ALTEZ,

JOHNMARKT.

BSME-3GN

DC/
ACMACHI
NERI
ES

Assi
gnment#1

1.Whati
saDCGener
ator
?

ADCgener atorordirectcurrentgener atorisonekindofel ect ri

calmachi ne,andt hemai n
functi
onoft hismachi neistoconv ertmechanicalener gyintoDC( directcur r
ent)el ect r
ici
ty.The
energyalterat
ionprocessusest hepr i
ncipl
eofener geti
callyinducedel ectromotivef orce.There
areseveraltypesofmechani cal ener gysourcesav ail
ablesuchashandcr anks,i
nt er nal
combustionengi nes,wat ert
ur bines, gasandst eam turbines.Gener atorpr ovi
despowert oall
theelect
ricalpowergr ids.Ther ev ersef unct
ionofthegener atorcanbedonebyanel ectr
ic
mot or
.Themai nfunctionoft hemot oristoconvertelectri
cal energytomechani cal .Mot ors,as
wellasgener ator
s,hav esimilarf eatures.Thisarti
clediscussesanov ervi
ewofDCgener ator
s.

2.Def
inet
ermi
nal
vol
tageasi
tappl
i
est
odcgener
ator
s.

Terminalvol
tage,
asappliedtoDCgenerator
s,i
sdef i
nedast hev
oltagethatcanbemeasur edat
theoutputofthegenerat
or.I
nagenerat
orusingar ot
ati
ngar mat
ure,theconductor
scutthe
magnet i
cli
nesofforceinthemagnet
icfiel
d.Vol
tageisinducedi
nt hearmatureconduct
ors.

3.Def
inecount
er-
elect
romot
ivef
orce(
cemf
)asi
tappl
i
est
oadcmachi
ne.

CEMFi sdevelopedinaDCmot orbyt hearmature(conductor)rotat

ing( r
elati
vemotion)inthe
fi
eldoft hemot or(magneticf i
eld).Thefunct
ionoft hevolt
aget hatisdev el
opedinaDCmot or
(CEMF)opposest heappl i
edv oltageandresult
sint heloweri
ngofar maturecurr
ent.Inelect
ri
cal
engineering,
anar mat ur
eist hecomponentofanel ectr
icmachi newhi chcarri
esalt
ernati
ng
current.Thearmat urewindingsconductACev enonDCmachi nes,duet othecommut ator
acti
on( whichperiodical
lyreversescur r
entdi
recti
on)orduet oel ect
roniccommut ati
on,asi n
brushlessDCmot ors.

4.Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofcommut
ati
oni
nadcgener
ator
.

Eff
ectsofCommutat
ion.Thecomputat
ioni
scal
l
edIdealcommutat
ionwhenther
ever
salof
cur
renti
scomplet
edbyt heendoft
hecommutati
onperi
od.Ift
hecurr
entr
ever
sal
iscomplet
ed
duri
ngthecommut
ati
onperi
od,spar
kingoccur
satthecont
actofbr
ushesandov
erheat
ing
occursdamagi
ngt
hesur
faceofthecommut at
or.

5.St
atet
hepur
poseofeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcomponent
sofaDCmachi
ne:

 Ar
mat
ure

Anarmat urecanbedefinedasanpowergener ati

ngcomponenti nanelectr
icmachinewhere
thearmaturecanbear ot ati
ngpartotherwiseastati
onar yparti
nthemachine.Theint
eract
ion
ofthearmat ur
ewiththemagnet i
cfluxcanbedonei nt hegapofair,t
hefiel
delementcan
i
ncludeanyst abl
emagnet sother
wise,electr
omagnet swhi char
eshapedwithaconductingcoi
l
l
ikeanotherarmaturewhi chisknownasadoubl y-f
edel ectri
cmachi
ne.thearmatur
ealways
worksli
keaconduct or,slopingnormaltowar dboththef i
eldaswell
astowardthemot i
on
dir
ecti
on,torqueother
wi seforce.

 Rot
or

Therotorisamov ingcomponentofanelectr
omagnet i
csyst
em int
heelect
ri
cmotor,
elect
ri
c
generat
or,oral
ternator
.It
srot
ati
onisduetot heint
eract
ionbet
weenthewindi
ngsandmagneti
c
fi
eldswhichproducesat or
quearoundt
her otor
'saxi
s.

 St
ator

Thest atori sanessent i

alpar toft heDCgener ator,andthemai nfuncti
onoft hisi st opr ovi
de
themagnet icfi
eldswher et hecoi lsspin.Thisincludesst ablemagnet s,wher etwooft hem are
withrever sepol esfaci ng.Thesemagnet sarel ocatedtof i
tint heregi
onoft her otor .Thest at
or
i
st hestat ionarypar tofar ot ar ysystem, [
1]foundi nelect
r i
cgener ator
s,electri
cmot ors,sir
ens,
mudmot or sorbi ol
ogi calrotor s.Energyf l
owst hroughast atortoorfrom therot ating
componentoft hesy stem.I nanel ectri
cmot or, t
hest at
orpr ovidesarotatingmagnet i
cf iel
dthat
drivesther otat
ingar mat ure;inagener at
or,thestatorconv ertstherotat
ingmagnet icf i
eldto
electr
iccur r ent
.Influidpower eddev ices,thestatorguidest hef l
owoff l
uidtoorf rom t he
rotati
ngpar toft hesy stem.

 Fi
eld

Afi
eldcoili
sanelectr
omagnetusedtogenerat
eamagnet
icf
iel
dinanelect
romagneti
c
machine,t
ypi
call
yarotat
ingelect
ri
cal
machinesuchasamot
orirgener
ator
.Thefi
eldcoi
l
smay
beont hest
atororontherot
or.
6.Li
stt
het
hreecondi
ti
onsnecessar
ytoi
nduceav
olt
agei
ntoaconduct
or.

Thethreecondi
ti
onsnecessar
ytoi
nduceavolt
agei
ntoaconduct
orar
eMagnet
icFi
eld,
Conductor
,andRelat
ivemoti
onbet
weenthetwoLef
tHandRule.

7.Usingt
heleft
-handrul
eofgener
ators,
det
erminet
hedirect
ionofthemagneti
cfi
eld,
the
motionoftheconduct
or,ort
hedir
ecti
onofcur
renti
nducedintoaconduct
or.

Thelefthandr ul
estatesthati
fy oupoi nttheindexfingerofy ourl
efthandint hedi
recti
onoft he
magnet i
cf i
eld(f
rom NorthtoSouth)andpoi ntthethumbi nt hedir
ectionofthemot i
onoft he
conductor,themiddl
ef i
ngerwillpoi
nti nthedi r
ecti
onofcur rentfl
ow.Wecanconcl udet hatthe
conductorclosestt
ot heNpol eistraveli
ngupwar dacr ossthef i
eld;theref
orethecurrentflow
i
stot heright,l
owercorner.Applyi
ngt helefthandrul etobothsidesoft heloopwil
lshowt hat
curr
yf l
owsi nacounterclockwisedirectionintheloop.

8.Descr
ibehowt
ermi
nal
vol
tageofaDCgener
atori
sadj
ust
ed.

Thet
ermi
nal
vol
tageofaDCgener
atori
sadj
ust
edbyv
ary
ingt
hef
iel
dst
rengt
h.

9.St
atet
hebasi
sbehi
ndeachoft
hef
ourDCgener
atorr
ati
ngs.

ADCgener at
orcontainsfourr at
ings.Volt
age,Curr
ent ,
Power ,
Speed.Vol t
ager ati
ngifa
machineisbasedont heinsulati
ont ypeanddesignoft hemachi ne.TheCur rentrat
ingisbased
onthesizeoft heconductorandt heamountofheatt hatcanbedi ssi
patedint hegenerator.The
Powerratingisbasedont hemechani call
imit
ati
onsoft hedevicethatisusedt oturnthe
gener
atorandont hethermallimitsofconductors,
bear ingsandot hercomponent soft he
gener
ator.Speedr at
ing,attheupperl imi
t,i
sdeterminedbyt hespeedatwhi chmechani cal
damagei sdonet othemachi ne.Thel owerspeedrati
ngi sbasedont helimitforfi
eldcur r
ent(as
speedincreases,ahigherfi
eldcur renti
snecessarytopr oducet hesamev ol
tage).

10.Li
stt
hef
ouri
nter
nal
lossesf
oundi
naDCgener
ator
.

Ther
earefouri
nter
nallossest
hatcontr
ibutetoloweref
fi
ciencyofaDCgener
ator
.Copper
l
osses,
Eddycurr
entlosses,Hy
ster
esislosses,andMechanicall
osses.

Thefir
stonewhichistheCopperl
ossesist
hepowerlostasheatinthewindings;
iti
scausedby
thefl
owofcurrentt
hroughthecoi
lsofaDCarmatureorDCf i
eld.Thi
slossvari
esdir
ectl
ywit
h
thesquar
eofthecurrenti
nthearmatur
eorfi
eldandtheresi
stanceofthearmatureorf
iel
dcoil
s.
NextisEddy
-Currentl
osses,descr
ibest
hatasthearmaturerot
ateswi
thi
nthefi
eld,
itcutst
he
l
inesoffl
uxatthesamet imethatthecoppercoi
lsofwir
ethatarewoundonthearmaturecut
theli
nesoff
lux.Sincethear
mat ur
eismadeofi ron,
anEMFi si
nducedontheir
on,which
causesacurr
entt ofl
ow.Thesecir
culat
ingcurr
entswit
hinthei
roncor
earecall
edEddy -
cur
rent
s.

ThenextistheHy st
eresislosseswhichoccurwhenthearmat ur
erotatesinamagnet icfi
eld.
Themagnet i
cdomai nsoft hear mat
ureareheldi
nal
ignmentwi t
hthef i
eldinv ar
yingnumber s,
dependentuponfiel
dst rength.Themagneticdomai
nsr ot
ate,
withrespecttot heparticl
esnot
hel
dinalignment,byonecompl etet
urnduri
ngeachrotati
onofthearmat ure.Thisrotati
onof
magneticdomainsint heironcausesfri
cti
onandheat.Theheatproducebyt hi
sfrict
ioniscall
ed
magnetichyst
eresisloss.

Andt helastist heMechani cal

losseswhicharecausedbybear i
ngf r
icti
on,brushfricti
ononthe
commut ator,orairfr
iction(cal
ledwindage),whichiscausedbythrairtur
bulenceduet o
armat ur
er otati
on.Car efulmaintenancecanbei nst
rumentali
nkeepingbear i
ngfrictiontoa
minimum.Cl eanbear ingsandpr operlubr
icat
ionareessenti
altothereducti
onofbear i
ng
fr
icti
on.Br ushf ri
cti
oni sreducedbyassuringproperbrushseati
ng,usingproperbr ush,and
maintainingpr operbrusht ensi
on.Asmoot handcleancommut atoralsoai
dsi nther educt
ionof
brushf r
icti
on.