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UNIVERSIDAD EL BOSQUE

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS - QUÍMICA FARMACÉUTICA


TALLER DE BIOLOGÍA CELULAR Y MOLECULAR
DAVID KASSEM Y KARINA MENDOZA

13–100 Cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane, but people who have
very high levels of cholesterol in their blood (hypercholesterolemia) tend to have heart
attacks. Blood cholesterol is carried in the form of cholesterol esters in low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) particles. LDL binds to a high-affinity receptor on the cell surface, enters
the cell via a coated pit, and ends up in lysosomes. There its protein coat is degraded, and
cholesterol esters are released and hydrolyzed to cholesterol. The released cholesterol enters
the cytosol and inhibits the enzyme HMG CoA reductase, which controls the first unique step
in cholesterol biosynthesis. Patients with severe hypercholesterolemia cannot remove LDL
from the blood. As a result, their cells do not turn off normal cholesterol synthesis, which
makes the problem worse. LDL metabolism can be conveniently divided into three stages
experimentally: binding of LDL to the cell surface, internalization of LDL, and regulation of
cholesterol synthesis by LDL. Skin cells from a normal person and two patients suffering
from severe familial hypercholesterolemia were grown in culture and tested for LDL binding,
LDL internalization, and LDL regulation of cholesterol synthesis. The results are shown in
Figure 13–19.

In Figure 13–19A, the surface binding of LDL by normal cells is compared with LDL
binding by cells from patients FH and JD. Why does binding by normal cells and by JD's
cells reach a plateau? What explanation suggest for the lack of LDL binding by FH's
cells?

La unión de LDL por las células normales y las células JD alcanza una meseta porque hay un
número limitado de receptores de LDL por célula y se saturan a niveles altos de LDL. La
pendiente de la curva de unión da una medida de la afinidad de unión y la meseta da una
medida del número total de sitios de unión. JD tiene menos receptores en sus células pero
tienen una afinidad similar a la de las células normales. Las células del FK del paciente no se
unen esencialmente a LDL incluso a niveles saturados de LDL externos o estas células
carecen por completo del receptor de LDL o el receptor es defectuoso, por lo que su afinidad
por las LDL se reduce drásticamente.

In Figure 13–19B, internalization of LDL by normal cells increases as the external LDL
concentration is increased, reaching a plateau 5-fold higher than the amount of externally
bound LDL. Why does LDL enter cells from patients FH or JD at such a slow rate?

Ninguna de las células de los pacientes capta LDL, donde la falta de entrada se explica para
el paciente FK porque no hay LDL unido a las células; sin receptor, sin captación. Este
resultado indica que el receptor es crucial para que el colesterol que contiene LDL ingrese a
las células, ya que las células de JD no absorben el LDL, sus receptores de LDL también
deben estar defectuosos, de una manera diferente a los receptores de LDL de FK.

In Figure 13–19C, the regulation of cholesterol synthesis by LDL in normal cells is


compared with that in cells from FH and JD. Why does increasing the external LDL
concentration inhibit cholesterol synthesis in normal cells, but affect it only slightly in cells
from FH or JD?

El LDL debe entrar en las células para que los ésteres de colesterol contenidos se liberen e
hidrolizan al colesterol, lo que inhibe la síntesis de colesterol. En una persona normal, el LDL
entra en las células e inhibe la síntesis de colesterol de forma normal. En los pacientes
afectados, el LDL no entra en las células y, por tanto, no inhibe la síntesis de colesterol.

How would you expect the rate of cholesterol synthesis to be affected if normal cells and
cells from FH or JD were incubated with cholesterol itself? (Free cholesterol crosses the
plasma membrane by diffusion.

Si los defectos en los pacientes hipercolesterolémicos se deben a defectos en sus receptores


de LDL, entonces el colesterol libre debería inhibir la síntesis de colesterol tanto en sus
células como en las células normales. El colesterol libre inhibe la síntesis de colesterol en
todas estas células, lo que apoya firmemente la idea de que el los defectos en los pacientes se
deben únicamente a problemas con sus receptores de LDL.

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