By the end ofthis chapter, you should be familiar with. + diffrent forms of equations of lines and their gradients and intercepts + parallel and perpendicular lines + the concept of function and its domain, range and graph ‘+ mathematical notation for functions + composite functions ‘+ characteristics ofan inverse function and finding the inverse function f(x) + transformations of graphs and composite transformations of graphs. eo Hi Equations and formulae ‘You wil encounter a wide variety of equations in this couse. Essentially, an ‘equation isa statement equating two algebraic expressions that may be true or false depending upon the value(s) substituted forthe variable(s). Values ofthe variables that make th equation true are called solutions or roots ofthe equation. Allo the solutions to an equation comprise the solution set of the equation. ‘An equation thats true forall possible values of the variables called an identity Many equations are often referred to as a formula (plural: formulae) and typically contain more than one variable and, often, other symbols that represent specific constants or parameters (constants that may change in value but do not alter the properties ofthe expression). Formulae with which you are 4 familiar include: A = mr°,d= rt,d = (==)? + Oi Jy and V= Sar ‘Whereas most equations that we encounter wil have numerical solutions, we can solve a formula for one variable in terms of other variables ~ often referred toas changing the subject ofa formula (@) Solve for bin the formula a? +b (8) Solve for fin the formula 7 = 2/2 (Seto ine re = 2 ET SESE Solution () @ +R a05R=0- aa b= Heme Ifbisa length then b = =a? @T fc) 1= MR 5 R + A= MR IR + r= mR Ol Re > IR= mR = i Ir RU n= —Ir R= ‘Note that factorization was required in solving for Rin part ()- ‘Two important characteristics of any equation are the number of variables (unknowns) and the typeof algebraic expressions i contains (e.g. polynomial, ‘ational expressions, trigonometric, exponential). Nearly al of the equations {in this course will have either one or two variables. In this chapter we will only discuss equations with algebraic expressions that are polynomials. Solutions {for equations with a single variable consist of individual numbers that can ‘be graphed as points on a number lin. The graph of an equation isa visual representation ofthe equation’ solution set. For example, the solution set of, the one-variable equation containing quadratic and linear polynomials x2 = 2x + Bisx€ (2, 4}. The graph ofthis one-variable equation (Figure 1.1) js depicted on a one-dimensional coordinate system, ie. the real number line. eo ed pias: Ss gure 1 Graph ote selon st fr the eqn == 2+ 8 ‘The solution set ofa two-variable equation willbe an ordered pair of ‘numbers. An ordered pair corresponds toa location indicated by a point ‘on a two-dimensional coordinate system, .e.a coordinate plane. For ‘example, the solution set ofthe two-variable quadratic equation y = x* ‘will ean infinite set of ordered pairs (x,y) that satisly the equation. Four I eee aca Figure 2 Gaghaf the ‘oie ef econ ordered pairs in the solution set are shown in red in Figure 1.2. The graph becnered inden ofall the ordered pairs in the solution set forms acurve as shown in blue. hap ‘Acer nea equonin canvas ten inte frm a+ witha andl have enact one sation namely = An expe fa wo-vaablelinear equation in sand yisx~2)~ 2. The graph ofthis Hen olaica en ai eof ede pa) line gos) ‘Te slope a aden, fa non-vernes defind by he forma Jot wet ange ~~~ horizontal change igure 13 The pagBecause dison by s0 unde heaps etal undid singe wo pois (1!) and, we song lp of hei wah 1 1 2 ‘equation x ~ 2y = 2to bem 372 If we solve for y we can rewrite the equation inthe form "Note that the coefficient of xis the slope ofthe line andthe constant term is the y-coordinate of the point at which the line intersects the y-exs, that is, the y-intercept. There are several forms for writing linear equations. art by+e=0 | everylinehas an equation inthis form Itboth aandb 20 y= mere isthe slope (0,0) isthe arent 71 mer =) | mis the dope (x,y) known point, ontheline slopes 0 (02s hey imercept eae Slope undefined nls the ines they-ais no intercept. ble Forms for eget ines Most problems involving linear equations and their graphs fll into two categories: (1) given an equation, determine its graph and (2) given a graph, ‘or some information about it, find its equation. For lines the frst type of problem is often best solved by using the slope- intercept form. For the second type of problem, the point-slope form is usually ‘most useful Without using a GDC, sketch the line that i the graph of each linear ‘equation written in general form, (a) 5x4 3y— &) y~ (x3 ee Solution (@) Solve for yo write the equation in slope-intercept form, 5 Sx+3y-6=0- 3y=—5e +65. +2 Thetne hata yeep (0.2) anda dopeot —$ (©) The equation y ~ 4 = Oi equivalent to y= 4, the graph of which isa horizontal line with a y-intercept of (04) {€) The equation x + 3 = 0s equivalent to x = ~3, the graph of which isa ‘vertical line with no y-intercep; but, it has an x-intercept of (—3,0) 5 Aas emo (2) Find