ASI

CDESI
GNTYPES
ASI
Cismai
nlyDi
vi
dedi
ntot
woDi
vi
sions
1)Logical
Design(
LD)
2)Physi
calDesi
gn(
PD)

Phy
sical
Desi
gn i
sPhy
sical
impl
ement
ati
onofDesi
gn
 InPhy si
calDesignmai nlySixinputsarepresent
1.Logicalli
brari
es  
  
 --
>for matis.l
ib 
  -
--
>givenbyVendors
2.Physicalli
brari
es  
 --
>formatis.lef 
  
 --
->gi
venbyvendors
3.Technologyf i
le 
  
  
 --
>formatis.tf 
  
  
 --
->gi
venbyfabri
cati
onpeopl
es
4.TLU+f il
e  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  -
->f
ormati s.TLUP-->gi
venbyfabr
icati
onpeopl
e
5.Netl
ist  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 --
->f
ormati s.v 
  
  
 --
>giv
enbySy nt
hesisPeopl
e
6.SynthesisDesignConst raint
s --
>formatis.SDC 
 --
>givenbySynt
hesi
sPeopl
e

  
 PHYSICALDESIGNPROCESS.
1.DATAPREPARATI ON.
2.FLOORPLAN.
3.POWERPLAN- -
>POWERROUTI NG[PREROUTE]
4.PLACEMENT.
5.CLOCKTREESYNTHESI S-
->CLOCKROUTING.
6.ROUTING.--
>DATAROUTING.-
->[POSTROUTE]
7.CHIPFINISHING.
8.VERIFI
CATION.
9.GDSIIFI
LE.

Logi
call
ibr
ari
es:
For
mati
s.l
ib(
li
brar
y)
1. Timingi nformat ionofSt andar dcel l
s, Softmacr os,hardmacr os.
2. Functional i
ty i
nformat ionofSt andar dcel l
s,Sof tmacr os.
3. Anddesi gnrulesl ike maxt ransi tion, maxcapaci t
ance,andmaxf anout.
4. Inti
mi ngi nformat ionCel ldelay s, Set up,Hold, Recov ery
, Removaltimearepresent.
5. Celldelayi sFunct ionofi nputt ransi t
ionandout putload.
6. Celldelayi scalcul atedbasedonl ookupt ables.
7. Celldelay sarecal cul atedbyusi ngl ineardel aymodel s,nonl
ineardelaymodels,andCCSmodel s.
8. Functional i
ty i
susedf orOpt imi zat ionPur pose.
9. Andal soCont ainPoweri nfor mat i
on.
10.Andcont ainsLeakagepowerf orDef aultcell,LeakagePowerDensi t
yforcel
l,Defaul
tInputv
olt
age,
andOut putv olt
age.
AndPVTcont ains- --
---
---
---
>OnChi pVar iati
ons( BC,WC)
                - ---
---
----
->Cel lleakagePower
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
   -
-----
--
-->Inter nal Power
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
   -
-----
--
-->RiseTr ansi ti
on
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
  --
-----
---
->Fal ltransi ti
on
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    --
--
--
---
->>Setuprise
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   ---
--
--
---
->Setupfall
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   ---
--
--
---
->Holdrise
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - -
--
--
---
--
->Holdfall
                 ---
---
--
--
-->Minimum pul sewi
dthhigh
                ----
---
--
--
-->Minimum pul sewidt
hlow
                ----
---
--
--
-->Recoveryrise
                -
----
---
--
--
-->Remov alfall
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 -----
--
---
--
--
->Cellri
se
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 - --
--
--
---
--
-->Cellf
all
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 - --
--
--
---
--
-->Pi
nCapaci tance

Cel
llev
eli
nfor
mat
ion 

1. Cellname
2. Area(representwithNandEquAr ea)
3. Power( Functi
onofinputtr
ansit
ion,
Tot
alout
putnetCap)
4. Functionalit
y
5. Delay
6. MaxCap
7. MaxTr ans
8. FootPr int
Andi talsoCont ai
nsK-Factor

Andi
tal
socont
ainWI
RELOADMODELS

Anditcont
ainsAv i
ew( subdi
rect
ory
)i.
e.LM (
Logi
calModelv
iew)v
iew.
I
tcontai
nslogicall
ibr
ari
es.

Phy
sicall
ibr
ari
es:f
ormati
s.l
ef(
Lay
outExchangeFor
mat
):
1. Phy sicali nformat i
onofst dcel l
s, macros,pads.
2. Pini nfor mat i
on.
3. Def ineuni tt i
le(sit
es)placement .
4. Mini mum Wi dthofResol ution.
5. Hei ghtoft hepl acementRows.
6. Pref erredr outingDi r
ections.
7. Pitchoft her out i
ngtracks.
8. Ant ennaRul es.
9. Rout i
ngBl ockages, Macr oBl ockage
Macr o/St dCel l
s: -
--
--
---
--
---
->Cel lname
                - -
---
--
--
----
->Size( Dimensi ons,Ar
ea)
                  -
---
--
--
---
-->Pin
                  -
---
--
--
---
-->Por t
                   
--
---
--
---
---
>Lay er
                  
  
---
--
--
---
--->Directi
on
                   
Pinsi nf ormat i
on:  
 -
--
--
---
---
--
-->Direction(Input,Out
put,I
NOUT)
                  -
---
--
--
---
---->Use( Signal,
Power ,
Ground)
                  
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
->AntennaGat
eAr
ea
                 
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
->l
ayer
  

LEFsar e3Ty pes: 

 .
Macrolef(Macr oInf
o)
                 .
StdCelll
ef(StandardCellI
nfo)
                 .
Techlef(Layer,Vi
aI nf
o)

Inphysi
calinfoheight,
area, widtharepresent
.
andalsoitcontai
nst wov iews
1)Cel
lView:
Inthi
salll
ay outi
nformationi spresent
,iti
susedatthet
imeoft
apeout
2)FRAM view:
Fram vi
ewi sabstr
actv i
ew, itisusedatthePlace&Rout
e

Technol
ogyf
il
e:f
ormati
s.t
f:
1. I
tcontai
nsName, Numberconv enti
onsofl ayerandv i
a
2. I
tcontai
nsPhy sical ,electricalcharacterist
icsof lay
erandv i
a
3. I
nPhy si
calcharact eri
sticsMi nwi dt
h, MinSpacing,MinHightarepresent
.
4. I
nElectr
icalcharact eri
sticsMaxCur rentDensityispresent
.
5. Uni
tsandPr eci
sionsofl ay erandv i
a.
6. Col
orsandpat ternofl ay erandv i
a.
7. Phy
sicalDesignr ulesofl ay erandv ia
8. I
nPhy si
calDesignr ul
esWi retoWi r
eSpaci ng,MinWi dthbetweenLayerandv
iaar
epr
esent
.

Lay erInfo:
1. MaskName
2. Visible
3. Selectabl e
4. Li
neSt yle(Sol
id)
5. Pat ter
en 
6. Pitch
7. CutLay er    
 

TLU+
TLU+f
il
es:f
ormati
s.TLUP:
1. R,
Cpar asit
icsofmet alperuni
tlength.
2. These(
R,Cpar asit
ics)ar eusedforcalculat
ingNetDelays.
3. I
fTLU+f il
esarenotgi venthentheseareget ti
ngfrom .
ITFfi
le.
4. ForLoadingTLU+f i
leswehav eloadt hreefil
es.
5. ThoseareMaxTl u+,Mi nTLU+,MAPf il
e.
6. MAPf i
lemapst he.ITFf i
leand.tff
il
eoft helayerandvianames.
 APR

27

NETLI
ST
Net
li
st:For
mati
s.V
I
tcont
ainsLogicalconnect
ivi
tyOfal
lCell(St
dcel
ls,
Macros)
.
I
tcont
ainListofnets.
I
nthedesign,f
orKnowi ngt
heconnecti
vi
t ybyusi
ngFlyl
i
nes.

.
V---
--
--
--
->Logi
calConnecti
vi
ty
.
ddc-
---
--
--
>logi
calconnect
ivi
ty,
Scanchai
ninf
o,.
Scandeff
il
einf
o,Gat
elev
elDescr
ipt
ion

SDC:
For
mati
s.SDC:
TheseConst
rai
ntsar
eti
mingConst
rai
nts.
TheseConst
rai
ntsar
eusedfort
omeettimi
ngr
equi
rement
s.

Const
rai
ntsar
e
1. CLOCKDEFI NITIONS:CreateCl ockPeriod.
2. GeneratedCl ockDef i
nit
ions
3. I
nputDel ay
4. OutputDel ay
5. I/
Odel ay
6. Maxdel ay
7. MinDel ay
8. --
--
---
--
--
---
->Excepti
ons<----
--
--
--
----
--
--
--
--
--
-
9. Mul t
icyclepath
10.Falsepath
11.Halfcyclepat h
12.Disableti
mi ngarcs
13.CaseAnal ysis
Mul t
icyclepath,Falsepathar eExceptions.
 

Andi
tal
socont
ains

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>Cl
ockl
atency
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>Cl
ockUncert
aini
ty
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>Cl
ockTransi
ti
on

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>Cl
ockGati
ngset
up
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>Cl
ockGati
ngHol
d
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>Cl
ockDri
vi
ngcel
l
 Desi
gnOpt
imi
zat
ionCont
rol
s:

1. Enablemul ti
pleclocksperr egister
2. Enableconst antpropagat ion
3. Enablemul ti
plepor tnetbuf f
ering
4. EnableConst antnetbuf f
ering
5. Applytimingder ati
ngf orOn- Chi pv ar
iat
ions
6. Defi
neDon' tuseorpr eferredcel l
s
7. KeepSpar ecel l
sandunl oadedcel l
s
8. Applyareaconst raintsandar ear ecovery
9. Applyareaandpowercr i
ti
calr anges.
10.Organizepathsi ntogr oups
11.Preventclockasdat anet wor ks
12.modifyopt i
mi zati
onpr iori
tiesifneeded
13.Enablerecover yandr emov alcheck.

FLOORPLAN:
ATCHI
PLEVEL:
 

FLOORPLANI
SASTEPWHEREWECREATI
NGTHEPADCELLS.

ANDSPACI
FYI
NGPOSI
TIONS,
PLACI
NGPADCELLS.

ANDI
NSERTI
NGPADFI
LLERCELLS,
FORWELLCONTI
NUI
TY.

WELLCONTI
NITYMEANSI
FTHEWELLI
SNOTCONTI
NOUSTHENWEHAVETOCREATESPECI
AL
MASKS.

I
FWELLI
SCONTI
NOUSTHENTHEREI
SNONEEDOFCREATI
NGSPECI
ALMASKS.

I
NFLOORPLANMAI
NIMPORTANTt
hingI
SMACROPLACEMENT.

MACROI
SNOTHI
NGBUTI
P'S,
MEMORYCELLS.

I
FWEHAVEALARGECI
RCUI
TTHENTHEREI
SNONEEDOFCREATI
NGEVERYTI
ME.

THECI
RCUI
TISAVAI
LABLEI
NTHEMARKETI
NTHEFORM OFMACROORI
P.

MACROSARETWOTYPES: (i)HARDMACRO.
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  (
ii
)SOFTMACRO.

HARDMACRO:THECI
RCUITI
SFIXED.ANDWEDON'TNOWHI
CHTYPEOFGATESUSING
I
NSIDE.
WEKNOW THEONLYTIMI
NGI NFORMATI
ON.
WEDON'
TKNOW THEFUNCTI
ONALI
TY
I
NFORMATI
ON.

SOFTMACRO:THECI
RCUI
TISNOTFI
XED.
WEKNOW WHI
CHTYPEOFGATESUSI
NGI
NSI
DE.
WE
KNOW THETI
MINGI
NFORMATI
ON.WEKNOW THEFUNCTI
ONALI
TYI
NFORMATI
ON.

ANDI
NFLOORPLANWEALSOCREATI
NGTHEBLOCKAGES.

BLOCKAGES:
Bl
ockagesar
eusedwher
ether
eisnost
andar
dcel
lshoul
dbepl
ace.

BLOCKAGESARETWOTYPES: (
i)
SOFTBLOCKAGES
                             (i
i)
HARDBLOCKAGES.

