SECTION | 1. £oA e @ : pas -——,= =_— di ionless € ri . from F Treg?" Fr ts limens| Replacing this expression of £, in the original equation gives ; _ QA 7 Sic ausePinl Ot _@ 7 C = Brag: the units of r =A,=> C= andl => hence; i 1 == g. but F x d = Energy(work done) = zu for a capacitor We replace the expression for energy above and leave out % since it is dimensionless. (b) & =885 x 10-2 C27No4m=? (ed = 1.25 x 10°m and Area = 1.64x 10~®m? when converting from cm’ to m? we multiply the expression by 10*. c= = 882 ome 10") — 12x 10-25F 2 Criteria Solids | Uquids Molecular Fixed shape(rigid) | Takes up the shape of arrangement the vessel intermolecular forces | Strong _ Weak betarepulsion repulsion —() 1,0 x 10*m { * — (b) F.=—". andF, = amcor? @ Fe ert 7, SEaEa ~ YnegGmym, a Fe (9 x 10°)(1.6 x 107')? 6 Fen 0 2106 2102 192 10 Hence = Ga7x10 "yx ™) = id = 9x 10°F- ‘a, G = 6.67 x 107" 4,(a) -The two light sources must be coherent and monochromatic. -The coherent sources must be very close to each other as the wavelength of light is very small. (b) from, dsing =A ,where d = i ,N = number of lines per mm @ = the angle of diffraction, A = wavelength of the light = ‘22 m= 167 x10¢m,1 = $59.x 10-%m, n=? For maximum number of orders, 8 = 90°,=> d =nA.n =¢ = d_ (1.67 x10-*){a)from above ; h = h +13 ~~ for loop 1; 4.40 = 201, + DQ Dg ose ose vor ens ont ee oe for loop 2: 0 = 201 + 102 = 101g. ween me from (3), 30l, = 10/5, => Ig = 3a, Substitute,I, = l2+ hin equation (2)which gives; 4.40 = 201, + 20/; + 10/; = 20/2 + 30/3 4.40 = 201, + 301, substitute fy = 3!2,=> 4 4.40 = 20, + 902,.=> 4.40 = 110h,=>h = 130 Hence; |; = 3h = 3(0,04) = 0.124 fy = Ig + ly = 0.044 0.12 = 0.16A (b)Vag = 10/3 = 10(0.12) = 1.2V 6. {a)if two bodies A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with 2 third body C, then A and Bare also in thermal equilibrium with each other. [EXPERIMENT TO. DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF COPPER REQUIREMENTS: Thermometer, electric heater, ammeter, voltmeter, the solid, an insulating jacket, the power source, Stop watch SETUP:‘The solid metal is lagged with an insulating jacket in order to minimize heat loss to the surroundings Mercury is introduced into the thermometer and bore holes in order to enhance thermal contact Conclusion : This method is thus reliable in the determination of the specific heat capacity of copper. (c) {iif it obeys the law of conservation of linear momentum, then the total momentum before collision for both balls shquid be equal to that after collision. momentum = mass x velocity = mv momentum before collision = 0.8(10) + 0.4(4) = 9 6Kgms~* momentum after collision = 0.8(6) + 0.4(12) = 9.6Kgms~* Hence the collision obeys the law of conservation of hnear momentum (ii)An elastic collision is one in which both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved. We shall verify if the kinetic energy 's conserved 1 K.E. before collision = 5 08)(10)? + 700.44)? = 43.2) 1 1 K. B.after collision = 7 (0.8)(6)? + zo.4a2y =43.2 Since the K.E, is conserved as well, this implies the collision is elastic. - 6(d) {i)This is the emission of electrons from the surface of a cold metal when electromagnetic radiation of sufficient frequency falls on the metal.(i) -The classical theory cannot explain why below a certain wavelength electrons are emitted. -The classical theory cannot explain why the K.e. of emitted electrons is independent of the intensity of the incident beam, because according to the classical theory, an increase in the intensity of the incident beam increases the energy per second reaching the surface as a result the K.E. of the emitted electrons should increase. fe) AIM: To Determine Planck’s constant. DIAGRAM: =I PROCEDURE: seer ematical8.