the equation ofthe line that passes through the point (3,31) and has a slope of 12. Write the equation in slope-intercept form. () Find the linear equation in Cand F knowing that C = 10 when F = 50,and C= 100 when F = 212, Solve for Fin terms of C, Solution (a) Substitute x, S31 and m = 12 into the point-slope form: Yo y= me ~ x) > y~31= 1K 3) y= 12x 36-431 y= nx-5 (©) Thetwo points, ordered pars (CP), that are known to be on the line are (10,50) and (100,212). The variable C corresponds tothe x variable and F corresponds toy inthe definitions and forms stated above. BoA 1a _9 G6 10-10 905 Choose one ofthe points on theline say (10,50), and substitute it and the slope into the point-slope form: 212-50 “The lope ofthe line is Pe =n(c-¢)=F-29=2c- 104 F=2c- 18450 oricim ‘The p ie comenin ol fr determing whether ons ae parallel or perpendicular. The two lines shown in Figure 4 suggest that two distinct non-verticl lines are parallel ifand only iftheir slopes are equal, m, . 5“The two lines shown in Figure 1.5 suggest that two non-vertical lines are perpendicular ifand only if ther slopes are negative reciprocals ~ thats, 1m, = — pgp which i equivalent to my my = —1. gure Lt Parl ines gare 13 Perper tns Recall that absolute value is used to define the distance (always non-negative) between two points on the real number line. The distance between the points A and B on the real number line is LB ~ Al, which is equivalent to lA ~ BI ‘The points A and B are the endpoints ofa line segment that is denoted with the notation [AB] and the length ofthe lin segment is denoted AB. In Figure 1.6, the distance between A and Bis AB = [4 ~ (| =|-2~41=6. 4 2 “TaSaTTirtrs gu 1.6 Thee the tine pent AB dent by AB ‘We can find the distance between two general points (x, y;)and (73) on «a coordinate plane using the definition for distance on a number line and Pythagoras theorem. For the points (x,y, and (x, the horizontal distance between them is x, ~ x and the vertical distance is, ~ y) Asillusrated in Figure 7, these distances are the lengths of two legs of 8 right-angled triangle whose hypotenuse is the distance between the points. sre. Diane beteen "sts oo cori plane enamel Saher te decceckanten pr oyead ng tenty yg” Malena theorem d= x, ~ x + ps ~ ys Because the square of ny numbers =e poniive,theabslute vale ls not necessary to giv ste stance formula for two-dimensional coordinates “The coordinates ofthe midpoint of line segment are the average values ofthe corresponding coordinates ofthe two endpoints. GEES) (2) Show that the points P(L,2), Q(3, 1) and R(4, 8) are the vertices ofa right-angled triangle. (b) Find the midpoint ofthe hypotenuse ofthe triangle POR. q “Temi ofthe ne eet joing he p(s abd in te cata plane is Solution {@) The three points are plotted and the line segments joining them are 0. {) Since division by ero is not defined for real numbers then 2x ~ 6 + 0. “Therefore, the domain isthe set of ll real numbers x such that x € R, x43. (4) Since the square root of a negative number is not real, then 3 — x> 0. ‘Therefore, the domain isall real numbers x such that x <3tomo > te 13 Graphic sono sample 19 inegay 2x5 ‘anal be writen 125| Themunber Disiadadt betie Wher dering dora andre afuncton beh tsb ond apie Ss. Donate 0 ‘hon ington roach Frei alfa atin, Podigarihoo {FGDC tat sows ‘pean as ‘st. Find the domain and range forthe function y = x Solution Using algebraic analysis: Squaring any real number produces another real ‘number. Therefore, the domain of y = xis the set of al eal numbers (R). Since the square of any positive or negative number willbe positive and the square of 270 is ero, then the range isthe set of ll real numbers greater than or equal to zero Using graphical analysis: For the domain, focus on the x-anis and scan the {graph from —oe to +00. There are no gaps or blank regions in the graph and the parabola will continue to get wider asx goes to either ~o0 or +00, “Therefore, the domain sll rel numbers. For the range focus on the y-axis and sean from ~00 to +00. The parabola will continue to increase as y goes to “+00, but the graph does not go below the x-axis. The parabola has no points ‘with negative y coordinates. Therefor, the range isthe st of real numbers _greater than of equal to 2er0. Domains any rel number Domain sx € RD, or Domain sx € 00,201 ‘Range irony number grester han or | Range is bry 0} or Rangeisy © 10.2 qual to 20 “Table 1.2 Dirt wos of exrening the domain and age ay = Ieis common practice to name a function using a single letter, with fg and h ‘commonly used. Given that the domain variable is xand the range variable is y, the symbol x) denotes the unique value of y that i generated by the value of x. Another notation = sometimes referred to as mapping notation - is based on the idea thatthe function fis the rule that maps x to f(x) and is written fet fle) For each value of x inthe domain, the corresponding unique value ‘of yin the range is called the function value atx, or the image of x under "The image of x may be written as f(x) or as y- For example, fr the Function fle) = 2'f(3) = 9, or fx = 3, then y = 92 fa) = 28 | Thefunction in