SOFTBLOCKAGES:Usedwher
eNostandar
dcel
lisal
lowedt
opl
ace,
butatt
imeofopt
imi
zat
ionwe
canpl
aceonl
ybuff
ersANDTHESEAREUSED(i)
BETWEENTWOMACROS( i
i)
ANDBETWEEN
MACROANDBOARDERS.

HARDBLOCKAGES:wi
llnotal
lowt
opl
acest
andar
dcel
lsandbuf
fer
s,usedar
oundt
hemacr
ost
o
accessonl
ypi
ns.

INTHEFLOORPLANMAI NOBJECTSARE MACROPLACEMENT.

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
 DEFI
NEASPECTRATIO(
HEI
GHT/
WIDTH)
.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
     
 I/
OPLACEMENTS.
                                        COREAREAINITI
ALI
ZATI
ON.
 

COREAREA:COREAREAI
SDEFI
NEDFORTHEPLACEMENTOFSTDCELLS,
ANDMACROS.

COREAREADEPENDSON( i)ASPECTRATIO
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 (i
i)UTI
LIZATI
ON.

UTI
LIZATI
ON=(
STDCELLAREA+MACROAREA+BLOCKAGEAREA)
/TOTALAREA.

STDCELLUTILI
ZATI
ON=(
STDCELLAREA)/
(TOTALCOREAREA-(
MACROAREA+BLOCKAGEAREA)
).

THESESTDCELLSAREPLACEDI
NROWS.

-
--
--
>I/
OPLACEMENT.
 
  
 
  
  
  I
NI/
OPLACEMENTWEHAVI
NGPADS.

 
  
  
  PADSAREUSEDFORINTERFACI
NGPURPOSE,
ANDTHESEAREUSEDFORPROVI
DING
POWERSUPPLY,DATASIGNAL,ANDCLOCKSI
GNAL.

EASI
LYTHESECANBEUSEDASPORTS.

PADSAREDI FFERENT  TYPES:(i)POWERPADS,

                              (ii
)SI
GNALPADS. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 (ii
i)
CORNERPADS.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  (i
v)I
/OPADS.
 Macr
oPl
acementDependOn
1. FLYLINES
2. PORTSCOMMUNI CATIONS.
3. MACRO'SAREPLACEDATBOUNDARI ES-
->Uni
for
m ar
eaforStadcell
s
4. MACROGROUPI NG[LOGICALHIERARCHY]
5. SPACINGBETWEENMACRO' S
6. MACROALI GNMENT
7. NOTCHESAVOI DI
NG
8. ORIENTATION
9. BLOCKAGES
10.AVOIDCRISCROSSPLACEMENTOFMACROS
 MACROSAREROTATEDASREQUI REDTOOPTI MIZEWIRELENGTHDURI NGAUTOMATICMACRO
PLACEMENT.
 TYPI CALLY,MACROSAREPLACEDAROUNDEDGESOFBLOCKS, KEEPINGARELARGEMAI N
AREAFORSTDCELLS
 LEAVEAHALOSPACEBETWEENMACROSONALLSI DES
 FORANONPI NSI
DESOFMACROSAMI NIMALSEPARATION.ISADEQUATE.
 FORPI NSIDESOFMACROSALARGERSEPARATI ONISAPPROPRIATE.
 ALLOW CHANNELSFORROUTI NGPI NACCESSANDPOSSI BLEBUFFERINSERTI
ON 
 LEAVESPACEBETWEENMACROANDTHEEDGEOFCHI P/BLOCK,TOALLOW FORBUFFERS
I
NSERTIONANDPOWERSTRI PESTOFEEDSTDCELLROWSBETWEENMACROANDBLOCKEDGE.

CALCULATI ONFORDI STANCEBETWEENMACROS:

                                                                                       
                              
                                 NO.OFPI NS(X)PI TCH
DISTANCEBETWEENMACROS=  -
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
                                 AVAILABLELAYERS/ TOTALLAYERS

I
NFLOORPLAN 

1. CREATEPHYSICALONLYPADCELLS.PHYSICALONLYCELLSMEANSONLYTHOSEHAVING
PHYSICALINFORMATIONONLY.NOLOGICALINFORMATI
ONPRESENT.ANDTHEYDON'
THAVE
TI
MINGI NFORATI
ONALSO.
2. PHYSICALONLYPADCELLSARE( i
)VDD,
VSSPADCCELLS,(
ii
)CORNERPADCELLS.
3. PADCELLSACTSLI KEASPORTSATTHECHI PLEVEL.
4. CHIPOUTSIDEPINSARECONNECTEDTOTHEI NNERCHIPPADS.
5. PADSTYPES:
(i)
POWERPADS,(i
i)
DATAPADS.
6. FORTHEPOWERSUPPLY  TOTHEALLPADSCREATINGAPADPOWERRI NG .
7. VDD,
VSSPADSARECONNECTEDTOTHECOREVDD, VSSPOWERRINGS.
8. FORFILLI
NGTHEGAPSBETWEENTHEPADSFI LLEDBYPADFILLERCELLS.
9. THESEPADFILLERCELLSAREFORWELLCONTINUITY.

PHYSI
CALONLYCELLSARE:
1. PADCELLS.
2. ENDCAPCELLS.
3. TAPCELLS.
4. DECAPCELLS.

POWERPLANNI
NG
I
NPOWERPLANNI
NG
 
  
  I
RDROP:VOLTAGETRANSFERINMETALADROPOCCURS DUETORESI
STANCE  
OF
METAL.THISI
SKNOWNASI RDROP.
  
   IRDROPSARETWOTYPES( i
)STATI
CIRDROP,
(i
i)
DYNAMI
CIRDROP.

 
  
  STATI
CIRDROP:
INDEPENDENTOFTHECELLSWI
TCHI
NGTHEDROPI
SCALCULATEDWI
TH
THEHELPOFWI RERESI
STANCE.

 
  
 IMPROVESTATI
CIRDROP:
(i
)WI
DTHOFWI
REI
NCREASE,
 
 OR 
(i
i)I
NCREASETHE 
  
  NO.
OF 
 
WIRES 

   DYNAMI
CIRDROP:
IRDROPI
SCALCULATEDWI
THTHEHELPOFTHESWI
TCHI
NGOFTHE
CELLS.

 
  
  I
MPROVEDYNAMI
CIRDROP:
(i
)PLACI
NGDCAPCELLSI
NBETWEENTHEM,
(i
ii
)I
NCREASETHE
NOOFSTRAPS.

   
  
ELECTROMI
GRATI
ON: 
WHENHIGHCURRENTDENSI
TYCONTI
NUOUSLYPASSI
NGTHROUGH
AMETALDUETOTHEHI GHCURRENT,
THEATOMSAREMOVINGWITHKINETI
CENERGYAND
THEYTRANSFERTHEENERGYTOANOTHERATOMSDUETHESEDAMAGETHEMETAL.

  
 IMPROVE:
INCREASEMETALWI
DTH.
 

1. FI
RSTSAVETHEDESI GN,BEFOREGOI NGTOPOWERPLAN.
2. DEFINELOGI CALP/ GCONNECTIONS.
3. APPLYPOWERNETWORKCONSTRAI NTS.
4. POWERNETWORKCONSTRAI NTSARE
5. (i
)NO.OFPOWERSTRAPS, (i
i)
POWERSTRAPSWI DTH,(
ii
i)
NO.
OFPOWERPADS, (
ii
i)
POWERRI
NG
WIDTH.
6. SYNTHESI ZETHEPOWERNETWORK, ANALYZEPOWERNETWORK.
7. ANALYZEPOWERNETWORK  :
(i
) P/GNETPAIR(i
i)POWERBUDGETOFSYNTHESI
ZED
NETS(ii
i)
PNSCALCULATESTHEREQUI REDNO.OFSTRAPSBASEDONPROVIDEDCONSTRAI
NTS.
(i
v)I
RDROP.( v)ELECTROMIGRATION. 
8. ANALYZEI RDROP.
9. I
FIRDROPI SMORETHENMODI FYPOWERNETWORKCONSTRAI NTS,ANDRESYNTHESI
ZE
POWERNETWORK.
10.I
FIRDROPI SNOTSATI SFI
EDADDP/GPADS.
11.COMMITTHEPOWERNETWORK, HERESTRAPSANDRI NGSAREROUTED,SOWECAN'TMODI
FY
THEDESIGN.
12.CONNECTTHEMACROP/ GPINSANDPADP/ GPINSTOTHECORERINGS.
13.CREATEPOWERRAI LS.ALONGTHESTDCELLROWS.
14.ANDREANALYZEI RDROP. I
FSTRAPSARENOTSUFFICIENTTHENADD.
15.APPLYP-NETOPTIONS.WHENAPOWERSTRAPSI NMETAL7,POWERSTRAPSARECONNECTED
TOTHEPOWERRAI LSTHROUGHVI A'S.SOIFANYPLACEDINNTHATAREATHENSHORTS
OCCURRED.FORAVOI DINGTHESEPROBLEM WEAREADDINGP-NETOPTIONS.
16.AFTERTHISINCREMENTALPLACEMENT: I
TMEANSEFFECTIVELYCELLSMOVING

POWERPLANNI
NGI
SALSOCALLEDASTHEPREROUTES.

BECAUSEI
NTHECHI
PFI
RSTPOWERNETSROUTEDFI
RST.

POWERCALCULATI
ONS:
-
--
--
>NUMBEROFTHECOREPOWERPADREQUI REDFOREACHSIDEOFCHIP=(
TOTALCORE
POWER)/{
(NUMBEROFSI
DE)
*(COREVOLTAGE)
*MAXI
MUM ALLOWABLECURRENTFORAI/O
PAD)}.

-
--
--
>CORERI
NGWI
DTH:

CORECURRENT(
mA)
=(COREPOWER)
/(COREVOLTAGE)

COREP/GRI
NGWIDTH 
=(TOTALCORECURRENT)/
{(N0.
OF.
SIDES)
*(MAXI
MUM CURRENT
DENSI
TYOFTHEMETALLAYERUSEDFORPGRI NG)}

-
--
--
--
>MAXI
MUM CURRENTDENSI
TYRj
mA.

-
--
--
--
->SHEETRESI
STANCE:
RsOHMS/
SQUARE.

-
--
--
--
->TOTALCURRENT 
=TOTALPOWERCONSUMPTI
ONOFCHI
P(P)
/VOLTAGE(
V).

-
--
--
--
->NO.
OFPOWERPADS(
Npads)
=It
otal
/I
p 

 
--
--
--
->I
tot
al=TOTALCURRENT

-
--
--
--
>IpOBTAI
NEDFROM I
OLI
BRARYSPACI
FICATI
ON.

-
--
--
--
->NO.
OFPOWERPI
NS 
= I
tot
al/
Ip

-
--
--
--
->MAXI
MUM CURRENTSPACI
FICATI
ONOFEACHMETALLAYERFROM LI
BRARY(
Rj)
.

-
--
--
--
--
->TOTALMETALWI
DTHREQUI
REDONLAYER1=LAYER2=
Wt
otal
str
ap 
=  
It
otal
/(2*
Rj)

-
--
--
--
--
--
>ASSUMI
NGSPACI
NGSBETWEENSTRAPS=Lspace

L<(
Vmax)
/(Rj
*Rs)

Vmax=MAXALLOWABLEI RDROP
Rj
=MAXCURRENTDENSI TY
Rs=SHEETRESI
STANCE

-
--
--
--
--
->TOTALCOREAREA=Wcor
e*Hcor
e  
H=HEIGHT
W=WIDTH

-
--
--
--
--
--
>NUMBEROFVERTI
CALSTRAPS=Nv
=Wcor
e/L 

-
--
--
--
--
--
>NUMBEROFHORI
ZONTALSTRAPS=NH=Hcor
e/(
2*L)

-
--
--
--
--
--
-> 
MINSTRAPWI
DTHREQUI
RED=Wr
ing/
(Nv
*Nh)

I
RDROP:
-
--
--
->AVGCURRENTTHROUGHEACHSTRAP=I
str
apAv
g=(
It
otal
)/(
2*Nst
raps)
mA

--
---
--
->APPROPRIATEIRDROPATTHECENTEROFTHESTRAP=Vdr
oporI
Rdr
op
=Istr
apAvg*Rs*
(W/2)*
(1/Wst
rap)
  

-
--
--
--
-->NUMBEROFSTRAPSBETWEENTWOPOWERPADS 
Nstr
appinspace 
= Dpadspaci
ng/
Lspace.

-
--
--
--
--
->MI
NRI
NGWI
DTH 
= Wr
ing=I
p/Rjmi
crom

POWER
 
--
--
--
--
>TOTALPOWER=STATI
CPOWER+DYNAMI
CPOWER
       
  
 =LEAKAGEPOWER+[
INTERNALPOWER+EXTSWI
TCHI
NGPOWER]
  
  
  
  
      =LEAKAGEPOWER+[
{SHORTCKT+I
NTPOWER} ]
+EXTSWITCHI
NGPOWER]
        =LEAKAGEPOWER+[{
(Vdd*
Isc)
+(C*
V*V*
F)+(
1/2*C*
V*V*
F)]

I
sc=SHORTCIRCUI
TPOWER
C=LOADCAP
S=SWITCHI
NGACTIVI
TYFACTOR.

FLOORPLAN(
CONGESTI
ON)

CONGESTI
ON:
 REQUI
REDNO.
OFROUTI
NGRESOURCESAREGREATERTHANTHE
NO.
OFAVAI
LABLE ROUTI
NGRESOURCES
1. FORTHECONGESTI ONANALYSI SWEHAVETODOFI RSTPERFORM GLOBALROUTING.
2. BYUSINGGLOBALROUTI NGCALCULATI NGCONGESTI ON.
3. ANALYZETHECONGESTI ON[ I
FWEHAVECONGESTI ONMEANSROUTI NGPROBLEM(MAY
CAUSESSHORTS)].
4. IFTHECONGESTIONISPRESENTTHENMODI FYTHEPLACEMENTSTRATEGYPARAMETERS
LIKEBLOCKAGES,
OFFSET,KEEPOUTMARGI NS,SLIVERSIZEANDMACRO, STDCELL
CONSTRAINTS.
5. PERFORM CONGESTIONDRIVENVI RTUALFLATPLACEMENT. CONGESTIONDRIVENMEANS
MOVINGSTDCELLSFARAWAY.
6. REANALYZETHECONGESTI ON.I FCONGESTI
ONI SNOTSATI SFI
ED.
7. PERFORM HIGHEFFORTCONGESTI ONDRI
VENVI RTUALFLATPLACEMENT.
8. REANALYZETHECONGESTI ON. 
9. IFCONGESTIONISNOTSATI SFIED.
10.MODIFYTHEFLOORPLAN.  
11.IFCONGESTIONISSATI
SFIED.
12.FIXMACROPLACEMENT.

CONGESTI
ONCAUSES:
1. MISSI
NGPLACEMENTBLOCKAGES
2. I
MPROPERMACROPLACEMENTANDMACROCHANNEL
3. HIGHCELLDENSI
TY(
HIGHLOCALUTI
LIZATI
ON)
4. VERYROUBUSTPOWERNETWORK
5. EXCESSPOWERSTACKVIAS
6. PINDENSI
TYOFCELLS,MACROS
7. DUETOPORTS

MOREFI XES:
1. HIGHCELLDENSI TYPROBLEM-
--
->BYUSI
NGCO-
ORDI
NATESWEREDUCEUTI
LIZATI
ON
2. PARTI ALPLACEMENTBLOCKAGES
3. MAXUTI LIZATI
ON %
4. I
NCREASI NGSPACINGBETWEENMACROS
5. FLIPMACRO( DONOTFLIP90DEGREES)
6. MODI FYKEEPOUTCONSTRAI NTS
7. GIVINGHARDKEEPCHANNELWI DTH

VI
RTUALFLATPLACEMENT:

1. APPLYPLACEMENTSTRATEGYPARAMETERS.
2. PERFORM VIRTUALFLATPLACEMENT.
  
 PLACEMENTSTRATEGYPARAMETERSARE( i
)VI
PO(VIRTUALI
NPLACEMENT
OPTIMIZATI
ON),(
ii
)CONGESTIONEFFORT,(
ii
i)
SLI
VERSIZE,(
iv)
MACRO
PLACEMENT,(v)
OPTIMIZATI
ONALGORI THMSANDEFFORT.
  
 VIRTUALFLATPLACEMENTMEANSVI RTUALLYPLACINGTHESTDCELLS.
ANDANALYZETHE
CONGESTIONANDTI MING.
 FLOORPLAN[
TIMI
NG]
:
I
NFLOORPLANTI
MINGI
SALSOI
MPORTANT.

1. BEFOREGOINGTOTI MING, PERFORM GLOBALROUTINGANDANALYZECONGESTION.

2. BYPERFORMINGTHEGLOBALROUTI NGEXTRACTAPPROPRIATE R,
CVALUES.
3. I
FINTHEDESI GNCONGESTI ONPRESENT, GOTOTHECONGESTIONSTEPANDMODI FYTHEP-
NETOPTIONSFULLTOPARTI AL.
4. PERFORM GLOBALROUTI NGANDANALYZECONGESTI ON.
5.  
IFINTHEDESIGNCONGESTI ONPRESENTMODI FYTHEP-NETOPTIONSPARTI
ALTOCOMPLETE.
6. EXTRACTR,CVALUES, ANALYZETHETI MING.
 
  
  
  
 EXTRACTPARASITICNETR, CVALUESANDGENERATEATI MINGREPORT.
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
 OPTIMI
ZETIMING[ DEFAULT]-
->I
FTHETIMINGISNOTACCEPTEDREPEAT
GLOBALROUTING,ANALYZECONGESTI ON,TI
MINGIFNOTACCEPTED.

 
  
  
  
  PERFORM OPTI
MI ZETIMI
NG[HIGHEFFORT]--
--
>OPTI
MIZEHIGHEFFORT.
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
 IFTHETIMINGISNOTACCEPTED,  
MODIFYTHEFLOORPLAN/ RESYNTHESIZE.
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
 AFTER ACCEPTING THECONGESTI ON,TI
MINGTHENWRI TEOUTTHE. deff
il
e 
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
 SAVETHEDESI GN. ANDTHESE .defFI
LEISGIVENASINPUTTOTHEPLACEMENT.

 I
NPLACEMENTSTEPSARE
1. PLACEMENTCHECKS,
2. AHFNS
3. DFTSETUP.
4. POWERSETUP.
5. PLACEMENTOPTI
MIZATI
ON.

PLACEMENT:
AFTERGOI
NGTOPLACEMENTWEHAVETOCHECKS,
FIX

1. FIXMACROPLACEMENT. (
AGAIN)
2. VERI
FYTHEP-NET,IGNOREDROUTINGLAYERS.
3. VERI
FYKEEPOUT VARIABLESETTI
NGS.
4. SPECIFYNONDEFAULTROUTINGRULES.
5. CHECKPLACEMENTREADI NESS.
--
>FI
XMACROPLACEMENTAGAI N,BECAUSEAFTERI
NSERTI
NGTHEDESI
GNI
FMACROSARE
MOVEDTHECHECK.
 -
->P-
NET,
IGNOREDROUTI
NGLAYERSALSO.

-
->MAI
NTAI
NKEEPOUT VARI
ABLESETTI
NGSFURTHERSTEPSALSO

-
->NONDEFAULTRULESARESPECI
ALRULES.LIKEDOUBLESPACI
NG,DOUBLEWIDTHI
NG.
THESEAREAPPLI
EDFORCLOCKWI RES.BECAUSETHOSEHIGHACTI
VITYNETS.

-
->BUTHEREWEAREONLYSPECI
FYI
NGNONDEFAULTROUTI
NGRULES[
NDR'
S].

-
--
>SPACI
FYI
NGNDR'SBECAUSEAVOI
DINGCONGESTI
ONANDTI
MIMGPROBLEMSATTHE
STAGEOFCLOCKTREESYNTHESI
S

-
->CHECKPLACEMENTREADI
NESSI
NWEARECHECK

1. FLOORPLAN,
2. NETLIST,
3. NARROW PLACEMENTREGIONS,
4. R,CFORROUTINGLAYERS,
5. DESIGNCONSTRAI
NTS.

AHFNS(
AUTOMATI
CHI
GHFANOUTNETSYNTHESI
S):

 HFNSFORRESETANDSCANENABLEANDETC.
..
.
 HFNSARESYNTHESI
ZEDI
NFRONTENDALSOBUTATTHATMOMENTNOPLACEMENTI
NFO
STANDCELLSI
SAVI
ALABLE.
 HENCEBACKENDTOOLCOLLAPSESYNTHESI
ZEDHFNS.
 I
TRESYNTHESISHFNSBASEDONPLACEMENTINFOANDAPPROPRIATELY"
INSERTBUFFERS"
.
 TARGETOFTHISSYNTHESI
SISTOMETDELAYREQUI
REMENTSi.
e.SETUPANDHOLD.

DFTSETUP:
SCANCHAINS:SCANCHAI
NSARENOTHI
NGBUTAGROUPOFREGI
STERSCONNECTED
SERI
ALLY.

THESEARECONNECTEDAREALPHANUMERI
CMANNER.
 

THEREARETWOTYPEOFMODESPRESENT:
(i
)FUNCTI
ONMODE,
(i
i)
TESTMODE.

THESEMODESELECTEDBYUSI
NGMUXDEVI
CES.
 

TESTMODEI
SDONEATATDFTTI
ME.

DFT(
DESI
GNFORTESTABI
LITY)I
SONEOFTHESTEPI
NASI
CFLOW.

HERESCANI
NPUTSI,
SCANOUTI
SSO.

WEHAVEAPROBLEM WI
THPREEXI
STI
NGSCANCHAI
NS,
 
 THEISSUEI
SPREEXI
STI
NGSCANCHAINSARECONNECTEDFARAWAY,
BECAUSETHEYARE
CONNECTEDBASEDONTHEFUNCTI
ONALI
TYBASED,

SOFORCONNECTI
NGTHESEWEHAVETOUSEMOREROUTI
NGROUTI
NGRESOURCES.

I
TCAUSEDFORCONGESTI
ON.

I
NSERTTHESCANCHAINSFI
LE.IFPROBLEM WI
THPREEXI
STI
NGSCANCHAI
NSTHENREORDER
THE NAMESOFTHESCANREGISTERNAMES.

I
TALSOREDUCESTHEHOLDTI
ME.

SCANCHAI
NINFORMATI
ONPRESENTI
N.scandefFI
LE

I
FTHEGI
VENNETLI
STI
S.ddcFORMAT 
THENTHEREI
SNONEEDOFLOADI
NG.
scandef

I
FTHEGI
VENNETLI
STI
S.vFORMATTHENWEHAVETOLOADTHE.
scandefFI
LE
 
 

POWERSETUP:
WEHAVETWOTYPEOFTHEPOWERDI
SSI
PATI
ONS:

1. STATI
CPOWERDISSIPATION
2. DYNAMICPOWERDISSIPATI
ON
STATI
CPOWERDI
SSI
PATI
ON:
 
STATI
CPOWERDISSIPATI
ONIS,I
FTHECELLSAREPRESENTATTHE"
OFF"STATETHENDUETO
THELEAKAGEOFCELLSSTATI
C POWERDISSI
PATI
ONOCCURRS.

THELEAKAGEI
SDUETOTHEJUNCTI
ONLEAKAGE,
TUNNELI
NG,
SUBTHRESHOLDLEAKAGE.

FORREDUCI
NGTHESTATI
CPOWERDI
SSI
PATI
ONREPLACI
NGTHELVTCELLSWI
THHVTCELLS.

HVTCELLSARESLOWER,
ANDLOW LEAKAGE,
HIGHVt.
LVTCELLSAREFASTER,
ANDHI
GHLEAKAGE,LOW Vt
.

REPLACI
NGTHELVTCELLSWI
THHVTCELLS.

LVTCELLSAREUSEDATCRI
TICALPATHS.

I
NTHEMOSTOFTHEARCHITECTURESWEWI
LLUSETHEPOWERGATI
NGFORREDUSI
NGTHE
STATI
CPOWERDI
SSI
PATI
ON.
DYNAMI
CPOWERDI
SSI
PATI
ON:
DYNAMICPOWERDI
SSI
PATI
ONI
SDUETOTHESHORTCI
RCUI
T,I
NTERNALLOAD,
HIGH
SWITCHI
NG.

FORREDUCI
NGTHEDYNAMI
CPOWERDI
SSI
PATI
ONWEHAVE 
LOTOFTECHNI
QUESTHOSEARE:

REDUCINGTHEHIGHTOGGLERATENETNETLENGTHS.THESETOGGLERATEISGETTI
NGFROM
SWITCHINGFI
LE(
.SAI
F)THI
SISGETTINGFROM SIMULATI
ONPEOPLE.
ANDFORAVOIDINGTHISWHICHCELLSHAVING HIGHTOGGLERATENETLENTHS 
CONNECTED
NEARERTOCONNECTEDCELLS.

ANOTHERTECHNI
QUEI
SADDINGTHEBUFFERI
NBETWEENTHEHIGHNETLENGTH NETS.FOR
REDUCI
NGTHEHIGHCOUPLI
NGCAPACI
TANCE.
(REDUCETHELOADCAPACI
TANCE)

 
ANOTHERTECHNIQUEI
SCONNECTHI
GHCOUPLI
NGCAPACI
TANCENETTOTHELOW
CAPACI
TANCEPI
NOFTHECELL.(
SWAPPI
NGTHEPIN)
.

ANOTHERTECHNI
QUEI
SCLONING,ITI
SCREATI
NGTHESAMECELLANDCONNECTTHESOME
OFTHEOUTPUTNETTOTHESE.
(SHARI
NGTHELOAD)

ANDANOTHERTECHNI
QUEI
SCELLSI
ZING.

ANOTHERTECHNI
QUEI
SGATELEVELLOGI
COPTI
MIZATI
ON.

MOSTLYI
NDESI
GNWEWI
LLUSETHECLOCKGATI
NGTOREDUSI
NGTHEDYNAMI
CPOWER
DI
SSI
PATI
ON

PLACEMENTOPTI
MIZATI
ON:
PLACEMENTOPTIMIZATIONWITHWEHAVEOPTI
ONS(
i)
CONGESTI
ON,
(i
i)
AREARECOVERY
,(
ii
i)
POWER,
(i
v)DFT,
(v)
TIMING.

BYUSI
NGTHECONGESTI
ONOPTI
ONWECANREDUCETHECONGESTI
ON.

BYUSI
NGTHEPOWEROPTI
ONWECANREDUCETHE STATI
CPOWERDI
SSI
PATI
ON,
DYNAMI
C
POWERDI
SSI
PATI
ON.

BYUSI
NGTHEAREARECOVERYOPTI
ONWECANREDUCETHECELLS,
POWER,
TIMI
NG.

BYUSI
NGTHEDFTOPTI
ONWECANREDUCETHEROUTI
NGRESOURECESBYREORDERTHE
SCANCHAI
NS.
 

ANDI
FTI
MINGI
SCRI
TICALLOGI
CALTI
MINGDRI
VENPLACEMENT.

ANDCONGESTI
ONI
SCRI
TICALCONGESTI
ONDRI
VENPLACEMNT.
CLOCKTREESYNTHESI
S:
-
--
--
>CTSI
STHECONNECTTHECLOCKSTOTHEALLCLOCKPI
NOFSEQUENTI
ALCI
RCUI
TS.

-
--
--
--
>ALLCLOCKPI
NSAREDRI
VENBYASI
NGLECLOCKSOURCE.

-
--
--
--
>CTSTARGETS  :(i
)skew, 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 (i
i)i
nser
ti
ondel
ay

-
--
--
--
->CTSGOALS  :
(i)
maxt r
ansi
tion,
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 (i
i)maxcapacit
ance,
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 (i
ii
)maxfanout, 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  (
iv)maxbuff
erlevel
s.

-
--
--
--
>ABUFFERTREESI
SBUI
LTTOBALANCETHELOADSANDMI
NIMI
ZETHESKEW.

-
--
--
--
->ACLOCKTREEWI
THBUFFERLEVELSBETWEENTHECLOCKSOURCEANDCLOCK
SI
NKS(ENDPOINTS)
.

-
--
--
--
->CTSSTARTI
NGPOINTIS 
CLOCKSOURCE 
(SDCDEFI
NEDCREATE_
CLOCK)
 
 -
--
--
--
->CTSENDPOINTSARE 
CLOCKPI
NS OFSEQUENTI
ALCELLS.

-
--
--
--
->CLOCKPI
NSAREALSOCALLEDASTHE 
CLOCKSI
NKS.

-
--
--
--
->WHENTHECLOCKROOTI
SPRI
MARYPORTOFBLOCK.

-
--
--
--
->ATCHI
PLEVELPRI
MARYPORTSAREPADS.

--
--
--
-->CLOCKPI NSAREDI FFERENTTYPES, THOSEARE( i
)STOPPI NS,
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 (i
i)
FLOATPINS,
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 (i
ii
)EXCLUDEPI
NS.
                                                     (i
v)NONSTOPPINS

-
--
--
--
->STOPPI
NS:
CTSOPTI
MIZESFORCLOCKTREETARGETS,
CLOCKTREEGOALS.

-
--
--
--
->FLOATPI
N:LI
KEASSTOPPI
NS,
BUTDELAYSONCLOCKPI
N,MACROI
NTERNALDELAY.

-
--
--
--
--
>EXCLUDEPI
N:CTSI
GNORESTARGETS,
FIXCLOCKTREEDRC'
S. 

-
--
--
--
--
>NON-STOPPINS:NONSTOPPI
NSAREPINSTHROUGHWHI
CHCLOCKTREETRACI
NGTHE
CONTINOUSAGAINESTTHEDEFAULTBEHAVI
OUR.

CLOCKSWHI
CHARETRAVERSEDTHROUGHDIVI
DERCLOCKSEQUENTI
ALELEMENTSCLOCK
PI
NSARECONSI
DEREDAS 
NON-STOPPINS.

I
NDESI
GNWEHAVI
NG

STATI
CTI
MINGANALYSI
S
 STATI
CTIMINGANALYSISDONOTDEPENDONI
NPUTSANDWEATHERI
TISPRESENTI
NON
STATE(OR)OFSTATE,
SWITCHI
NG.

STATI
CTI
MINGANALYSI
SISPURELYDEPENDONTHEDELAYS.

SETUPTI
ME :
THEMINIMUM AMOUNTOFTI
METHEDATASHOULDBESTABLEBEFOREARRI
VAL
OFSENSI
TIVECLOCK.

HOLDTIME :
THEMINI
MUM AMOUNTOFTI
METHEDATASHOULDBESTABLEAFTERARRI
VAL
OFSENSITI
VECLOCK.
 

SETUPCHECK:
THEDATALAUNCHEDATSENSITI
VEEDGEOFTHELAUNCHFLOPSHOULDBE
CAPTUREDATNEXTSENSI
TIVEEDGEOFTHECAPTUREDFLOP.

BELOW I
STHESETUPCHECKEQ:

Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu
HOLDCHECK:
THEDATALAUNCHEDATSENSI
TIVEEDGEOFTHELAUNCHFLOP
SHOULDNOTBECAPTUREDATTHESAMESENSITI
VEEDGEOFTHECAPTUREDFLOP.

BELOW I
STHEHOLDCHECKEQ:

Tcq+Tcomb>Thol
d

I
NTHEBASI
NGTI
MINGDI
AGRAM
STARTPOI
NTSARE 
(
i)
INPUTPORT
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  (
ii
)CLOCKPI
NOFLAUNCHFLOP.

 
ENDPOI
NTSARE (i)DATAINPUTPINOFCAPTUREFLOP.
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 (i
i)
OUTPUTPORT.

BYTHECOMBI
NATI
ONOFTHETHESESTARTANDENDPOI
NTSWEHAVETHEPATHSLI
KEARE

1. I
NPUTPORTTODATAINPUTPI
NOFLAUNCHFLOP
2. CLOCKPI
NOFTHELAUNCHFLOPTODATAINPUTPI
NOFCAPTUREFLOP
3. I
NPUTPORTTOOUTPUTPORT
4. CLOCKPI
NOFTHELAUNCHFLOPTOOUTPUTPORT.

BYDEPENDINGONTHESTARTPOI
NTSANDENDPOI
NTSWEHAVEFOURTI
MINGGROUPS
PRESENT.

1. I
NPUTGROUP
2. REGI
STERGROUP
3. FEEDTHROUGHGROUP.
 
4. OUTPUTGROUP.

THI
SISBASI
CTI
MINGDI
AGRAM 

                     

REGI
STERGROUP:
 STARTPOI
NTIS CLOCKPI
NOFLAUNCHFLOP.
 ENDPOINTI
S DATAINPUTPI
NOFCAPTUREFLOP
SETUPCHECKEQUATI
ONI
S:

Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu
HOLDCHECKEQUATI
ONI
S:

Tcq+Tcomb>Thol
d

I
NPUTGROUP:
 STARTPOI
NTISINPUTPORT.
 ENDPOINTI
S DATAINPUTPI
NOFCAPTUREFLOP.
SETUPCHECKEQUATI
ONI
S:

Ti
nput
del
ay+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu
 HOLDCHECKEQUATI
ON:

Ti
nput
del
ay+Tcomb>Thol
d

OUTPUTGROUP:
 STARTPOI
NTIS 
CLOCKPI
NOFLAUNCHFLOP.
 ENDPOINTI
SOUTPUTPORT.
SETUPCHECKEQUATI
ONI
S:

Tcq+Tout
put
del
ay<Tcq.
HOLDCHECKEQUATI
ONI
S:

Tcq+Tout
put
del
ay>Thol
d.

FEEDTHROUGHGROUP:
 STARTPOI
NTI
SINPUTPORT.

 ENDPOI
NTI
SOUTPUTGROUP.  
SETUPCHECKEQUATI
ONI
S:

Ti
nput
del
ay+Tout
put
del
ay 
<Tcq
HOLDCHECKEQUATI
ONI
S:

Ti
nput
del
ay+Tout
put
del
ay 
>Thol
d

UNCERTAI
NITY:

UNCERTAI
NTY=SKEW +ZI
TTER+MARGI
N

ZI
TTER:
  
ITI
STHEVARI
ATI
ONSI
NTHECLOCKCYCLEATTHECLOCKEDGESBEFORE(
OR)
AFTER

SKEW:
 SKEW I
STHEDI
FFERENCEI
NTHEARRI
VALSTI
MESATTHEENDPOI
NTSOFTHECLOCKTREE.

Tl
+Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu+Tc

Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu+(
Tc-Tl
)

Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu+Tskew

Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu+SKEW

SKEW =Tc-Tl=Tskew

SKEW TYPES:

1. POSI
TIVESKEW
2. NEGATIVESKEW
POSI
TIVESKEW:
Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu+(
Tc-Tl
)
Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu+Tskew
Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu 
+ SKEW
WHEN(
Tc>Tl
)ITI
SPOSI
TIVESKEW

I
TISUSEFULFORSETUPTIME
I
TISBADFORHOLDTI ME.

NEGATI
VESKEW:
Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu+(
Tc-Tl
)
Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu 
- 
Tskew
Tcq+Tcomb<Tcl
k-Tsu 
- 
SKEW
WHEN(
Tc<Tl
)ITI
SNEGATI
VESKEW.

I
TISUSEFULFORHOLDTIME.
I
TISBADFORSETUPTIME.

CALCULATI
ONOF 
SLACK:
I
TISTHEMAI
NIMPORTANTFORTHETI
MINGANALYSI
S
 THEREAREMAI
NLYTWOTI
MESAREPRESENT 

1. ARRIVALTIME 
2. REQUIREDTIME 
SETUP--
--
--
--
--
->SLACK=REQUI
REDTI
ME-ARRI
VALTI
ME

HOLD-
--
--
--
--
--
>SLACK=ARRI
VALTI
ME-REQUI
REDTI
ME

POSI
TIVESLACKISGOODFORDESIGN
NEGATIVESLACKISBADFORDESI
GN

I
FINTHEDESI
GNWEHAVENEGATI
VESLACKTHENWEHAVI
NGTI
MINGVI
OLATI
ONSI
NTHE
DESI
GN.

LATENCY'
S:
I
TISDELAYDI
FFERENCEFROM THECLOCKGENERATI
ONPOI
NTTOTHECLOCKENDPOI
NTS.

