LECTURE 63 – CONSTITUTIONLA PROVISION OF SC/ST ROLE OF ANTHRO IN TRIBAL……

Article 46 of the constitution reflects the welfare nature of the government. The article states that the
state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interest of weaker section specially
sc/st and protect them from all forms of exploitation. This article provides for promotion of educational
and economic interest and secondly for protection of sc/st from injustice and exploitation.

All other constitutional provisions have been given to achieve this twin goals that is developmental goal
and protection goal. A-16(4) and A-335 provide for reservation in educational institution and jobs. A-
330/332, provide for reservation in lok sabha and vidhan sabha state assemblies ensuring there political
participation and empowerment for their economic interest.

A-19(5) - governor can restrict the freedom of non-tribal IN SCHEDULED AREA in the interest of tribals.

A-169 – tribal advisory council

Fifth schedule – A-244

Sixth schedule for administration of four states Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram.

Sc/st – A-23 prohibit trafficking in human being.

Only for sc – A-17, prohibit untouchability

Que asked – opinion regarding provision for sc/st – write - these cons provisions help sc/st to develop
achieve economic progress. The cons provisions have worked educational and economic interest of the
tribals. And write data from xaxa committee and use data of baseline from 1950/70- health, education,
economy and also the last data from here. Compare 1950-till latest year provided in it.

- Sc/st participation in the govt job

- 1950 – How much it was and now as well.
- Const provisions worked.

Any prejudice (racial, cast, gender) but the only way out to eradicate them is education.

There should be harmonization of educated upper class and lower class

ROLE OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT

Anthropology play three types of role – advisory role, activist role and evaluative role

Advisory role – as a culture expert, anthro plays an advisory role at planning level and implementation
level, at planning level he provides four advice to the administrator.

1. Holistic principle – anthro advises administrators holistic principle, to make plan and keep
holistic principle. As per this principle all aspect of tribal life – economic, social, cultural are
interrelated and interdependent. So making economic plan social and cultural aspect of people
 must be kept in mind, otherwise people will not accept the plan and plan will fail as happen in
Maler, pahadia behror, now in Jharkhand and chenchua of Andhra Pradesh.

For maler pahadia- resettlement scheme – agriculturist was made. They are lost in 1954 at
Parerkola. Colony was built and agariculture input was provided but pahadia who produced
maize by khalu cultivation with the blessing of spirit gosain, refused to come down and live in
colony. Actually, they donot like to anger their spirit gosain leaving behind gosain on the hills.
And secondly, for maler khallu is not only economic activity but a way of life. Their social and
cultural life is related to khallu. So they refused to practice agriculture in plain area.

Likewise behror, a hunting and nomadic tribe also rejected agriculturist scheme launched in 1957 at
Gehan getu in palamu, now in Jharkhand. For behror, living in a hut in which rainwater percolate is a
taboo. They also rejected the scheme because it was all of sudden change from hunting nomadic life to
a sedentary life of agriculture.

LP Vidyayarthi who studied this scheme, showed that non concession of culture factor were the main
reason for the failure of resettlement scheme in maler pahadia chenchu.

For chenchu in 1980, resettlement scheme was launched at chencu palli to make hunting nd nomadic
tribe agriculturalist. But because it was a sudden change in nomadic hunting life, so this scheme failed.
Taboo was also there.

2. Felt need – the second advice need anthropologist give to adm is that plan must be made
keeping in view the felt need of the people. PK BHAUMIK, in a study of the impact of govt plan
of midnapore district west Bengal, maheli, santhal, munda and lodha found that the first three
tribal benefitted from govt program due to their urge for development but the lodha failed to
take benefit of the govt plan due to lack of urge for development.
Lodha also known as DNT (DE notified) tribe and ex-criminal tribe. There was no urge for better
life.
3. People participation – the third advice anthropologist provide is that plan must be made with
people involvement, so that people feel involve with the plan, they feel it is their plan so they
make their best efforts to make it a success.

Sachidanand, in a study of mismi tribe of lohit dirstrict of arunachal Pradesh found that resettlement
schme to make people agriculturist was made with people participation, cooperation and this scheme
became a success. Earlier they were doing shifting cultivation but changed to resettlement and it
became a success because of their participation.

The success of Sachidanand project (Mismi tribe) lead to conclude that if people decide then culture is
not a barrier of development.

But in case of Maler pahadia, the scheme was not made with people participation but rather imposed on
them from non-tribal bihar govt. People refused the plan.
2000 pyq – what do you mean by planning from below.