terms of 62 or simply fof equals fares |Thefnctionfmaps to? {f0)=9 |The value ofthe function fwhen x= 3s simply fof equals 9| £3029 __ | Thelimage of under the function fis “be 13 Function nation Solution Using algebraic analysis: The function produce real number for allx exept forx = 2 when division by 2eo occurs. Hence, x= 2s the only rel number potinthe domain Since the numerator of can never benera the vale fy cannot be zero. Hence, y = 0 the only real number not in the range ‘Using graphical analysis: A horizontal scan shows a gap atx = 2 dividing the graph ofthe equation into two branches that both continue indefinitely with no other gaps asx ~ oo. Both branches are asymptotic (approach but do not intersect) to the vertical line x= 2. Ths line isa vertical asymptote and is drawn as a dashed line (its not part ofthe graph of the equation). A vertical scan reveals a gap at y = 0 e-axis) with both branches of the graph continuing indefinitely with no other gaps as 'y ~ = 90. Both branches are aso asymptotic tothe x-axis, The x-axis is “horizontal asymptote. Both approaches confirm thatthe domain and range for hx => —1 are: domain: fx €R,x#2} orx€]-20,21U]2.c0l range: (y3y€R,y#0} ory €]~00,0{U}0, col Eze Consider the function a) = VzF4 (@) Find fm Gi f32) (©) Find the values of x for which fis undefined. (© State the domain and range off | re ane aN SSR ES Solution @ @ fn =/7FE= VT = 332058) (ii) 32) = EFA = V5 =6 (i) R-) = -4FT= 0 =0 (b) fx wil be undefined (square root of a negative) when x + 4 <0. ‘Therefore fix) is undefined when x < ~4. (6) Ie follows from the result in (b) that the domain of fis xx > ~4). “The symbol” stands fr the principal square root that, by definition, can only give a result that is postive or zero, Therefore the range of fis {yy 0}. The domain and range ae confirmed by analysing the graph ofthe function. Figure 14 Diagram fr same L10 gar 1.15 Graph rte soliton to Example 11) 2 13Asap 12 ts is dangers ‘ecumletytt saps pode na Choa dg cage king para check ‘bea sw rcv shes inpran exr hath ph ee alba east ‘ncn or ee eerethe ncon sdb xem paste, (pte and Seager ‘eth fre 6 GDC esr ‘Sono sample Find the domain and range of the function fx) Solution The graph ofy = agrees with algebraic analysis 2 Indicating thatthe expression —1 B= wb ose fol and ei only for ~3 3} 1. (Match each equation to one ofthe graphs. i) State whether or not the equation represents any of the functions shown. Justify your answer, Assume that x isthe independent variable and ys the dependent variable. (@ y=2 Wy=-3 (x-y=2 @y=2-x y=842 y=} @ ety=2 . Express the area, A, ofa circle as a function of ts circumference, C 3. Express the area, A, of an equilateral triangle as a function ofthe length, ‘of each ofits sides. |. A rectangular swimming pool with dimensions 12 metres by 18 metres is surrounded by a pavement of uniform width x metres. Find the area ofthe pavement, A, as a function of x. . Ina right-angled isosceles triangle, the two equal sides have length x ‘units andthe hypotenuse has length h units, Write asa function of x ‘he pressure P (measured in klopascals kPa) fora particular sample of Pits gas is crectly proportional to the temperature (measured in degrees . kelvin, K) and inversely proportional tothe volume V (measured in lites, 1), With krepresentng the constant of proportionality, this econ be wine fu can P= LE Digan or(a) Find the constant of proportionality, k,if150L of gas exerts a pressure of 23.5kPa ata temperature of 375K, (b) Using the value ofk from part (a) and assuming that the temperature is held constant at 375K, write the volume Vas a function of pressure P for this sample of gas. 7. In physics, Hooke’ law states thatthe force F (measured in newtons, N) needed to extend a spring by x units beyond its natural length is directly proportional tothe extension x. Assume thatthe constant of proportionality isk (known asthe spring constant fora particular spring). (@) Write Pas a function of x (B) A spring has a natural length of 12cm and a force of 25N stretches the spring toa length of 16cm, Work out the spring constant k. (©) What force is needed to stretch the spring to a length of 18 cm? ‘8 Find the domain ofeach ofthe following functions. (2) {(-62, —7),(-15, -2), (07,0), 32,3), (38,3)} () Surface area ofa sphere: = 4? 7 hx ts 6 2 (© o=\3=t ) fo © fo ) ho =F (®) fxr F-9 9. Do all linear equations represent a function? Explain. 10. Consider the function hx) = VE= 4 (a) Find: () KD — GH) ACSI) AD (b) Find the values of x for which his undefined. (© State the domain and range of h. 11, For each function below: (find the domain and range ofthe function (ii) sketch a comprehensive graph ofthe function, clearly indicating any (@ pan B= (9 fowd—4 ‘Consider the function in Example 1.11, x) = VE. When we evaluate {fls) fora certain value of xin the domain, for example, x = 5 it is necessary to peeform computations in two separate steps ina certain order. 