THEREARETWOTYPESOFLATENCY'
SPRESENT:

1. SOURCELATENCY 
2. NETWORKLATENCY
SOURCELATENCY 
:I
TISTHE 
DELAYDI
FFERENCEFROM THECLOCKGENERATI
ONPOI
NTTOTHE
CLOCKDEFI
NITI
ONPOINTS.

NETWORKLATENCY:
ITI
STHE 
DELAYDI
FFERENCEFROM THE 
CLOCKDEFI
NITI
ONPOI
NTS 
TO
THE 
CLOCKENDPOINTS.
 JUN

28

CTS(
APPLYI
NNDRSONCLOCKNETS)
NDR'
S:
NDR'
SARENOTHI
NGBUTNONDEFAULTROUTI
NG.

THESEAREAPPLI
EDONTHECLOCKNETS.

CLOCKNETSARELESSSENSI
TIVETOCROSSTALKANDELECTROMI
GRATI
ON.

CLOCKNETSAREHI
GHSWI
TCHI
NGACTI
VITYNETS.
 NDRRULESARE  (i
)DOUBLEWI DTH,
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 (i
i)DOUBLESPACING.
                 (i
ii
)SHEI
LDING

BYAPPLYI
NGDOUBLEWI
DTHWECANAVOI
DTHEELECTROMI
GRATI
ONEFFECT.

BYAPPLYI
NGDOUBLESPACI
NGWECANAVOI
DCROSSTALKEFFECT.

BYDEFAULT,NONDEFAULTROUTI NGRULEAPPLI
ESONALLLEVELSCLOCKTREE.BUTUSI
NG
NDRRULESATTHECLOCKSI NKPI NPOINTSI
SBETTERTOAVOID.
      
HELPSTOAVOIDCONGESTIONATLOWERMETALLAYERS 
      
IMPROVESPI
NACCESSIBI
LITYOFSTDCELLS

-
--
--
--
--
--
>ALWAYSROUTECLOCKON METAL3 
AND 
ABOVE
-
--
--
--
--
--
>AVOI
DNDRONCLOCKSI NKS

--
--
--
---
--
>AVOIDNDRONMETAL1.
      
---
--MAYHAVETROUBLEACCESSI
NINGMETAL1PINSONBUFFERSAND             
 GATES 
      
---
--
CONSI
DERDOUBLEWIDTHTOREDUCERESISTANCE.

CTSOPTOMI
ZATI
ON
OPTI
MIZATI
ONSTECHNI
QUES:

BUFFERI
NG-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>ITWI
LLI
MPROVESETUPTI
ME

GATESI
ZING-
--
---
--
--
--
---
->BYDECREASI
NGGATESIZEDELAYMAYDECREASE(
UPSI
ZE)
DELAYI
NSERTION---
--
--
>ITWILLIMPROVEHOLDTIME

BUFFERRELOCATI
ON-
--
>REDUCESKEW &I
NSERTI
ONDELAY

FI
XMAXTRANSI
TION-
--
->ADDBUFFERS

FI
XMAXCAPACI
TANCE-
--
>DECREASENETLENGTH,
CLONNI
NG.
 

OPTI
MIZATI
ONPROCESS:
 

 REDUCEDISTRUBANCESTOOTHERCELLSASMUCHASPOSSI BLE.
 PERFORM LOGI
CALANDPLACEMENTOPTIMIZATIONSTOALLFIXPOSSI
BLETI
MING 
 FI
XMAXTRANS/ CAPVI
OLATI
ONSANDSKEW, BASEDONPROPAGATEDCLOCKARRIVALS
 ROUTI
NG

ROUTI
NG:
-
--
->CREATEPHYSI
CALCONNECTI
ONSTOALLDATASI
GNALPI
NS,
CLOCKPI
NS 
  THROUGH
METALINTERCONNECTI
ONS.

-
--
->PATHSMUSTMETTI
MINGS.

I
NTHEROUTI
NGMAI
NLYTHREESTAGESAREPRESENT:

(
i)
GLOBALROUTI
NG

(
ii
)TRACKASSI
GNMENT

(
ii
i)
DETAI
LROUTI
NG

EXTRAONE 

(
iv)
SEARCHANDREPAI
R

GLOBALROUTI
NG:
-
--
>FIRSTTHEDESIGNI
SDIVIDEDI
NTOSMALLBOXESEVERYBOXI
SCALLEDGLOBALROUTI
NG
CELLS(GCELLSORBUCKETS)

-
--
--
>EVERYGCELLHAVI
NGTHEANUMBEROFHORI
ZONTALROUTI
NGRESOURCESAND
VERTI
CALROUTINGRESOURCES.
 

-
--
--
>GLOBALROUTI
NGASSIGNSNETS(
LOGICALCONNECTIVI
TYNOTMETALCONNECTI
VITY)TO
SPACI
FICMETALLAYERSANDGLOBALROUTINGCELLS.

-
--
--
->BYUSI
NGGLOBALROUTI
NGWECANANALYZECONGESTI
ON.

-
--
--
--
>CONGESTI
ON=(
REQUI
REDROUTI
NGRESOURCES>AVAI
LABLEROUTI
NGRESOURCES)

-
--
--
--
>IFANYGCELLHAVECONGESTI
ONTHENDETOURI
NG(
AVOI
DTHEGCELLROUTI
NG
THROUGHANOTHERGCELL).
TRACKASSI
GNMENTS:
-
--
->ASSI
GNSEACHNETTOTHESPACI
FICTRACKS.

-
--
->NETSARELAYDOWNTHEMETALTRACES.

-
--
--
>TRACES=METALCONNECTI
VITY.
.

DETAI
LROUTI
NG:
-
--
->DETAI
LROUTEDONESACTUALROUTI
NG.

-
--
--
>MEANSACTUALROUTI
NGMETALCONNECTI
ONS.

-
--
--
>CHECKALSOPHYSI
CALDRC'
S.

-
--
--
>DETAI
LROUTI
NGDOESNOTWORKONTHEENTI
RECHI
PATTHESAMETI
MELI
KETRACK
ASSI
GNMENT.

-
--
--
->I
NSTEADI
TWORKSBEREROUTI
NGWI
THI
NTHECONFI
NESOFASMALLAREACALLEDAN
"
SBOX".

SBOX:DI
VIDETHEBLOCKI
NTOMI
NIBOXESTHESEAREUSEDFORTHEDETAI
LROUTE.

SEARCHANDREPAI
R:
-
--
->SEARCHANDREPAI
RFIXESREMAINI
NGDRCVI
OLATI
ONSTHROUGHMULTI
PLELOOPS
USINGPROGRESSI
VLYLARGESBOX.

ECO:
ECO'SARETWOTYPE: 1)TIMI
NGECO'
S(TOI
MPROVETIMING)
                     
2)FUNCTI
ONALECO'
S(TOADDFUNCTI
ONALI
TY)

     TIMINGECO                                 

FUNCTI ONALECO
         |                                              
|
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
 -
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
|                   |                            |                 
|
FREEZE          NON- FREEZE                 FREEZE        NON- FREEZE
 -
--
--
--
--
>ITI
STHELATECHANGEI
NTHEFLOW.

-
--
--
--
--
->AFTERROUTI
NGI
FWEWANTANYCHANGESORADDI
NGNEW CELLS,
THESEALLARE
DONEATTHEECOSTAGE.

HERETWOTYPEOFECO'
S PRESENT:

(
i)
FREEZESI
LICONECO 

(
ii
)NONFREEZESI
LICONECO

-
--
--
--
--
>INFREEZESI
LICONECOWEHAVENOCHANCEOFADDI
NGCELL,
HERESPARECELLSARE
USEDFORTHESE.

-
--
--
--
--
--
>INNONFREEZESI
LICONECOWECANADDTHECELLSAFTERROUTI
NG.

CHI
PFI
NISHI
NG:
 
INTHECHI
PFI
NISHI
NG:
WENEEDTODO:

1. ANTENAFI XING:ASTOTALAREAOFWI REINCREASEDURI NGPROCESSI NG,THEVOLTAGE

STRESSINGTHEGATEOXI DEINCREASEITMAYDAMAGEOXI DELAYER.
2. RANDOM PARTI CALDEFECTS: RANDOM PARTI CALEFFECTIS(i
)WIRESATMI NI
MUM SPACING
AREMOSTSUSCEPTABLETOSHORTS. (
ii
)WIRESATMAXI MUM WIDTHAREMOSTSUSCEPTABLE
TOOPENS.
3. REDUNDANTVI AINSERTION:VOIDINVIASISASERI OUSISSUEINMANUFACTURI NG.
4. FILLERCELLI NSERTION:SOMEPLACEMENTSI TESREMAI NEMPTYONSOMEROWS.
5. METALFI LLI NSERTION:METALOVERETCHI NG.
6. METALSLOTTI NG :METALEROSI ON,METALLIFTOFF.
ANTENAFI XINGTECHNI QUES
(THESEAREFI XATTHETI MEOFTHESEARCHANDREPAI R)
 SPLI TTINGMETAL( LAYERJUMPI NG).
 ADDI NGDIODEI NREVERSEBI ASMANNER.
RANDOM PARTI CALDEFECTFI XI
NGTECHNI QUES
 SPREADI NG( OR)JOG(PUSHROUTESOFF- TRACKSBY1/ 2PITCH)-
---
--
--
>REDUCESHORTS
 WI DENI
NG( INCREASETHEWI REWI DTH)-
--
--
--
--
---
>THISMAYREDUCEOPENS.
REDUNDANTVI AINSERTION 
 REDUNDANTVI AISTHETECHNI QUEFORREDUCI NGVOIDSINTHEMETALLAYER.
FILLERCELLI NSERTION
 FI LLERCELLI NSERTIONI STHEONEOFTHETECHNI QUEFORUTILIZI
NGTHETOTALAREAWI TH
OUTGAPS.
 ITI SGOODTECHNI QUEBECAUSEI NTHEFUTUREWECANREPLACEFI LLERCELLSWITHSPARE
CELLSWI THALOGI C.
METALFI LLI NSERTION
 ATTHETI MEOFETCHI NGTHEYUSESOMETYPEOFCHEMI CALSDUETOTHATCHEMI CALS
 METALLOSSESMOREFORTHATONEWEAREINSERTI
NGTHEMETALFI
LLS.
METALSLOTTI
NG
 METALSLOTTI
NGISTECHNI
QUE 
FORAVOI
DINGTHEPROBLEMSLI
KEMETALLI
FTOFF,
METAL
EROSI
ON.

FI
NALVERI
FICATI
ON:
1. PARASITI
CSEXTRACTI ON:ITEXTRACTR,CVALUES OFMETALSFORGETTINGORI
GINAL
DELAYS.TOOL:STARRCXTLI CENCE
2. TIMI
NGVERI FI
CATION:I
TI SFINDBYUSINGPRI
METI METOOL. 
3. LVS,ERCCHECKS:THISI SFINDOUTBYUSINGCALIBRE,HERCULI
ESTOOLS.
4. DRCCHECKS:THI SISFINDOUTBYUSI NGCALIBRE,
HERCULIESTOOLS.

AFTERVERI
FICATI
ON:
1. AFTERTHI
SWERELEASETHEGDSFILE 
2. I
NTHI SWEHAVEALLPOLYGONSI
NFORMATI
ONI
SPRESENT.

AFTERGDS 
AFTERTHI
SWEAREFI
NALLYBASETAPEOUT(
BTO)
.

AFTERBASETAPEOUTWEWI
LLDOMETALTAPEOUT(
MTO)
.
Post
e

CALCULATI
ONS:
POWERCALCULATI
ONS:
-
--
--
>NUMBEROFTHECOREPOWERPADREQUI REDFOREACHSIDEOFCHIP=(
TOTALCORE
POWER)/{
(NUMBEROFSI
DE)
*(COREVOLTAGE)
*MAXI
MUM ALLOWABLECURRENTFORAI/O
PAD)}.

-
--
--
>CORERI
NGWI
DTH:

CORECURRENT(
mA)
=(COREPOWER)
/(COREVOLTAGE)

COREP/GRI
NGWIDTH 
=(TOTALCORECURRENT)/
{(N0.
OF.
SIDES)
*(MAXI
MUM CURRENT
DENSI
TYOFTHEMETALLAYERUSEDFORPGRI NG)}

-
--
--
--
>MAXI
MUM CURRENTDENSI
TYRj
mA.

