick to convey a
massive primal quality.
 Daylight played an important role in his buildings.