5) = SFI AS) = 5 Step 1: compute the sum of 5 +4 3) =3 Step 2:compute the square oot of 9 Given that the function has two separate evaluation steps, fx) can be seen asa combination of two simpler functions that are performed ina specified order. ‘According to how fx) is evaluated, the simpler function tobe performed first is the rule of adding 4 and the second isthe rule of taking the square root Ifh(x) = x- Aand g(x) = Vx, then we can create (compose) the function f(x) fom a combination of h(x) and g(x) as fllows: fle) = eh) ox-+ 4) Step I substitute 2+ 4 for (x) making x 4 the argument of gx) = JE Step 2:apply the function g(x) onthe argument x-+4 ‘We obtain the rule VF by ist applying the rule x+4 and then applying the rule x. A function that is obtained from simpler funetions by applying ‘one after another in this way is alle a composite function i) = Vx -F4 is ‘the composition of h(x) = x +4 followed by g(x) = Vx. In other words fis ‘obtained by substituting h into g, and can be denoted in function notation by h(x))~ read ‘gof hof x? ‘Start with a number x in the domain of hand find its image h(x). If this number ‘i() is in the domain of g, we then compute the value of g(h(x). The resulting ‘composite function i denoted as (g h(x) See Figure 118, ffs) = 3x and x) = 2x ~ 6, find: © 0 FBS) (Gi) Express (f(x) as single Function rule (expresion) ©) NS (i) Express (g(x) asa single function rule (expression) 00 @ae (i) Express (gx) as single function rule (expression). Teacpenesi cs Sancti the arable oregresionan ich Fanci oper Foreanple be npunen of) = 2 Isxtheagunen of =F Sax—3, fod tears of y= Wrisde oh domain rangroth age oth domsinaty ‘oly gure 1.18 Mapping or sompase ncn gh) Trecomposin ovo funcioms, gandh such ‘haha stand cca sprenby (gehia)= a. Thedamainethe compote fecong+h inthestatsin te esha the doin 7Solution (@) @ Fo9i5)= a5) = 25-6) =f) =3-4= 12 i) (Fog) = fn) = fx ~ 6) = 30 ~ 6) “Therefore, (f+ gx) = 6x — 18 ‘Check with result from (i): (fe g)(5) (©) © GALS) = (AS) = g3-5) = gills) =2-15-6 = 24 Gi) @- lx) = (fs) = g(38) = 268) — 6 = 6x — 6 “Therefore, (gfx) = 6 ~ 6 ‘Check with result from (i}:(g 5) = (0.@ 90) =) (ge gis) =a(600) = 2x — 6 “Therefore, (g»)x) = 4x18 ‘Check with result from (i) (g» 2) 4:5-18=20-18=2 tisimportant to notice that in parts ()(i) and (bY) in Example 1.13,fe gis not equal to gf tthe start of this section, it was shown how the two functions I(x) = x + Aand g(x) = s could be combined into the composite function (g(x) to creat the single function fix) = x 4. However, the composite fanction (h )(x (the functions applied in reverse order) creates a different function: (= gx) = h(gla)) = h(x) = /& + 4 Since, Vx + 4.# ve 4 then ‘fegis not equal og «fIsit always true that fog 2g»? The next example will answer that question, Ciena and gv Le find (a) (fogs) () GA Se Solution +6-6 (o opted = fatay = flx+2) =e 2) —6 (©) (ge fiG0 = g(fa)) = g3x— 6) = Lax—6)+2=x-2+2=% Example 1.14 shows that itis posible for f gt be equal tog =f You will learn in the next section tat this occurs in some cases where there isa special relationship between the pair of functions. However, in general fog gf In Examples 1.13 and 1.14, we created a singe function by forming the ‘composite of two functions. As with the function i) = Vx +4, itis also important for us tobe able to identify two functions that make up a composite function in other words to decompose a function into two simpler function. ‘When we are doing this itis very useful to think of the function thats applied fist asthe inside function, and the Funetion thats applied second asthe ‘outside function. Inthe function fix) = Vx ¥ 4 the inside Function is i) = x + 4 and the outside function is gx) Ceca “Each ofthese functions isa composite function ofthe form (f= g)(x). For each find the two component functions fand g When, Whaat © pa) I=T ————$— Solution {a) When we evaluate the function h(x) for a certain x in the domain, we is cats the expeson = +3and the evhate the expen ence the inside fanction applied fis) isy = +3, andthe outside function (applied secon iny = So the two component function ae fe) = 1+ 3andfa) = (© Bralsting (requestor eve the exreion x +1 sed then evlue te expreson Hence the nid oncion = 42-+ Irate outside function ey = 2% The wo composite Pins ho act Lande) a2 IE) Eratacng te rues ust perfor tee separate craton pe squaring number evblracting four end then taking te cube oo. areata ata decree ia tae eepeme seioe eh gale And fe) Ya ones ro pps ent decent cxmpoate fusion lta eal wo atpcacat functions: g(x) = x? ~ 4, and fix) = Vx. Finding the domain of a composite function tis important to note that in order for value of tobe inthe domain of the composite function gh tw conditions must be met: (1) x must bein the domain of and (2) H() must bein the domain of Likewise, ti also ‘worth noting that (3) isin the range of g« only i isin the domain of +h The next example illustrates these points ~ and also that, in general, the domains ofg+ and h gare not the same. 19Let gn) = 2 ~ 4and HG) = Vz Find (@) (ge (x) andits domain and range (6) (iveg)x) and ts domain and range an Solution First establish the domain and range for bth g and h For g(s) = x2 ~ 4 the domain isx € R and the range is y > —4. For h(x) = v, the domain is x= Oand the range is y> 0. fa) Ge ANa) = gthtx)) =) Tobeinthe