-
--
--
--
->SHEETRESI
STANCE:
RsOHMS/
SQUARE.

-
--
--
--
->TOTALCURRENT 
=TOTALPOWERCONSUMPTI
ONOFCHI
P(P)
/VOLTAGE(
V).
-
--
--
--
->NO.
OFPOWERPADS(
Npads)
=It
otal
/I
p

 
--
--
--
->I
tot
al=TOTALCURRENT

-
--
--
--
>IpOBTAI
NEDFROM I
OLI
BRARYSPACI
FICATI
ON.

-
--
--
--
->NO.
OFPOWERPI
NS 
= I
tot
al/
Ip

-
--
--
--
->MAXI
MUM CURRENTSPACI
FICATI
ONOFEACHMETALLAYERFROM LI
BRARY(
Rj)
.

-
--
--
--
--
->TOTALMETALWI
DTHREQUI
REDONLAYER1=LAYER2=

Wt
otal
str
ap 
=  
It
otal
/(2*
Rj)

-
--
--
--
--
--
>ASSUMI
NGSPACI
NGSBETWEENSTRAPS=Lspace

L<(
Vmax)
/(Rj
*Rs)

Vmax=MAXALLOWABLEI RDROP
Rj
=MAXCURRENTDENSI TY
Rs=SHEETRESI
STANCE

-
--
--
--
--
->TOTALCOREAREA=Wcor
e*Hcor
e 
H=HEIGHT
W=WIDTH

-
--
--
--
--
--
>NUMBEROFVERTI
CALSTRAPS=Nv
=Wcor
e/L 

-
--
--
--
--
--
>NUMBEROFHORI
ZONTALSTRAPS=NH=Hcor
e/(
2*L)

-
--
--
--
--
--
-> 
MINSTRAPWI
DTHREQUI
RED=Wr
ing/
(Nv
*Nh)

I
RDROP:
-
--
--
->AVGCURRENTTHROUGHEACHSTRAP=I
str
apAv
g=(
It
otal
)/(
2*Nst
raps)
mA

--
---
--
->APPROPRIATEIRDROPATTHECENTEROFTHESTRAP=Vdr
oporI
Rdr
op
=Istr
apAvg*Rs*
(W/2)*
(1/Wst
rap)
 

-
--
--
--
-->NUMBEROFSTRAPSBETWEENTWOPOWERPADS 
Nstr
appinspace 
= Dpadspaci
ng/
Lspace.

-
--
--
--
--
->MI
NRI
NGWI
DTH 
= Wr
ing=I
p/Rjmi
crom

POWER
 
--
--
--
--
>TOTALPOWER=STATI
CPOWER+DYNAMI
CPOWER
        
  =LEAKAGEPOWER+[INTERNALPOWER+EXTSWI TCHINGPOWER]
 
  
  
  
      =LEAKAGEPOWER+[
{SHORTCIRCUITPOWER+POWER+I NTPOWER}
]+EXTSWI
TCHI
NG
POWER]
        =LEAKAGEPOWER+[{
(Vdd*I
sc)
+(C*
V*V*F)
+(1/
2*C*
V* V*
F)]
 I
sc=SHORTCIRCUI
TPOWER
C=LOADCAP
S=SWITCHI
NGACTIVI
TYFACTOR.

-
--
--
CORERI
NGWI
DTH:

CORECURRENT=(
COREPOWER)
/(COREVOLTAGE)
.

COREP/
GRINGWI DTH=(
TOTALCURRENT)
/(NOOFSI
DES*
MAXI
MUM CURRENTDENSI
TYOF
THEMETALLAYERUSEDFORP/GPADRING)

DI
FFERENTFI
LESI
NPHYSI
CALDESI
GN
FI
LES:

1. LOGICALLI BRARI ES--

---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
---
> .l
ib, .
db
2. PHYSICALLI BRARI ES --
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
---
->.l
ef ,.mil
kyway( OR).v
olcano(OR),
.pl
ib(
OR)
.enc
3. TECHNOLOGYFI LE- -
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
> .tf
4. TLU+----
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
>.tlup
5. INTERCONNECTTECHNOLOGYFI LE- --
--
- > .
it
f
6. MAPPI NGFI LE----
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
-> .map
7. NETLIST- -
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
----
-> 
.v ,(
OR).ddc,(OR).db,(OR).EDI
F
8. SDC---
---
--
--
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--
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--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
---
-> .
sdc
9. PHYSICALONLYPADCELLSPLACEMENTFI LE---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
-> 
.t
df
10.SCANCHAI NFI LE----
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
-> .scandef
11.TOGGLERATEFI LE---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
----
>.sai f,
(OR).vcd
12.ECOFI LE---
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
>.eco
13.GDSFI LE--
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
-->.
gds
14.LOGFI LE--
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
>.log
15.REPORTFI LE---
---
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
---
>.rep
16.DESIGNEXCHANGEFORMAT- --
--
---
--
---
---
-->.def
17.STANDARDDELAYFORMAT- --
--
---
--
--
----
--
->. sdf
18.STANDARDPARASI TICEXCHANGEFORMAT- -
--
--
--
-> 
.spef

DI
FFERENTTYPEOFCELLS:

 STDCELLS:
 Nothi
ngButBasecel
ls(
Gat
es,
fl
ops)
.

 TAPCELLS:
 AvoidsLat
chupPr obl
em(Placingt hesecel
lswit
haparti
cular 
 di
stance).
 Cell
sarephysi
cal-
onlycel
lsthathav epowerandgroundpinsanddonthav esignalpins.
 Tapcell
sarewell-
ti
edcell
sthatbi asthesil
iconi
nfr
astr
uctureofn-wellsorp-well
s. 
 Theyaretr
adit
ional
lyusedsot hatVddorGndar econnectedtosubst r
ateorn-wellrespect
ivel
y.
 Thi
sistoHelpTI
EVddandGndwhi chr
esult
sinlesserdri
ftandprev
enti
onfr
om latchup.
 Requi
redbysometechnol
ogyl
ibr
ari
est
olimitr
esistancebetweenPowerorGroundconnect
ionst
o
wel
loft
hesubst
rat
e.

 TI
ECELLS:
 I
tisusedf
orpr
event
ingDamageofcel
l
s;Ti
eHi
ghcel
l
(Gat
e Onei
nputi
sconnect
edt
oVdd,
anot
her
i
nputisconnectedt osignalnet);
Tielowcel l
sGat eoneinputisconnectedtoVss,anotheri
nputis
connectedtosignal.
 Tie-highandTie-lowcel ls 
areusedt oconnectt hegateofthetransi
stortoei
therPowerand
Ground.
 Inlowertechnol
ogynodes, i
fthegat eisconnectedtoPowerorGr ound.Thetransi
stormightbe
tur
ned "ON/OFF" 
duet o Power or
 GroundBounce.
 Thesecellsarepartofthest dcelll
ibrary
.
 Thecellswhichrequir
eVdd( Ty pi
call
yconst antsi
gnalstiedto1)conncettoti
ehighcells.
 Thecellswhichrequir
eVss/ Vdd( Typicall
yconstantsignalsti
edto0)connecttotiel
owcel l
s. 

 ENDCAPCELLS:
 ToKnowt
heendoft
her
ow,
andAtt
heedgesendcapcel
ls 
arepl
acedt
oav
oidt
hecel
lsdamages
atthe endoft herow toav oidwr onglaserwavelengthforcor r
ectmanuf act
uri
ng.
 YoucanaddEndcapcel lsatbot h Endsofacellrow.
 Endcapcel lssur r
oundingt hecor eareafeatur
eswhi chser veas secondpoly 
tocel
ls
 pl
acedatt heedgeofr ow.
 Thelibrarycellsdonothav ecellconnectivi
tyastheyar eonlyconnect edtoPowerandGroundrai
l,
 Thusensur ethatgapsdonotoccur ebetween "WELL" and "I
MPLANTLAYER"  andt
oprev
entthe
DRCv iolati
onsbysat i
sfying "
WELLTI E-OFF" 
requirement sforcorerowsweuseEndcapcel l
s.
 Usuallyaddi ngthe "
Wel lExtension" f
orDRCcor r
ectdesi gns.
 Endcapsar ea  "
POLYEXTENSI ON"  
toavoiddrai
nsour ce SHORT

 DECAPCELLS:
 Char
geShari
ng;
Toav
oidt
heDy
nami
cIRdr
op,
char
gest
oresi
nthecel
lsandr
eleaset
hechar
get
o
Net
s.
 Decoupl
ingcapaci
torcell
s,orDecapcel
ls,
arecellst
hathav
eacapacitorpl
aced.
 BetweenthePowerrail
andGr oundr
ailt
oOv ercomeDynamicvol
tagedrop.
 DynamicIRDrophappensattheacti
veedgeoft hecl
ockatwhi
chaHi ghcur
rentsi
sdr
awnf
rom
t
hePowerGr
idf
orasmal
lDur
ati
on.
 I
fthePoweri
sfarf
rom afl
opthechancesaret
herethatf
lopcangoi
ntoMetastabl
eSt ate.
 Toover
comedecapsareadded,whencurr
entrequi
rementsi
sHight
hisDecapsdischargesand
pr
ovi
deboostt
othepowergr
id.

 FI
LLERCELLS:
 Fi
l
lercel
lsar
eusedtoconnectt
hegapsbet weent
hecel
lsaf
terpl
acement.
 Fi
l
lercel
lsar
eussedtoest
abli
shthecont
inuit
yoft
heN-Well
sandtheIMPLANTLAYERSont
he
standar
dcellsrows,someoft hecel
lsalsodon'
thavetheBulkConnect
ion(Substrat
econnecti
on)
Becauseoftheirsmallsi
ze(thincel
ls)
.
 Inthosecases,theabutmentofcell
sthroughi
nsert
ingfi
ll
ercel
lscanconnectthosesubst
ratesof
smallcel
lstothePower /Gr
oundnets.
 i
.e.t
hoset
incel
l
scanuset
heBul
kconnect
ionoft
heot
hercel
ls(
thi
sisoneoft
her
easonwhyy
ou
getst
andal
oneLVScheckf
ail
edonsomecel
ls)

 I
CGCELLS:
 Clockgatingcell
s,toav oidDynamicpowerDissipati
on.
 Registerbanksdisableddur i
ngsomeclockcycles.
 Duringidl
emodes, t
hecl ockscanbegated-
offst osaveDynamicpowerdissipat
iononf
li
pfl
ops.
 Propercircui
tisessentialtoachi
veagatedclockst at
etopreventf
alsegl
ithesonthecl
ockpaths

 POWERGATI NGCELLS:
 InPowergat i
ngtoavoi
dst
ati
cpowerDi
ssi
pat
ion.
 PowerGat i
ngCells:
 Powerswi t
ches
 LevelShif
ter
s
 Retenti
onregist
ers
 Isol
ati
oncells
 Powercont r
oler

 PADCELLS:
 ToI
nter
facewi
thout
sideDev
ices;
Inputt
oof
 Power
,Cl
ock,
Pinsar
econnect
edt
opadcel
lsand
out
side 
 al
so.

 CORNERCELLS:
 Cor
nerPadsareusedf
orWel
lCont
ini
ty.
 Toli
ftt
hechi
p.

 MACROCELLS:
 Memories.
 Thememor ycel
lsarecall
edMacros.
 Tostor
einfor
mat i
onusingsequnt
ialel
ementst akesuplotofar
ea.
 Asingl
efli
pfl
opcouldtakeup15to20t ransi
storstostor
eonebitst
oret
hedat
aef
fi
cient
lyand
al
sodonotoccupymuchspaceont hechipcompar ati
vel
ybyusingmacr
os.

 SPARECELLS:
 UsedattheECO.
 Sparecel
lsarestandar
dcell
s inadesignthatarenotusedbyt henetl
ist.
 Placi
ngthesparecell
sinyourdesi
gnpr ov
idesamar gi
nf orcorr
ecti
nglogicaler
rort
hatmi
ghtbe
detect
edlat
erinthedesignfl
ow,orforadjust
ingthespeedofy ourdesign.
 Sparecel
lsareusedbythefixECOcommanddur ingECOpr ocess.

