SIGHT DSTANCE

93

BRAIN

P-PERCEPTION
1-INTELLECTION
E EMOTON
V VOLITmON

STIMULUS
RESPONSE

REFLEX ACTION

Fig. 4.12 Reaction time and PIEV' process

The PIEV time of a driver also depends on several factors such as
chological characteristics of the driver, type of the problemphysical and
involved,
eovironmental conditions and temporary factors (e.g, mative of the trip, travel speed.
fatbgue, consurnption of alcohol, etc.). The total reaction time of an average driver
may vary from 0.5 second for simple situations to as much as 3 to 4 seconds or even
ore incomplex problems.
Speed ef vehicle
he stopping distance depends very much on the speed of the vehicle. First, during
titat reaction time of the driver the distance moved by the vehicle will depend on
peed Second, the braking distance or the distance moved by the vehicle after
0ng the brakes,before coming to a stop depends also on the initial speed of the
cle Hence itis evidentthat higher the speed,higher will bethestopping distance
fciency of brukes
braking efficiency is said to be 100 percent if the wheels are fully locked
them from rotating on application of the brakes. This will result
ditg which is nermally undesirable, except in utmost emergency Also
Onsudered to be dangerous, as it is not possible for the driver to easiuy
Sorgol a vehicle after it starts skidding. Hence to avoid skid, the braking forces
otexceed the trictional force between the wheels and tyres
iondl eesistaece betveen road
and tyres nnd tyres denends upon the 'skid
nce derelor