If the plan is made at the village level in consultation of tribal people, then the plan would be sustainable
as happen in case of mismi project in Arunachal Pradesh studied by Sachidanand.

4. Redistributive principle – the fourth advice provided is that plan must be made keeping in view
the redistributive principle so that development must not lead to social disparity. As happened
due to resettlement scheme launched by Orissa govt. after placing a ban on shifting cultivation
for the Juang TRIBE OF Orissa. Under the scheme every family is provided irrigated land and TO
PRACTICE AGRICULTURE IN lieu of shifting cultivation. But this scheme caused social
transformation in the juang society.

PREVIOUSLY AFTER RESETTLEMENT

No concept of land ownership, SHIFTING
CULTIVATION (Podu land) was collectively owned
known as Toila
Egalitarian society, no concept of rich or poor.
Previously in Juang society there was a high sense
of collectivism and sense of sharing
Here all Juang were equal, have fellow feeling
All juang children go to Majang (huge dormitory)
and they provide bride price in marriage
PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP. EVERY FAMILY WAS
PROVIDED WITH SOME ACRE OF LAND
For the first time, some juang became rich and
some remained poor. The rich junag purchased
the land of poor juang.
But here sense of individualism developed.
But here the rich Juang considered themselves
superior from poor and client-patron relationship
developed.
Rich juang who considered themselves superior
stopped paying bride price and started giving
dowry. Secondly they stopped their children to
go to dormitory.

Ques PYQ 2016 – DESCRIBE HOW VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM AND PLAN HAVE IMPACTED
THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION MANONG TRIBES.

ANS- CASE STUDY OF JUANG RESTTLEMENT SHCEME – have impacted the process of social
transformation in jaung society ---- after placing ban on shifting cultivation they were provided with
resttlemnet scheme. WRITE HERE THE AFTER RESETTLEMENT WRITTEN ABOVE.

2ND CASE STUDY LEAVE SPACE

AT IMPLEMENTATION LEVEL

1. Rapport building – first advice to administrator is that he must establish good rapport with
people before implementing the program. He should respect tribal culture and accept people as
partner in development so that people feel that administrator is for them and for their
development otherwise people get eliminated from administration, don’t cooperate with the
plan and plan usually fail as happen in the case of maler phadia, behorr and chenchu.

2. Gradualism – second advice, plan must be implemented gradually in phase manner giving tribal
time to adjust with the changes.

Applied anthro is a branch of anthro, in which anthropologist provide advice to administrator in planning
and implementing plans for the tribals people. At planning he provide four advice and at
implementation two advice.

ACTIVIST ROLE

In recent years, in state of giving advice to administrator’s anthropologist are themselves willing to
implement the plan for the people. First of all, American anthropologist sole tax made and implemented
resettlement scheme for fox indian tribe - hunting tribal for America. As a facilitator, Created in them an
urge for development and thereafter the resources are provided and then the project on fox Indian was
a success.

(fox project is a landmark in action anthropology)

In india, LP Vidyarthi, made nad implemented development program of tribal of Orang tribe of Kamri
village. Apart from agriculture, Vdiyarthi provided research and try to develop their educational aspects
as music, dance, collective leadership etc. Economic, social and cultural aspects of life were developed
simultaneously. Under the guidance of LP Vidyarthi, the Kamri project became a success.

On the line of Kameri project, PK BHOMIK, made bidisa project for the rehabilitation of lodha (ex
criminal tribe of midna of west Bengal). Under the guidance of PK BHOWMIK, the project became
successful.

QUES – ACTION ANTHROPLOGY

ANS – It is a branch of anthro in which anthro is in state of giving advice to administrator, make and
implement plan themselves.
 3. EVALUATIVE ROLE – Anthropologists, studied the impact of govt plan program on the tribal and
provide feedback for necessary action. PK BHOWMIK, studied the impact of govt plan on
chenchu and found that they have economically benefitted from economic plan but suffered
socio cultural disorganization.

RESPONSE OF TRIBAL TO GOVT

It mainly depends on two factors – nature of planning and nature of implementation. If a plan is made in
view of keeping holistic principle, felt-need, people participation and implemented with building good
rapport with people then the plan is accepted by people and plan become successful. But if the plan is
not made with view of holistic principle, felt need, people participation and implemented with building
rapport with people,plan usually fails as happened in case of amler pahadia, behror and chenchu.

In case of Maler pahadia – culture was not kept in view keeping their participation, culture, their felt
need and not implemented with building rapport with them and it failed.

Similarly write for behror and chenchu.