 PADFILLERCELLS:
 Usedf
orWellConti
nit
y,Pl
acedi
nbet
weenPads.
 JTAGCELLS:
 Thesear
eusedt
ocheckt
heI
Oconnect
ivi
ty.
FI
XINGDRC'
S
DRC'
SFI
XING
DRC'
SAREDIFFERENTTYPES:
1. LOGI
CALDRC'S.
2. PHYSI
CALDRC'S.
LOGI
CALDRC'
S:
1. MAXTRANSITION
2. MAXCAPACITANCE
3. MAXFANOUT
MAXTRANSITION:
FI
XINGTECHNIQUES:
 ADDABUFFERI NMIDDLEOFTHELONGLENGTHWI
RE.
 REDUCETHEWI RELENGTH.
 ADDI NGACHAINOFBUFFERS.
MAXCAPACITANCE:
FI
XINGTECHNIQUES:
 DECREASEWI RELENGTHATOUTPUTSIDE.
MAXFANOUT:
FI
XINGTECHNIQUES:

 CLONNING=ADDI
NGASAMECELLLOADWI
LLBEDI
VIDED.
 SHARI
NGTHELOAD

PHYSI
CALDRC'
S: 
1. WIRETOWIRESPACING(
MINSPACI
NG)
2. MINWIDTHOFWI RES
3. VI
ATOVI ASPACINGS
4. NOTCHAVOIDING
FI
XINGTECHNIQUES:
 SEARCHANDREPAI R

FI
XINGCROSSTALK
CROSSTALK:
THEVOLTAGETRANSFERFROM HI
GHLYSWITCHI
NGNET(AGGRESSORNET)
 TO 
ANOTHER
NET 
(LOW SWI
TCHI
NG( OR)HI
GHSWITCHI
NG(OR)VI
CTI
M NET(OR)CONSTANTNET
) 
THROUGHCOUPLINGCAPACITANCETHESEMAYCAUSECROSSTALK.

REDUCI
NGTECHNI
QUES:

 VI
CTI
M NETWI
DTHI
NCREASI
NGTHENRESI
STANCE 
DECREASEI
TISUSEDATROUTI
NGALSO.
 SPACINGBETWEENAGGRESSORNETANDVICTI
M NET I
NCREASE.
 BUFFERI
NGONCONSTANTNETS( OR)VI
CTI
M NETS.
 PLACINGANGROUNDNETSONBETWEENTHEAGGRESSORNETANDVICTI
M NETTHEN
VOLTAGEDI SCHARGEONGROUNDNETTHENNOSI GNALI
NTEGRI
TYPROBLEM.
THI
SIS
CALLED SHIELDING .
 MAINTAINSTABLESUPPLY.
 FASTSLEW RATE.
 JOGING(INCRAESEHALFTRACKBYHALFI TCH)
.
 LAYERJUMPI NG( JUMPONELAYERABOVELAYERANDCOMESTOSAMELAYER)
 INCREASEDRI VESTRENTHOFCELL
 CELLSIZING(UPSI ZI
NG)
 DEEPN-WELL.
 GUARDRI NG.
FI
XINGELECTROMI
GRATI
ON
ELECTROMI
GRATI
ON:
WHENHI GHCURRENTDENSI
TYTRANSFERRI
NGTHROUGHALONGWIREFORALONGTI MEDUE
TOTHISELECTRONSMOVEDWITHHIGHACCELARATI
ONS,
DUETOTHIS THOSEARE
TRANSFERRI
NGTHEIRMOMENTUM TOTHEMETALATOMS.
DUETOTHESECANMI GRATEAND
MOVEAWAYFROM THEMETAL.

THI
SCANCAUSESTHESHORTSANDOPENS.

FI
XES 

BYAVOI
DINGTHI
SPROBLEM DOUBLETHEWI
DTHOFNETS.

AVOI
DTHEBI
GDRI
VERSANDLARGEBUFFERS.

FI
XINGSETUPANDFI
XINGHOLDTI
ME
SETUPTI
ME: 
THEMINIMUM  
AMOUNTOFTI
METHEDATASHOULDBESTABLEBEFOREARRI
VAL
OFSENSI
TIVECLCK.

SETUPCHECK:
THEDATALAUNCHEDATTHESENSITI
VEEDGEOFTHELAUNCHFLOPSHOULD
BECAPTUREDATTHENEXTSENSI
TIVEEDGEOFTHECAPTUREDFLOP.

HOLDTIME: 
THEMINI
MUM AMOUNTOFTI
METHEDATASHOULDBESTABLEAFTERARRI
VAL
OFSENSITI
VECLOCK.

HOLDCHECK:
 THEDATALAUNCHEDATTHESENSI
TIVEEDGEOFTHELAUNCHFLOPSHOULD
NOTBECAPTUREATTHESAMESENSITI
VEEDGEOFCAPTUREDFLOP.

SETUPFI
XES:

1. BUFFERINSERTI
ON 
2. UPSIZI
NGTHEDRI VERCELL
3. REDUCENETLENGTH
4. CELLUPSIZING.
5. DRIVESTRENGTHOFLAUNCHFLOPI NCREASE.
6. LOGICALOPTI MIZATIONONDATAPATH.
7. USEFULSKEW.
8. PIPELI
NING.
9. USESYNCCELLS.
10.NETWI DTHINCREASE.
11.USELVTCELLS.
12.SPLITTI
NGTHECOMBI NATIONALLOGIC.
13.INCREASECLOCKPERI OD.
14.USINGDOUBLESYNCHRONI ZERUSI
NGFLIPFLOPS.
15.REDUNDANTVI A.
16.REDUCETHEMOREFANOUTNETSWI THI
NTHELOGIC
17.DOUBLEVI A
18.LAYERJUMPI NG 
HOLDFI XES:
1. DELAYBUFFERI NSERTION.
2. CELLDOWNSI ZING.
3. INCREASENETLENGTH.
4. USEHVTCELLS.
5. SCANCHAI NREORDERI NG.
6. ADJUSTINGTI MINGPATHS
7. CANBEFI XEDBYADDI NGDELAYSONI NPUTPORTS.
8. CLOCKSI ZI
NG
9. ONECANADDLOOKUPLATCHES
10.REDUCECLOCKSKEW
11.CANBEFI XEDBYADDI NGDELAYSONI NPUTPPORTS
12.INCREASENETLENGTH(JOG)

VERI
FICATI
ON'
S
PHYSI
CALVERI
FICATI
ON:
I
NPHYSI
CALVERI
FICATI
ONI
TCHECKS:

1. LVS(
LAYOUTVERSUSSCHEMATI C)
2. DRC(DESIGNRULECONSTRAI
NTSCHECK)
3. ERC(ELECTRI
CALRULECHECK)
LAYOUTVERSUSSCHEMATIC(LVS)
:

I
NPUTSARE(
.LVS.
V)AND(
.GDSI
I)FI
LESANDRULEDECKFI
LES.
 

COMPARISI
ONTWOELECTRICALCIRCUITSEQUI
VALENTWI
THRESPECTTOTHEI
R
"CONNECTI
VITY"AND"
TOTALTRANSISTORCOUNT".

COMPARI
SIONBETWEEN(
.GDSI
I)FI
LEANDEXTRCTEDNETLI
ST(
.LVS.
V)FI
LE.

FI
NALLYBOTHARECONVERTEDI
NTOASPI
CELEVEL.

LVSCHECKSARE:

EXTRACTERRORS:
 SHORTS
 OPENS
 FLOATI
NGNETS.

COMPAREERRORS:

 PI
NERRORS
 PARAMETRI
CERRORS
 DEVI
CEMISMATCH
 NETMISMATCH
 MALFORMEDDEVICES
 PORTSMISMATCH

DESI
GNRULECONSTARI
NTSCHECK(
DRC)
:

I
NPUTI
S.GDSI
IFI
LEANDRULEDECKFI
LE.

CHECKS:

 ACTIVETOACTI VESPACI NGS.

 WELLTOWELLSPACI NGS.
 MINIMUM CHANNELLENGTHOFTHETRANSI
STOR.
 MINIMMUM METALWI DTH.
 METALTO  METALSPACI NGS.
 ESD(ELECTROSTATI CDISCHARGE).
 I
/ORULES.
 METALFI LLDENSITY.
ELECTRICALRULECHECK( ERC):

I
NPUTI
S  
(.
GDSI
I)FI
LE 
.

I
NVOLVESCHECKI
NGADESI
GNFORALLELECTRI
CALCONNECTI
ONS.

CHECKSARE:

 WELLANDSUBSTRATEAREASFORPROPERCONTACTSANDSPCI
NGSTHEREBYENSURI
NG
CORRECTPOWERCONTACTSANDGROUNDCONNECTI ONS.
 TOLOCATEFLOATINGDEVICESANDFLOATINGWELLS.
 TOLOCATEDEVICEWICHARESHORTED.
 TOLOCATEDEVICESWITHMI SSI
NGCONNECTIONS.
 GATECONNECTRDDIRECTLYTOSUPPLIES.
 FLOATI
NGINPUTS.

FORMALVERI
FICATI
ONS:
I
NFORMALVERI
FICATI
ONCHECKSARE 
LEC(
LOGI
CALEQUI
VALENCECHECK)
.

CHECKI
NGBETWEEN 
FINALLYEXTRCCTEDNETLI
ST(
.V)
 AND 
SYNTHESI
ZEDNETLI
ST(
.V)
.
 I
NPUTSARE 
EXTRCCTEDNETLI
ST(
.V)
 AND 
SYNTHESI
ZEDNETLI
ST(
.V)
.

HERECHECKI
NGFOR 
FUNCTI
ONALI
TYCORRECTNESS.

SCENARI
O'S
SCENARI
O
SCENARI
O=MODE 
+ CORNER.

MODE: 
MODEISDEFI
NEDASA SETOFCLOCKS 
,
 SUPPLYVOLTAGES 
,
TIMI
NG
CONSTRAI
NTS 
ANDLIBRARI
ES.

MODESTYPE:

1. FUNCTI
ONALMODE.
2. TESTMODE.
I
TCONTAINSSDCCONSTRAINTS.
I
NDESIGNDIFFERENTFUNCTI
ONALI
TYMODESCONTAI
NSDIFFERENTSDC'
S.
I
NDESIGNDIFFERENTFUNCTI
ONALI
TYMODESAREPRESENT.

CONSTRAI
NTSI
NTESTMODEWHI
LETHECHI
PISADEVI
CESUNDERTEST:

 TESTERCLOCKPERI ODANDCLOCKSOURCES.
 MODELTESTERSKEW ONTHEI NPUTPORTS.
 DIFFERENTTIMI
NGEXCEPTIONS.
 DIFFERENTSETUP/HOLDONTHEOUTPUTPORTS.
 THESCANCHAI N I
SEXCERSI
EDINTESTMODE.(NOTI
NFUNCTI
ONALMODE)
.
CORNERS:

CORNERSCONTAI
NS 
PVT'
S.