(a) (i)Functional energy sources:It is an energy source available to the end user and obtained from step conversion of primary fuel perhaps by refineries and power stations e.g. electricity, petrol and kerosene. {ii)Secondary energy sources: They are derived from primary energy sources. e.g. hydrogen (b) 3 (i)Human health Can lead to cancer of the skin -Increases prevalence of epidemics Wine! -Can also lead to insomnia {ii)The environment -mbalance in terrestrial ecosystems -Pollution of the air and water due to the death of organisms as a result of this imbalance. | -Very high daily temperatures will be encountered. (2) Duration of the day ‘The angle of incidence of the suns ray © -Ground surface reflectivity ~ Solar elevation. Where the sun sits in the sky determines the level of UV radiation reaching us(4) Number of nuclei(N) = number of moles x Avogadros number moles = —T2— = 124108 = 4.255moles molar mass 2359 N = 4.255 x 6.02 x 107? = 25.62 x 107* But Natural uranium contains 0.7% U — 235 hence the number of “ U-235 nuclei = 2 x 25.62 x 10? = 17.93 x 107! muclet (ii) The energy released by one atom = 200MeV Therefor the energy released by 17.93 x 107! atoms will be; 17.93 x 107! x200MeV = 3.59 x 10"*MeV 1MeV = 10x 16x10"? = 16x 10°47 Hence, 17.93 x 107? x200MeV = 5.74 x 10"') dunit = 1XWH = 1000x 60x 60 = 360000/ If 1KWH(lunit) = 360000) costs 60frs, therefor 5.74 x 10" (5.74 x 10") x 60 will cast, xfs = = 95,666,666.67frs 360000 9a) cnc AN EE NGS TTamp= amplifier from the diagram abavel/ | (b) {iin F.M. transmission, an audio signal is super imposed in the carrier signal by varying the frequency of the carrier wave while in A.M. , an audio signal is super imposed on the carrier signal. Furthermore, noise has very little effect on F,M. transmission as opposed to A.M. transmission where noise greatly affects it. (ii) ; t =999.134Hz , we i 2aVEC | 2m f(42.7 x 10-3) x (2.0 x 10"°) (oti) -By varying the frequency through the varying of the variable capacitor -By varying the inductance of the inductor. : ii) -They are used for ‘communication between to or more as they transmit sound as digital information which is received by the cell phone of another individual and then being converted back to sound. “They can also be used for tracking of an individuals geographical location when connected to a Global Positioning System (G.P.S.) since signals can be transferred from a relay station to the cell phone. 10. (a) {iJAn intrinsic semiconductor is a pure semiconductor void of any to it e.g. silicon and germanium, while an extrinsic impurity added pentavalent semiconductor contains small amounts of trivalent or impurities added to it by doping e.g. n-type or p-type.(iii) } \ Ver = Vo, but Ic = 60Iy = 60 x2) Wa i 4.25. 10-9A p.d. accross 1KQ resistor = [eR = 1.25 x an me x 1000 = 1.25V Vo = Ves = 9-125 =7.75V, \\\\\\| i) (iv) { i” voltage gain = - (c) Lint oir Similarities; nM -A diode has a p-n junction which acts a capacitor with a barrier p.d. -Both a diode and capacitor allow ‘the flow of alternating current Differences; ' 1 -A diode conducts only in.one direction with a.c. or d.c. while a capacitor conducts onlly a.c. 11. wie (a) \ [Ultrasound 2 | X-rays Safer, because of negligible Not safe because of high ionizing ionizing effects effect Can determine depth of surface in | Gives flat pictures a flat body Used to detect tumours and It cannot do as such lumps inside the body because it detects differences between soft tissuesNo risk of shock because p.d. is very low a Low penetrating power with negligible radiation effects, thus unborn babies and human heart can be monitored without risk High risk of shock because p.d. is very high High penetrating and jorizing | power thus unsafe because living cells are killed. (b) The near point is defined as the closest distance on which the eye can focus. “Normal” vision is usually considered to be vision with a near point of 25cm. So, say there is a person who has a near point of 100cm rather than the normal 25cm, this implies'the person is long sighted(Hypermetropic), This is corrected with a conve! ging lensF oe + Structure of the Heart pulmonary artery Ut right atrium {ii)It pumps blood to different body parts and organs. -Contributes in regulating the pressure of blood. + -The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. + The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricie