/ Em EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERS Introducing evolution EVOLUTION IN BIOLOGY The word volition has Several meanings lof wich invave he {redual developmentof something Inbilogy, he word has come to reanthe changes that ecutinlving ‘rans over many generations. Elution happens mpopulton of lng organisms. Konly happens with ‘haractersis that can be inertes ‘SPECIATION AND PATTERNS OF VARIATION Populations ofa species sometimes become sparatesand therefore unable to breed with each athe. Theyare tenable teevaive ferent and verge tei ‘characterises mare ang more The ‘change nthe populations may be very gradual ante place ‘thousands ofyers eee ‘his eauseul summary but eventual ty ae sons Evolution ocurs when herbie tatteywoudnotbeabiew characteristics ofaspeies change, | | intnveed er “sry movies Atnough tis nt passbie to prove {hat organisms on Earn ae erst of evaiion there isvery strong hare fo eave sepa species Menteanamiss nye casi lens ia spec teres en much une abate poplars n ieen geegapncalares spree same sess sae pial Aiea speces Tis sree thes commucuvaraion nth ono Piaeanctourypectewtencety | | seems beeen pepadaton fam sigh very pet Ths pee alutonareespanedonttepage | | Poplin r3cvalhy diverge by evouriontobecame separate species Itdoee andthe san roe te tas ecestengesecsnaratcetore i PENTADACTYL LIMBS AS EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION | evidence for thstheary One example azn Den this, the basic bene structures the same in | I cimetancnin a a ete Te pentadnr ib the ances {enestalveterates in plan ‘sibsequety aig mostieatin (ora usesmabnants EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY [gyFurther evidence for evolution ——— ‘SELECTIVE BREEDING OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS The breeds of anima that ae eae er human use are ‘tea ited to wid species andin mang caver can sil interes wt Thee domestcteg beets have been eveopes rom mi speces, by selecting instal with ‘esiabie ras and breeding temthem Thsishnowas, ‘elective breeging The sing dierences nt arable Characenstes of domestated breeds ie species caneveve rail by sri sees (ng shows adomesteaed pg and ts an ‘esr rom Darwin Animes ana Pa THE FOSSIL RECORD Research nt fosis nas gven us steng, Fs ot hconthestge ‘evidence for evoiion Fossils have been oman tforgaiams tat co ens toy, suggesting ‘thaterganisms change overtime Rocks cn beste, ing he = deduced and the times when snes on Earth The sequence | mame apps in the os rears | matches the complenty, ith Baten and seventoes | imple alga appearing fis. ong and worms | later anglandvertebrates ater sil Many sequences of fess ar hnown, which nk together existing organisms with ‘heirlikely ancestors For example Aconthostego (above) ga 3€5-milian yea ol fess that has similares te other vertebrates ButMhaS eight fingers and seven toes, soit not identl to ang esting organism Acanthos legs like most amphibians, epties and mammals but tata had gils and afamike ta ane | tstiang vertebrates coud nave evalved om fh via an aguatc animal mthlegs, MELANISM ~ AN EXAMPLE OF EVOLUTION ‘Dancvareties of pial igh coloured nec ae cle melanie Tremost famous expe Biron etlona [he peppered meth) The melanie varety a hs meth was orga very oe Burin reas where industry cevloped inthe 1 cerry n England and sewer IRbecame much commones th he pppere orm becoming mach farecThsiea change nthe hertable characteristics ofthe species set 'Sanexampeafevluton Asenpleexplnation ofinguetra melanism 1 Adu ston berlana mots fy aight ofa mate ad + Dunn he dayton branches ees | = nantes ie rances a commen eine chen soppperedmote wel moog ge em | + sulphone paltan ican nee tranhesandsot = |” fromctlbuningbactoe hor wel camouflaged agunst dark wee branches animal that hurtin dah predate moth they ras that became instal the peppere found an eaten and 3higheproporiono Surmvedte breed an pass nthe dak wong col betlone populations to evolve from beng pe 64 EVOLUTION AND BioniversityNatural selection THE DISCOVERY OF NATURAL SELECTION | | SOURCES OF VARIATION rember la specie. There ahve J 1 matting ; Darwin i 0 yews: p “ ‘this time, he amassed a wide \,t | Barwin ben gui he adependent Species anita pu ested | te pace o human res ote of EXPLAINING NATURAL SELECTION ete . seein ja inion between the | | 5 ndvaduats that are better adapted tend to survive | made ma stg ht op | aod produce fer ch |* Site 2 The fequencyeé characters weequlinsize EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY | 6S eee |Natural selection in action BEAKS OF FINCHES ON DAPHNE MAJOR Daphne jorsasralistn inte algae ciple. Ontnsisan theresa popusian of Geespe jets (medun oun whic ees onsets thaw ange Ses tom smal lage. The lg see we ace therefore more dete ack open Tee renitanathe Set beaks, wh some ine hey ager beak an ters Bok tera chnctete fey eto 1873 nward fons inches have been wppaden bape Majrsother beak saes carte messued Changes nto ‘hemesn length and wath beaks hve been sone Thecimatecl me Galspages antpdages vey vale Deceusecl an cabonbemern am cetera [0 Ne) ich bg heavy ain cal erro ais) ech bg gts Dung soup era few sat ch ‘ted nate tage’ hades ae posuere From1974 1977 La Nts condone wer pesca on | Daphne Myoencingath asevere cought resuedinthe 6 for popultonoppng om 13001030, The mean beak steoftefnces bat ed urn te dupa sincay sale danthebeacsz of ore tunes Theat stectan owned beeauae ches wi largbeaks we beter sages feng on ge seeds Whe te popston sted Treedngapnnaherhe igh hemean bake emsined raed because fapng producers We ge ese ‘et suv pars ni363 bere was asvong© Whoever, ‘winnenrinand abun spies fsmalchsetos ine —— Sesraeliwedmean best ove Sopp anal eke ws ase «ses «980 «SS | sebeterscapedtaledingonsnalaeeds ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA Aribioties are used conto Ssesescavsedby bce in humans There hve been ncesingprobimswih eee causing (pstiogeni) bactrs being restart artotes Te pap gh] shows he percentage of patogerc Ecol bacteria thatwer restart tothe anette cprotoracin between 1980 ané 2008 The rnd wth many ter diseases ha Den sis, The theory of evolution by ntl selectancanexlsn the development ef anbiote resistance baer + Genes that gveresistancetwan nbiicoccurinthe miroorgansme that natualy make tat anit These antic resistance genes canbe vanfered io abacieum ‘bymeanso plasmid orn some other way hee en variation Inchstypeoftactenum some of hem are resistant the doctors orvetsuse he aria te onl acer wi it bacteria tat are susceptible tthe arbi, bunt thos that are resistant Theis an example afrstual selection, eventhough tis, | Caused by humans ung anibicnee + The antibiotic resistant bacteria reproduce and pass onthe resizance gene te ter oping These bctra speed om, person to person by crossinfecton Therwo lates above) werewacutesnth | + Themoreananbioticis usd, themorebactearsistantton __«sHleentBacteni Ech sc cetansaderent | ‘there willbe andthe fewertatarenon resistant Asaresutof aie TheBacterisman thee pate was ile tacessive wae ofanantibo,mastofthebacenamayeveriualy yale antics bu 66 EVOLUTION AND BioDIVERSITYNaming and identifying | NAMING SPECIES ‘Wan spc cred ayn pn cian en scaler races nts deters congaes havo ceton et ‘oud tom sagen ney stent catoanes sient. The inom system bashes fates, + Thetis name the genus nme Agen ia pou of osly rete paces, he ge ram The second ame hes The species name ven alower case et ter aes re sed when irom appeasin apt or ype document aamples of amie Home sopiers-hamans Scrophuoroandove - plan discovered by 20 xpehion at waveveain a and Rover “USING A DICHOTOMOUS KEY anya pls nurs ine belong oone these fur gener — * Carsopyurn 1 Simple undid ares Leaves freddie io segments ‘ 8 Owe tor two or vee Certain eaves iededina mare an our segments. 3 23. nave dvdedup into many fatened segments Catombo eaves ited ito many Hlamentous segments grep Lares of quatia las ie ey \/ IDENTIFYING SPECIES 1 facnstage consis of apa aerate characteristics. + Some aterratves pve the nex numbered stage othe heytogoto + veal heen fe paces willbe ache. -Anexampl ofa dctomes key ordering guano panded shownbelow et CONSTRUCTING A DICHOTOMOUS KEY EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY | 67Classification of biodiversity NATURAL CLASSIFICATION Cusieonin bogie process opting specs feign eo pou Nsw eseria pocess. becuse eve so many species nd wthouta _dasuficaon item Awoulbe veryhadto ste a access iforetenabov en The logit hat opaize In clssiaton ae tsenomit Tete aremany posse ways of casing oan for ‘ramp anal could cased te pups thse thathave wings ad tas that oot This woud an uch eiasicaton because arial with ings (nsec, beds anata net simsin eeu ther mato pouped peer ven er wogs ae rer eevee because heyarerethomalageus and eae separately Beloit ryt cevie antral clssifeaion n which he specisina group have evived rom ane commonancestal Species Ihe specs inthe group thereto share many ‘harass hat they have nested om he nicest species Natur csseaten threat prediction of ‘racic shared by specs witnagraup They he in enicavon of specie ‘isnotanascovaus whale pater of lion asina ‘goupelspeces and herlre wha he aia cashes of ‘hemi Toner soretines early rouse species hen rew endence tows ats preva nen conane species bathave eave on diferent ances specs Forenampl. a sytem dasicaion of tergovganme ie ‘ie kingiems was eapedinthe stcondhalste 200 ‘emu Blots mesty accepted inthis cassis rokagtes were pce none hingiam and evkaryaes ‘earings However when he base sequence acl sedevascompued wo veydeentgeupso! planes | ‘er ceutie These oups are as erent rom eather stom eharyts Ahigher grade earcnk peu wa, nested rect raw ale domain THREE DOMAINS: sone ‘areny llorganiems are classified int ee do + Arenas [eferedtoas achaeans) + ubacter (eferedtoas bata) + ukarot [refered tas eukaryotes) The orginal evidence forts came from base sequences of rosomal RN, hich foun in a organisms and evolves eal tusyng te earbest evaiionay ow represents te they evolution of sample of species, based en rtaraal RNArequences ‘suggest ta prokaryotes verge into Eubactn and Achat earlynthe evan ode, sts not appropiate ‘eclasily tem tegen oe kings Ebecttia suchas ca rd potosyrneie vaneboctr Achaes ineusing ‘hermophes and aopies usoryotes:inling fangs J Noe ta vies ae ntelstes inte any ofthe domains ‘xint a oman ether own, as they are conser oy Dlopststobe lvingeranins A poupoferanions, suchas species gens scaled taxon eee CLASSIFICATION FROM SPECIES TO DOMAIN Species are cassiedime sere fan, which etrangeol peciesthan the preus one Tisiscaedhe herr often Naa. Se Animal example Panterampie | (Pepe mis Squcietn oneon campiemanas ‘ the bive whale (ie) _~ the giant redwood (ight) | Specertatansimiarwe poxpedinoagmas Genus Bobenoptee —_Genussequoin. | Geren wesinine posed stamiy —Faifacenpunice rns deuce | ‘Families that are similar ae grouped ito an order Order Ceraceo Order Pinales: | Geeta sna penetincadins—— Caesnaae Canettee sila oeEdineappan Pay chess Mercer redesign glia Kegon Sl Meals tutes pete stonsn Cmanfdause —_tonanvomre 68 EVOLUTION ANo BloDIVERSiTYClassification of eukaryotes ‘RECOGNITION FEATURES OF PLANTS | ‘her wt lau naa phy pans whch cob eal etngated by ig Pee eel che | ec, ams dere fepnticon eres | syoonges «sSearumtsmiatonthin cathentsns emt mrp ean Te | tooo senosbountowunprioecndsens Ggnoeseeapen be eoasan reverse fend babs Nes it i pevorlarnonaiad | cetempngs Senos wich devi rom ovis 20 be | (covtes} setac oe snes female cones ae cones posi poten Seeds wtchcewtapiomevaesinese | anes owes Fats cei on cranes depen ees RECOGNITION FEATURES OF ANIMALS Ther aor 30 po¥8 Paty onusca cfanmae Recon ‘prety serene + muscuar fet | emoesatseven ope rates o Semuse Ze pryaar stom her: 2 need + metwnaty © mount oan pret enere + sgrenaton recew aymnery onetta seen srachee toate + taney syetic + mouhane anus + porestounh os + esc ten resent tomes ran 2p Cerdee ex nae + sosatnene co + aby yn srropate + apeiee + traces bay yore oe + sonnets cross + posure + oahbutee at + sagnenes + peta appendapes RECOGNITION FEATURES OF VERTEBRATES | Seacuegterebae Aten, Smee one Stbeae ronan we wrapte eh preccyince omgp nie {peor inbehna cone reed ree eroonerepnon | four ate oe maces | Fong ene oh |+ se + Soto pares sin + get a + Feabes poweg' + Wing ted eotigs + eral feisaton 1 rnc ge ound es + Lanat sage iesionter, epee et ener flang an gownetom me shin 1 angst es 1 cwebinnta ve uous {Mammary anes secrete mk | oo diferent apes ee ee ee EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY | 68) ancy 1 Sonsnesacundeaes rrCladistics CLADES | Aeaainagnedepennstutecinitonsconen | ‘nce: Cades cane age grup wth aconenon ancestor fareanesovton omar peups mt amare eer ‘Semon arcane (wien forwhch spaces arpartfacige | {an ecotaneaty akg stay antec arc feacave rom ant vrebacnae ts sonetres hate Seenguah teneeenhamgaa tats twee Genes an | conmon ances andanangeis racenstcs batho eves ty corverget neon instead ease Seqerces (ingere at wand othe comspondng amo aesequene Slaps Sequence dflrences ecstasy So ‘feiss postne coreaton between he rambe of erences beeneen tn sproes athe tne sce they Serge oma cam ances ee CLADOGRAMS ve aang reve dope at shite nest Spiers deepececdes ete ie cee wes pesteon uses -atrrch Oncogars ere Trrannyo rece taton ps openssh Seat aawewtre reneanyadconmonarcesty Teva noth 28 eng bth ast of Sitereurane sd equnce ata an te aa fever elcome gen epee Casey ans cod ‘etorebeposcesshowg te potable eons ‘etonstpsofange youp of species. These Casopam™s Save eenuseate reset canestoneany restora he cee ne eve ie ose previously ued, 03 new name ha Ben BE tots metodo dation - ait Lwemamenedetcaneicaion—ewamuce | CLADISTICS AND HUMAN CLASSIFICATION ‘sing humane parculary ic because the Gates: between humans and cer specs seem 50 Mapetous Cagsucscante vedo produce anedjecvt raat Forexamgle, rtochndtal DNA om thee Case aio reates primates hasbeen comply ‘eiecnd and eet const a atop (bln) ‘[eigirenumsersof ierencesinbase sequence as an totsorary ack th approximate ates rsp Between (ease Eunpens- Japanese spt ogenetictre For umans and closely rte pes —Evrapean L—sapanese ser Srmacnyeongahonan-ounoacesspin || lame nd eer genes Mt oogean aps tcar-Covpean apanese 9c. 70000 | | beenvanteresioteonens Lerman | | rc ee RECLASSIFICATION OF FIGWORTS. {viene frm cade a shown ha casero of |_| same goup bases on stucure tet corapna wen tor eeisonaryongre ofa prop erences Te hg | onto pans Sopher] a geo exe ct | me Cacoyemsshonedtiatspecesn early nt Srmnarearecertconmon ances Sone grove thet been moved ‘tenant and booware anécaleoiana ames. To easing ames te buss anamyoporum faries were aes ee: Metin Age | | SSectomrenaycty Pugmuchimpanee | | Gasateatenatnese pans | sonia cakemertestenl— socpuorees Setesen ou led cagun | snareplacedas a est of cladistic, evience m2 | | Secovrenat hows further reassifeton snes esimatedtnescebeon oa —— teak a ‘ANALYSIS OF CLADOGRAMS TO DEDUCE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS ‘Cadopere canbe anise find ution cosljenms rete each chet Teyana poate sequerc> {nein gupe apt The adap [bln] was corcruce sng te rumber of ferences ine ane ack sequence Femagbin The sei ave re cadoyam show te percentage erence namo acid sequence an haha been ests an | percentage sierenceinhemagod chan ues ellnt me le rons of ears)