domain ofg +h / must be defined for x= x20 = (4 Therefore, the domain ofg his x= 0 4 Since: 0, then the range for yax-sisy> 4 ‘Therefore, (g * h)(x) = x ~ 4, and its domain is x> O,and its range isy = —4 2 — 4 must bein the domain of sp0sea4 = h(e? — 4) Therefore, the domain of he gis x=—2orx>2and VP=T with.s = -2 or x> 2, the ange for ya iPad isy=0 “Therefore, (h )(2) = Va = and its domain isx = ~2orx> 2, and its rangeisy = 0 1. Let fia) = 2eand gta) = 15, x#0 0) (hes) = Mee) Find the value of @ -90) © &NO Find the function rule (expression fr: (© Fea) @ NO 2, Letfixis 2x — 3and grr 2— Evaluate: (a) (fog) ©) (N10) FN) @ @os-3) (©) (Fea) ENED: Find the expression for: @ eH MEAL O FN OD G9) For each pair of functions, find (f= g(x) and (ge f(x) and state the domain for each. (a) fi) = 45~ 1g) = 2438 () fi) = 22+ 1g) (©) fe) = EFT g(2) = 142° (€) fis) = 2 ate) = (2) Ae) = 3+ 5,g0)=2S2 — f) fx) =2- wg) = VI @ f= a= 5 1 (1) fo) = 5-30) = 5-3 0 f= Foe Let g(x) = VT and h(x) = 10 — x, Find: {@) (ge )(x) and its domain and range (6) (= )(2) and its domain and range. arf) = Hand ga) = 10 ~ 2. id (a) (f>9)(s) and its domain and range (©) (=) and its domain and range. 3. Determine functions gand so that x) = g(x) ()f)=6+3% OW) AI=VE=S © fd =7 VE f=, © fay= 10" ©) fx) = 18-9 (@f)=|e-9| (Wf Find the domain for: (@ thefunction (i) thefunction g (ii) the compost function f+g WA)=R=2+1 WO fdabeyaxts (0 fa) = = ex)=xt1 (A) fix) = 2x + 3,glx) =% Yc IE we choose a number and cube (ise ito the power of 3), and then take the cube root ofthe esl, the answer is the original number. The same result would occur ifwe applied the two rules in the everse order. That is, fst take the cube root ofa number and then cube the result again, the answer isthe ‘tiginal number. - mnfa) 2 rman off range e119 A maging {pam bribe cogs mot fucine Thecamposteotwo seein isthe anon at bys odes te same ert ws i tein the cto Tift Teale the entty ‘ncn beac sgureah mbes (nine iodo “ented I) ot mia the 1 The neaton rs mes oper Spero fled the mame actin inf tor ss niet ‘etc tht Tenet the nae ction, ors) superego Uidioan tear st then isa power and esther of theese, Foraoirofimese fancions fang te ‘compose onctons fasnpand ff) ae {gol Rememtertht oat generale snail ‘encom ‘Write each of these rules as a function with function notation. Write the cubing function as fz) = x%, and the cube root function as gx) = 1%. Now, using what ‘we know about composite functions and operations with radicals and powers, we can write what was described above in symbolic form. Cube number an then ake the cube oat ofthe esl: dfn) 9 = Gtaxtas For example, ¢(ff— 20) = {= Take the cube rot of number and then cube the result favo) = (x) = (el) For example, x27) = 027)’ = Gy? =27 Because function has this reverse (inverse) eect on Function fw all function the inverse of function Function fhas the same invere effect on function g [g(27) = 3 and then f{3) = 27], making fthe inverse function of g. The functions and gare inverses of ach ater. The cubing and cube oot functions are an example of pair of inverse functions. The mapping diagram foe functions fand g (Pgure 19) lastratestherationshp fora par of inverse functions where the domain of one isthe range for the oer ‘You should already be familiar wit pis of inverse operations. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations For example, the ale of ing six G+ 6)and the rule of subtracting six Gr ~ 0), undo each other. Accordingly, the functions fis) = x + 6 and goo) = x ~ 6 area pair of inverse functions. Multiplication and division are also inverse operations. -2 fag wesc fim le cursing ef omy ‘niente purist ‘eft ede eon at ‘timencatnctofa! Tae of = x lly yp0 edo foe ep te ge : initcnogetfoutbecgntoedmmana agra" FT domain "anenbe tt ti itin fteeg)1bo o in tariruibemmerelfturtmaaobeooeafeetmmects omain off rangeoty In general, the functions fx) and g(x are a pair of inverse functions ifthe following two statements are true: 1. 9foo) = x for allxin the domain off 2 ffgts) = x forall xin the domain of g Eee Cin hay = == 3 ap = 3c hat had pre fnces. er ce I et iy atta et ol) 2GZ) +3 aa Toray rel naniers Ko) = Wax +9) = 2E2I=9 2 she dpe oft onc For any real number x, poo) Since p(ho) tis lear that both fi = x* and gexy = V¥ satily the definition ofa function because for both fand g every number in its domain determines exactly one ‘number in ts range, ince they area pair of inverse functions then the reverse isalso true for both that i, every number in its range is determined by exactly ‘one number in its domain. Such a function is called a one-to-one function ‘he phrase one-to-one is appropriate because each value in the domain corresponds to exactly one value inthe range, and each value in the range corresponds to exactly one value in the domain Deming wheter functions one-one very sell eens hiner ofa one-one fanctn wlao Des fon Anan the graph a fancion ithemes ectivewayt determine funtion one-one Letslookat he traphotheone-o-onefncton fo) = own nFgue 120s cen at Sete vas fines vr he domain om mo 0) he anion vas are aivaynceaing A fnton tht savas inensing or aay desig Ahoughoutts domain onee-neand hasanmvese anon ‘A fanction that is not one-to-one (always increasing or always decreasing) can ‘be made so by restricting its domain. anc one to-e ‘each deme athe ‘angie image ‘salvo catia ‘hed, ‘The function fx) = x* (Figure 1.21) is not one-to-one forall real numbers However, the function gx) = x with domain x = 0 (Figure 1.22) is always {increasing (one-to-one), and the Function htx) = x? with domain x <0 (igure 1.23) is always decreasing (one-to-one) gure .20 Groff hh isincreing ge from ao tose Breit fir= 2 Migurel22 gi = 2.220 Figre28 hid = 2.20'A function for which atleast one element y in the range isthe image of more than one element x in the domain i called a many-to-one function. Examples ‘of many-to-one functions that we have already encountered are y = x*,x€ R ‘function iss integers reningi dba VAs and y = oj € R. As Figure 1.24 illustrates for y= ||, a horizontal line exists (eaeer that neeetea manytoronefanction at more han. one pont. Ths, the "ecu he ob Inverse ofa many-to-one function will nt be a function, ‘stron ncn ‘ethan ne pi Figure 124 Giaghofy = johanna of mano ane fein “The function fis defined for x € R by fox) = 4x~ 8 (@) Determine if fhas an inverse -» I not, restrict the domain of fin order to find an inverse function f Cee ren wee te. (2 Graph fand its inverse fanetion on the same set of axes, Solution (@) Recognise that fis an increasing function for (~oo, 00) because the ‘graph off) = 4x — 8 isa straight line with a constant slope of 4. “Therefore, fis one-to-one function and it hasan inverse f-" (b) To find the equation forf~, start by switching the domain (x) and. range (y since the domain off becomes the range of f-' and the range of f becomes the domain of fas stated in the definition. Also, recall that y = foo. for= write y= foo Interchange x and y (switch the domain and range) solve for y (dependent variable) in terms of x (independent variable) me Wyebee2 pricy = te +2 resting equi ‘Verity that fand are inverses by showing that /{f-1¢)) = xand fife) =x 1 ens, es (bx +2) =4(}x+2) dar) 42=4-242=% Tisconfms that y= 4x — and y= }x+ 2areinverses ofeach other. Herc isa graph ofthis pair of inverse functions. axtes far 9 “The method of interchanging domain (x) and range (y) to find the inverse function used in Example 1.18 als gives us a vay for obtaining the graph of -* from the graph off Given the reversing eect that a pair of inverse functions hhaveon each other, if = a. Hence, ifthe ordered pair (a, 6) {sa point on the graph of y = fx), then the reversed ordered par (b, a) must be fn the graph of y = f-1cx). Figure 1.25 shows that the point (0, a) can be found by reflecting the point (a,b) about the line y = x. Therefore, the following statement can be made about the graphs ofa pair of inverse functions. GY wre sesesesocontazanentny =: Consider te anion FS 2-3 {) Determine the inverse function (©) Find the domain off"! Solution (2) Following the steps for finding the inverse ofa function gives: Ya NETS replace fo with y yoxt3 solve forxin terms of squaring both sides B= 733 solve for x yar-3 interchange x and y ‘Therefore, f!:x-+x?— 3 replace y with f-'o) igure 1.25 The pit (ais 1 teeion sot he ie y = abepatla) gure 1.26 Gris offend aes st the ieee ‘Tofind theless function 1 eee tbe Fant ane-08, 2 Repo. 5 Sefer fy 4 Inecage candy 5: Replace y iho. 6 Thess! quo thereof SBitternpeat/ ‘epaltotbedomain ap 25(b) The domain explicitly defined for fisx = —3 and since the "symbol stands fr the principal square root (positive), then the range of fis ll positive real numbers, ie. y = 0. The domain off! is equal to the range off therefore the domain of is x >. ‘Consider the functions fy = 26¢ + 4) and gc (@) Find ¢~! and state its domain and range. (b) Solve the equation (feg-!)on =2 EEE Solution @ y=45 replace fx) with y interchange xand y areiny solve for y wet] solved fory ‘Therefore, g-1¢e) = ~3x+ 1 replace y with g-100) {gis linear function and its domain is x € R and its range is y € Rs therefore, for g~' the domain isx € R and the rangeis y € R, 0b) (feg™')oo = flg-'e0) =. 2(-3x-+ +4) ex +248 In questions 1-4, assume that fis a one-to-one function. 1, (@) IE) = =5, then what is f-—59? (b) ff) = 10, then what is 100? 2. (a) HEAD) = 13, then what is 03)? (b) IE") = a, then what is fay? 3. Ifgtx) = 3x ~ 7, then what is ¢-"5)? 4, Ithex) = x? ~ Bx, with x= 4, then what is-4—120? 15. For each pair of functions, show algebraically and graphically that fand g are inverse functions by: verifying that f)29 = xand (ge fn = x (Gi) sketching the graphs of fand gon the same set of axes with equal scales on the x-axis and y-aie ‘Use your GDC to asin making your sketches on paper nstarrcs6 () fran gre (0 frrset 9 garede-s (@) frets gared (@) firs? 2,230; gare E42, x= -2 ©) fr ~ 75 ga S=¥ peep gent (b) fix 605; gx 6—x2,220 () fave 2043.02 1 gael EST? Eze () fa JETS, gers208-6 (6. Find the inverse function -! and state its domain, () fay = 28-3 () foo = 242 © fo=e @forrs (© foo=4-s,x20 (8) foo = E=3 © fon = ax+ havo ) fo = 2 + 28,2 1 @ foo=E Sh x<0 @) forme 41 7. Ue your GDC gap the fanny = 2, Rnd ce intervals for which fisa one-to-one function (monotonic and hence, willhave an inverse fon the interval. The union of al three interval is all eal numbers 8. Use the functions gx) = x-+ 3 and cx) = 2x ~ 4to find the indicated ‘ale or the indicated function, @ (7-1-9) Gey (© gto @ Hyten tatg he pas fnco, sen come groan he army = A Awe ve done ug chap wea ee twafencionschas 9 Poycenan heres ater inprta sc ncn th ws ou lela or ‘aml gsr ad ‘neta, ‘exon wl ena theaters 28 1 ‘The word nenecan \f= & ve dierent snings inmathentic ‘pening the foment nsec 14, 7 : “men inaed decrees or Fintona that nde ‘exhathe However, aver somes H ‘Transformations of functions [Even when you use your GDC to sketch the graph ofa function itis help to know what to expect in terms ofthe location and shape ofthe graph ~ and even, ‘moreso, if you'r not allowed to use your GDC for a particular question. In this section, you will ]ook at how certain changes tothe equation ofa function can eum acesonand apts gap ou wii a Je caminrqyrstrnsomatonn etna bow he gaphofe 0) aetogentacen Een ao ee evaded on stel or tri). syng es en aa etna hays satchanvialsemany ifs ese functions efficiently. You will also take a closer look at two specific Functions cf ibe stretch), rhe thar area tanaformation celia heme s-Youil dota dent wo msi hor mcs ombrton ton a these eon. = and eel tuncion y= cree ance Scere [crephs of common functons | ey Sais tis important to be familiar with the location and shape of a certain set of common functions. For example, from our previous knowledge about linear ‘equations, we can determine the location ofthe linear function fix) = ax + b ‘We know that the graph ofthis function isa line whose slope isa and whose intercept is (0B) “The eight graphs in Figure 1.27 represent some ofthe most commonly used fanctions in algebra. You should be familiar withthe characteristics ofthe sraphs of these common functions. This will help you predict and analyse the graphs of more complicated functions that are derived from applying one or ‘more transformations to these simple functions -your GDC to graph each ofthese functions: fix) = x, (x) = x + 3and ‘= #— 2.How do the graphs of g and h compare with the graph of f2 graphs of g and h appear to have the same shape ~ its only the location, 3, that has changed compared tof. Although the curves (parabolas) tobe getting closer together, their vertical separation at every value of p oF uo Fpre28 Tings) = yp Suns. ae 129 Tang) = dan, bn (©) Consuntfncion ——&) entiyfincion ———(@)_ Aso vale function DaFigares.28 and 129 show, we can obtain the graph of x)= x + 3by , Aranslating (siting) the graph of lx) = 3 up three units, and we can obtain the graph of h(x) = x° — 2 by translating the graph of f(x) = x down two units. hay = ‘Change function go g(s) = («+ 3) and change function ho Ma) = (x ~ 2) {Gap hse wo fanctionalong with he ogi function fs) = on your time you can observe that the functions g anh ean be obtained by + horizontal translation off ‘ " (a) Suningfuncon (©) Sgurerot function (Cabin acon 2930 ay SR petals pny Pst cent Ean tan ae Er ew tthe sae Sia gaph in pa) seth ese eam. “he dein ick spybot ever eel ris cna fincon dos 6 rs) gure 132 Diagram or Example 122 30 graph shown is exactly the same shape asthe graph ofthe equation |x| but in a differen position. Given that the vertex is (~2, ~3). itis that this graph can be obtained by translating y = [s| two nits lft then three units down. When we move y = |x| wo units left we get the ph of y= |x + 2]. Moving the graph of y = |x + 2| down three units ‘Therefore, the equation of the 1. Taping = 13 note Figure. Tring y=? ght 3s te poet polio de ngrpbofy= 2) [As Figures 130 and 1.31 show, we ean obtain the graph of) = (& +3)" by ‘ranatng the graph off) = = thee units to the eft and we can obtain the ‘raph of hx) ~ (2 ~ 2) by tansatng the graph off) = two units tothe rght GDC to graph the two functions fix) and g(x) = —2. the graph “x is a reflection in the x-axis of fix) = x°. This certainly makes Seanad ee cases foxmedy mining y=, cousng he peor of feet “The diagrams show how the graph of y = 1x is transformed to the graph of jpoint on the graph of y = ~2° to be the negative of the y-coordinate ofthe ae TP rea aca iad Oh ae ge onthe graph ofy = + thathas the same x coordinate. panes Ape 1.33 and 1.34 show that the graph of y es rs fpahely = folmerats paises ‘ecpesie => cen et Yn ied “hice ineprecd ssi 1 Solution “To obtain the graph in (athe graph fy = is tansated three unis o right To prodace the equation ofthe translated graph, ~3isadded inside the argument ofthe function y = vx. “Therefore, the equation ofthe curve graphed in (a) is y= V7=3) 138 Yecingy = anthers gue. Resting) = ifs) = VE=B and g(x) = V=E=Z, With fix) = x? and glx) = —2, ‘To obtain the graph in (6), the graph of y= V37= 3 is translated up one wil soe Ene eae Se at acal formed by multiplying the entre function fby ~1. However, for chemise Bacenion sm bavepeiient. nace VE=T and g(x) gi formed by multiplying the variable x sa atees rain area isc, the graph ote) = /=¥=7 isa refection inthe y-axis of yove=3+ Lory Y= (==2. This makes sensei you recognise thatthe coordinate onthe of * will be the same as the y-coordinate on the graph of y = Vx . ted for xin y = Y= isthe opposite ofthe x value in rrr i For example, ifx = 9 then y = v9 = 3;and,ifx = -9 then ite the equation of the absolute value function shown by Figure 1.32. Opposite values of x in the two functions produce ‘Write the equat ime y-coordinate for each, 31se pamhoty=—fo) bie by let ‘epoly = fain ‘tea, sepmcly =f3) bee by ect reparhaly = on thea (afia) \F=Tintheyase gue 1.36 Reletngy = inte yas 2) is obtained by gure 1.35 Relecng y= Figures 1.35 and 1.36 illustrate how the graph of y reflecting the graph ofy = fx) in the y-axis. EZ none For g(x) = 23° — 6x? +3, find: (@) the function h(x) that isthe reflection of g(x) in the x-axis (b) the function p(x) that isthe reflection of g(x) in the y-axis. Solution (@) Knowing that y = ~f(x) isthe reflection ofy = lx) in the x-axis then Hx) = gla) = Qe 6x + 3) hla) = — 22" + 6? — 3.willbe the reflection of g() inthe x-aris. We can verify the result on the GDC ~ ‘graphing the original equation y = 2x’ ~ 6 + 3 in bold style. eee Sear bes (©) Knowing that y = fl—2) isthe reflection ofy = lx in the y-axis, ‘we need to substitute —xin for xin y= g(). “Thus, p(x) = g(~x) = 2(-2)? ~ 6(=x)8 + 3 pla) = —20° — 6x + 3 willbe the reflection of (x) in the y-axis. Again, we can verify the resulton the GDC - graphing the orginal equation y = 2° ~ 6+ 3 Horizontal and vertical translations, and reflections in the x- and y-axes are Ibe tbe path Gy =afe sobanel freely sen The garhoty~ =< Ithenhe iropaly = fs beer steslang he a gure 1.9 Vere ik oy = by sale yA) fuawe! 3 gure 14 ert sik y= bse etx ahem O by fl) xt? (@) State the ange, A, off | (b) Obtain an expression for f~'(), for x € A. [a0 Te fnction finden’ by fz? | Bina xpreson or) inter fin ech fthefallowing case (a) (fog) =x 41 (b) (gefiix)= xt 4321, (a) Find the largest set S of values of x such thatthe function fia) takes real values. (b) Find the range ofthe function f defined on the domain S. 22, Let fand ge two functions, Given that (f«ghx) = 2 and g(x) = 2x — 1, find fx — 3). 23, The diagram shows part of the graph of y= f(x) that passes through the points A, B, and D. ‘Sketch, indicating clearly the images of A, B, C, and D, the graphs of e Se ae Hi, Men Functions, equations, and inequalitiesiyo Bens fo yader6 o yen a@or — a(o3 %O@ was oof w (-12) mss an (st) (thor 3 5 (a) 5) BP = 50) (0) sides re 35 (8,038 (6 sides are vB, Exercise 1.2 L@G WL @H WK wT OC @A mI mF £ sacks 2 Anae a feercers Shen si 94 wy 7) Fake (62s fo 95N 4 (9) 62,~15.07,32,34 wero oR @e (re on rs “ise tad 9. nascar noow ws ano eee (0 domi: rage 0 1.9) dona eore reshape (ye y#0) (0 ine (0-2) er agmpes = 5 orien eympiney = 0 (0) @) domain ie < ~3,4> 3} cange by > 0) (a) vertical ype (00 damin een Peet} mp (70<728) 6 piece 0 xine (1) ana“) (© © domain fe: ER, x2 0) ange (727 Ry #4) (0) vesiclasympote x= 6 horizontal apympee Exercise 1.3 Law Ue99=1 Wes @r-a=2; ww nat wo 7 Oa @im2e Bees reer O) - 4-2 3 (a) (feghan = 126+ 7, domains xR; (Gef)oo= et dom: (0) (fog)oo = 42 + 1 domain xB (eefhen = =258 2 domains (© Gea)on =P, domain ER; Gefjan = + 2 domain 1 © (raw=~ enw (0 trae eR; (Geyje9 = domain: ve R (0 G-8)00= 1435 domaine beef = ae © (nV) = GP pdamain e203 =, 2 2 domain: € Ry x 3 =F, damain xe R = (6-1) 82 domins2 0364 0) (f-9)0 = dma % peShoo= coma 3 © (2809-2 domin ce Bf =, 409 (enn = ogey>0 (8) (hea)o= +1. domsin = ange y= 10 50 (rao = sh © Gono 10-2 6.) he =a 3409 0) fi) =x— Sn =o (© ho gw 0 hap=2d.gu te ® hoo (9 ho = =. 70) 0 domsineifrme { domainotpc ti) Genk FT dance 0) dettnetfseo {i comnotgecre ta (2h = by domi 3 (© 0 amin fre 21 &) Somainatpsce wy (sake =— 3 © dominctfscn ti) Soman teem fi (raya) maine Exercise 1.4 L@2 @ 6 Zw 10) 8 5) domain: #0, 2 ooee eo w » © aa ws woe ote settee! @ GH) ) (beg! =2e42 Exercise 1.5 Law oo f eo w @ ATT ET ee 2 o oo ale wy @ » 2 @ fen =4e— Optocnaee Wpo=tasensen 2 fen =iane Oporeeaccs ‘ @ fathercy 2G) yomsits (9 y=nlet tl o 1 © » 4.) orion tashtion 3 unis righ ver ranlation| Sunt up (or revere order) (0) cette thes-axs vertical (orrevers order) (6) orion trnsaton 4 uns lef verticl inky face ort nde) (8 rota ik tot ration “eitrght vera nai 6s down lation Duna ap Chapter 1 practice questions L@ an -3b=t (0) range:y>0 2s w-9 RG elon sere Oyen? (4) (gehen =2e—3 —() See Worked Stations 5) (©) maura (—1, s@et @ 70) » Cree (o) tangesy>1 a) ” whe (0) wien (~Z.0} nee: (0,2) (0) veal spine: =~ Terao symp: y = ~2 a) EZ .— mT a7 ano Ores © efjoo=e—2 1.) 0 (eho @ x20(@ fos tet (0 rar new Bw 15. fog)-M9 = T 166) = 2 ra homo 18.50 vw. teace (6) fron = BS 20.) ga = FT Omori 21) S=le~ T 2010 BAW yours GH ‘iim OM y= BE +5 C.5) (8) maximum OW yas ww O20) (i) mina © y=-e- ee wy G22) (68) esi 16 (a) x4 © hes 17, Answer shows that here 0 real fo @um—axax(er doo 1, never shows that Tera Exercise 2.2 La ew E: -cintercepe noe, intercept (0, vera agrmpote x= 2 horizontal apne: © _witecep veal asymptote x= 1 vinta asymptote: y= @ ” sstmurcep (0.0), intercept 0,0) vert anmptote: = 5 hovzontl asymptote y = 1 © 4 ic. pine (2.$ : verte agmpiote = 3 sic (-B), ne oe vera eps ‘ruil aon 2 a) domaine Rx# 6 ranges Ry23