            _
___
___
___
___BESTCASECORNER
            |
PVT- -
--
---
--
--
--

   
  
         |
             
__________
____WORSTCASECORNER.
                          
 

FORSETUP:

Arri
valPath--
---
--
-|
                 
|-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>MaxDeal
ys
Datapath---
--
---
--
--
|

Reqi
redPat
h--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
->Mi
nDel
ays
 FORHOLD:

Arri
valPath--
---
--
-|
                 
|-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>Mi
n Deal
ys
Datapath---
--
---
--
--
|

Reqi
redPat
h--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
->Mi
nDel
ays

BESTCASE:
 -
--
--
--
--
>FASTEST<-
--
--
--
->MI
NDELAYS<-
--
--
--
>Ear
ly<-
--
--
--
--
--
>FORHOLD

 MI
NDELAYSINARRI
VALPATH,
DATAPATH.
 MAXDELAYSI
NCLOCKPATH.
PVT: PROCESS---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
->FAST
      VOLTAGE-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>HIGH
      
 TEMPERATURE--
--
--
--
--
--
>LOW

WORSTCASE:
 -
--
--
--
--
>SLOWEST<-
--
--
--
->MAXDELAYS<-
--
--
--
--
--
->FORSETUP
 MAXDELAYSI
N  
ARRI
VALPATH,
 
DATAPATH.
 MI
NDELAYSINCLOCKPATH.
PVT: PROCESS--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
>SLOW
      
 VOLTAGE-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
->LOW
      
 TEMPERATURE--
--
--
--
--
->HIGH
PHYSI
CALDESI
GN:

1)Def
inehei
ghtandwi
dthofDi
eandcor
e.
I
ftheutil
izat
ionf actoris1meansal l
y ourst
dcel
lsspeci
fi
edinthenet l
i
starecompletel
y
occupi
edt hecor e,thenyoudon’ thavespacetoplaceot
hercel
ls.Practi
cal
l
yitisnotgood,
wil
l
gofor60%ut il
izati
onandf act
ori sar
ound0.5or.6.
Aspectrati
o=( height/wi dth) ofcore
Ifaspectrati
o=1t henthechipisofshapesquar e,ot
her
wiserectangul
ar.
2)Def
inethelocati
onsf
orprepl
acedcel
l
s( macr
ocel
l
s):t
hesear
ethecel
l
shav i
ngsome
l
ogicwhichcanbeusedindesignmul
tipl
eti
mesorcanbememorycel
ls.Andwecannot
edi
tthesecell
s.
 Si
mil
arlyt
herearesomeot herIP’s(memor i
es, cl
ockgatingcir
cui
ts,mux’
sandcompar ators)
whicharereadil
yavailableinmar ket.Theyar eopt imalinareawisepowerwiseandspeedwi se,
sowej ustaddthem intoourdesi gni nst
eadofr edesigni
ng.Thislogi
cweneednott otouch.
Thesecellsar
ecal l
edpr eplacedcellssincet hepl acementofthesecell
shasdonebef or
eactual
placementandr out
ing.Theaut omatedpl acementandr outetoolpl
acestheremaini
nglogi
cal
cell
sinthedesignont ot hechip.Placet hepr eplacedcell
sshouldbeclosert
ot hepi
nswhi ch
aresupposedtobeconnect .

3)Surr
oundt hepr eplacedcellswithDecouplingcapacitors:supposewehav esome
macr oswhi char ehav inghighswitchi
ngact i
vi
ty,andget t
ingpowerf rom themai npower
source.Sincet hemacr oget spowerthroughthephy sicalwire,whichwillcontains
resi
stance, i
nduct anceandcapaci tancecertai
nlydropsomev ol
tageov erthere.Which
l
eadst odr opinsuppl yvol
tage.
Eg:i
fsuppl yv oltageis1v ,duetothedropofwi res0.7vwi l
lgoestot hemacr o.
Supposethepowerattheinputofmacroi
sv dd’
,i
fthatvdd’
isl
owerthanthenoi
semargi
nthen
i
twi l
lbel
ogic0inst
eadoflogic1.I
fvdd’i
sabovethenoisemargi
nitgiv
eslogi
c1.I
fiti
sin
betweenNMLandNMH, t
henitwil
lbeinunknownstate.

Tosol
vethi
spowerdr
ops,wewil
ladddecoupl
ingcapaci
torswhi
chwil
lbecl
oset
othemacr os.
Whenevert
hemacr
oisnotinact
ivest
ate,
thedecoupl
ingcapwil
lchar
getomaxvol
tageequals
tochi
psupplypower.Whenthemacr
ost
art
sswit
chi
ngthedecapcapaci
torwi
l
lsuppl
ythe
powertothemacro.
Decoupl
ingcapaci
torwi
ll
decoupl
est
hemacrowi
thsuppl
ypower.
 4)Powerpl
anni
ng:

Powersuppl i
estoeachcellfr
om theinputpowerpin.Theremaybesomev oltagedrop
occurswhilewesupplypowert oacellplacedfarfr
om theinputpowerpi
n,thisleadst
o
humpsi nthepowersignalsuppli
edtot hecell
.Sotoavoidthiswehavetocreatea
powerstructur
el i
kemesh.Sot heeverycellwi
llt
akethepowerf r
om thenearestpower
l
ine,anddischargetot
henear estgr
oundl i
ne.

5)Pinplacement:clockpinsar ebi
ggerthanthedat
apins,becauset heseclockpinshave
todri
v eall
theFFst hroughoutthechip.Soweneedlowerresistance.Biggeri
nsize
l
eadsl owerinresi
stance.Placethecell
sasmuchascl osertothepi ns,
whichar e
connectedtothem.Weneedt oaddplacementbl
ockageinbetweencor eanddieareato
avoi
dpl aci
ngofstandardcel l
sinthatareabyaut
omaticPnRt ool.

P&Rf
low:

1)Bindt helogical netl

istintothephy si
calcel
ls:meanswhat evergat esspeci f
iedint he
netl
ist(RTL) ,thephy sicalinfoofthosecell
spickedupf rom thel i
brary.Thisphy sicalcel
ls
willbeinr ectangular/squar eshapeinlayout.
2)Placement :combi nethephy si
calcel
lswithnetl
ist
.Placethesephy sicalcel
lsint hecor e
sucht hatt heyshoul dbeasmuchascl osertothepinsandot hercellsconnect edt othem
(t
hatwayshoul dbeopt imal).
3)Optimal placement :
Ifsupposet hecell
splacedarebitfarfr
om t hepi nssincenopl aceto
putt hem near ertothepi nst hi
sleadstodegradati
oni ntheact ualsignal,i
nt hatcasewe
 canaddr epeat ers(buf fers).Whi chwillreconstructt heact ualsi
gnalfrom thedegraded
si
gnal.Repeat eraddi t i
onisnotnecessar yforallsignals.Neededonl yf ort
hesignals
havingl
engt hywi res.Butt her outi
ngisnotdoney et ,wejustesti
mat ether eqwir
el engt
h
andcapacit anceanddeci dewhet herar epeaterisr equir
edornot .
4)Timinganal ysi
swi thi deal clocks:theideaoft iminganal ysisatthi
sstagewi thi
deal
cl
ocksist oest imat et hetimi ngfunctionali
tyandt oav oi
danydi screpanciescausedby
placement.Act uallyt herear enocl ocksatt hi
sst age, wewi l
lj
ustassumi ngther
ear eideal
cl
ocks.Timi nganal y sisdoneonl yondat apath.Int hi
swehav etolooki nt
osetupt ime
anddatasl ewcheck.

Heret
het
imeperi
odisTwhi
chi
sgr
eat
ert
hanorequal
tot
hedel
ayofFFand
combi
nat
ional
del
ay.
InaFF, t
hei nt
ernalcktwi l
lbesomet hingli
kethi
scont ains2mux’ s.whenevertheclock
‘
0’ theMux2hol di
ngitsprev i
ousv alueandMux1wi llgettheinputfrom ‘D’
andgives
out putof‘QM’ anditwi l
lwaittil
ltheMux2get sturnON.Thef ini
teti
me‘ S’t
oreachinput
from ‘ D’
to‘QM’ iscall
edset uptime(al soknownasi nternaldelayofMux1).Sot hedata
i
nputmustbest abl
ebef or
et hetimeofset uptimef r
om t heclockactiv
eedge.
Soideall
ythedat ashouldber eachthecaptureflopbeforethetimeper i
od.To
av oidsetupv i
olati
on,thedat ashoul dbereachbef or
et hesetuptimeoft hecaptur
ef l
op
andset t
ledownwi t
hinthetimeofset up,meanst hewhol edelayfrom l
aunchFFt o
capt ureFF(D->Q+combodel ay)<T- S.

Dataslewcheck( datat r
ansiti
ont i
mecheck):transi
ti
ont i
meshoul dbeinapar ti
cular
range.Whenev erthetransit
iontimeismuchl esserthanthespecifi
edranget henther
e
willbeahugecur rentdemandwi thi
nasmal lperi
odoft i
mewhi chleadstopower
overshoot.Ift
hetransiti
onisabov etherange,thenthetransi
ti
ontimeofsi gnalto
changef r
om onest atetoanot herismore,meansmor eti
met akenbythePMOSor
NMOSt oswi t
chON/ OFF.Thi scheckwilldofor
alldatapathsinthecircuit
.Thiswi l
lgi
vetheideaofwhet herthecelli
slocatedproperl
y
ornot.
Theremaybesomeki ndofuncer
tai
ntyi
ncl
ocklaunchandcapture(shownabovein
yell
owcolor),
whichmeanst
heclockmaynotbeperfect
,itcanbeint her
angeofsome
Picosecondsaroundt
heti
meperiod.Sowehavetoaddthisuncert
aintyt
oourti
ming
calcul
ati
on.
 I
fwehav
emul
ti
plecl
ocks:
(twodi
ff
erentcl
ocksf
orl
aunchandcapt
ure)
:

Hereclk1islaunchclockandclk2iscaptur
eclock,theuncert
aintyoftwoclockshere
call
edasi nt
erclockuncert
aint
y(ISU).SW i
sshortestwindow,theshortestt
ime
dif
ferencebetweenlaunchandcapt uret
imes.Wehav etosearchf ort
heSW.sof inal
l
y
theequationwouldbe
ɵ<( SW –S–I SU).

5)Clocktr
eesynthesi
s:themainideabehindthi
sistheclockhastor
eacheachandevery
fl
opatthei
rrespect
iveti
mesandt oav oi
dclockskew(t
heclockshoul
dbereachever
y
fl
opatsamet i
me)
Theclocksi
gnalshavehugetransit
ionsandhavel
engthywiressoweneedtoadd
repeat
erst
ost r
engthenthesi
gnals.

CTSistheprocessofinser
ti
onofbuf f
ersorinv
ertersal
ongthecl
ockpathsofASICdesi
gninor
der
toachiev
ezer o/
minimum skew orbal ancedskew.ThegoalofCTS i stomi nimi
zeskew and
i
nser
tiondel
ay.Apartfrom t
hese,usef
ulskewisal soaddedi
nthedesi
gnbymeansofbuf f
ersand
i
nver
ters.

Note:
 I
nor
dertoachi
eveposi
ti
veslackorzer
oslackint
enti
onal
l
ysomeskewisintroducedint
othe
desi
gnbyaddi
ngbuff
ersori
nver
ter
sorbyup-sizi
ngthecel
l
s.Thi
siscal
l
edasusefulskew. 
Clockispropagatedafterplacementbecauset heexactphysi
call
ocationofcel
lsandmodulesare
needed forthecl ock’
spr opagati
on whi
ch i nturnimpactsin deal
ing wi
th accur
atedel
ayand
operati
ngfrequencyandcl ockispropagated bef
orerouti
ngbecausewhencompar edtological
routes,cl
ockr outsaregiv enmor epri
ori
ty.Thi sisbecause,clockistheonl ysi
gnalswit
ches
frequent
lywhichinactsassour cef
ordynami cpowerdissi
pati
on.

Note:Buf f
ersandi nverterst obeaddedi ntothedesi gndur i
ngt hecl ocktreesynthesismusthave
equalr ai
seandf allti
medel ay.Ifnot,i
twi l
laffectthet i
meper iod/dutycycleofclockwhi chint
urn
changest heoper at
ingfrequency . 
Though wi der angeof  cl
ockr outing algorit
hms  areav ail
abl
e,EDA t oolchoosest heoptimi
zed
algori
thm automat i
call
yandi tonl yshowst hecr i
ticalpathsafterpr opagatingt
het ree.I
fadesign
result
si n negativeslack,i ncreasing thecl ockt iming isan easywaybutchangi ng thecl
ock
period 
changes theoper ati
ngf requency .Solvingt henegat iv
esl ackwi t
houtchangi ngt hecl
ock
periodispossiblebyup-sizingordown- sizingthecel li
ncrit
icalpaths.

6)Clocknetshi
elding:shi
eldi
ngi
st obedonet
oav
oidcl
knet
sfr
om cr
osst
alk.Gl
i
tchi
ng
anddelayareresult
sofcrosst
alk.
Del
ayef
fect:
Ti
minganal
ysi
swi
thr
eal
clocks:
her
eal
ldel
aysofwi
resar
eest
imat
ednotr
eal
del
ays.
7)Rout
ing:

Nowwehav eavail
abi
li
tyofallt
hewir
estoconnectthedesi
gn.Tr
ytor
outet
hedesi
gn
sucht hatt
herealwi
redelayshoul
dmatchwit
ht heesti
matedwir
edel
ayasmuchas
possible.
8)DRCcl eanup:
9)Parasiti
cExtr
acti
on: