ROBERT L. HEILBRONER OI GIAOLOGOI TOY OIKONOMIKOY KOZMOY HZOH, OL KAIPOI KAI O1ABES ‘TON METAAQN OIKONOMOAOLON EBAOMH AITAIKH BKAOZH METAOPADH NIKOE AITPHE: BIKY AUTPH 7 KAAIPHTIATIAMIXAHA, EMIMEAEIA OANATHE MANIATHE, EKAOZEIS KPITIKH EIIETHMONIKH BIBAIOOHKHTIEPIEXOMENA | MIPOAOTOE THE EBAOMHE EKAOEHE, u HIPOAOTOE TOY EMIMEARTH 1s 1 EDarerH ” i ' 2. HOIKONOMIKH EIANAETAZH 25 i 3. OYIIEPOXOE KOEMOE TOY ANTAM EMI@ 39 t 4 TA AEXHMA IIPOAIBOHMATA TOY TOMAE MAAGOYE i KAI TOY NTEIBINT PIKAPNTO 103 i 5. TA ONEIPA TON OYTOMIKON LOHAAISTON: as 6 TO AMEIAIKOEYETHMA TOY KAPA MAPS. 187 7. OBIKTOPIANOE KOEMOE KAI O YIIOKOEMOE* TAN OIKONOMIKAN + 3 8 HTIPOTOFONH KOINONIA TOY @OPETAIN BEMITAEN 291 9. OLAIPETIKES ATIO¥EIE TOY TZON MEINAPNTKEINE 339 10. OL ANTIOAZEIE TOY TIOZE@ EOYMHETEP 398 11 TO TEAOE THE OIAOZOOIAE TOY O1KONOMIKOY KOEMOY; ar HPOTEINOMENOI TITAOT 443 EHMBIOZEIE i 45330_R.HEILBRONER - 01 414020801 TOY OKONOMIKOY KOSMOY Bptoxdyaote os ut eunoponaviryopn. Or neproBebovees Eunopor éyovv gréce ax’ to mpai ue THY évor2n gpovpa ‘zoe, Exwv eThoet Tis ouVTUyTEpEs TEVTEE TOUS Kt EZOOV api. oat Tig owvadhayés, cite wetak) tous ete HE TOvs VEomMOVG. Mia novela. axé eon xpotivea duariBevean mpog nin ‘om: merakord xox raprédes, unaxapucd xt apduara, popes or youves, Kémoun aa” avté ézovv épber aad my AvatoAuc} Meséyeto, dda o76-m Exavbivafia, xr daa and wépr ys1t0- vind, Mati us cov amh6 Koad, ot épyovtes Kat ot apys- vrisces TS Reploysis emoxEmtovea Tos néyKOVG, avuTd- povor va BiacKed4cooy my avia ms dvemns apzoverric Cog ous. Mat ps ta aztonepiepya sidn ax” my A pafia euxdovei- Govv 10 22bAGNG TOUS Ka He AéEEIG on” wT THY ROKY He xpum} zpa: vain, oipim, tapiga, taAx, onavéac, Cagope, Alhé doa ong tévtes, aveixp Couns éva napézeve Céapc. Ta oyrorxé PiBhia nov evar avoryré méveo ovo tparélt, us- puxés popés Sev sivan napa anhé teptépta dxov ypapovecr oF covvaderyés. Eva. gapaxmpionxé napdSeryua an” co teotépt evs euindpou és: «AVEpag xpaotder Béxa ypvod ghopina ‘on6 my Tevmnxoon}. To évoud tov ov Siapsbyev. Ovun0- Aoriopoi yivovra Kupi@s ne prouKOds apIBLOds, Kan vy Vi. ‘a. abpoispara civin 2.4B0g. Or Buanpécers ns Sxypro Staupém GROTAODY GKOTEWE [NOTHPLO, Ka] ZpFIon TOD wrBEVIKOS Bev civen axdhura Katavont. Ones, nap’ Skate qavraytepa, KBELOTa Kou TOV evPovaluEHs TOV KOcHOD, To wEyeB0s THE eumopomaveyyupns siven xétt to corperveo. OhSKANpT|N TOGS- Ta. TOV EunopEYUdcoV nov gOdvavv om TaAKia, Gy Suip- eta evs €rous, péou a6 to népacua tov Saint Gothard, Bev sive opKeré 7a va. yepioou éva sbyxpovo HoptHy TPEVO. To obvoko tay unopsupéeoy nov ustapépovra: an” 10 e- yo evenk6 ového Bev Oa éptavay va yenisovy éva oy ypova eunopixd moto. Enoucvn otdion: n Pepuavia. To é0c: 1550 nepixov. HOIKONOMIKH EMANAETATH O Avtpéag Pup, évag yeveropdpos sumopos, vrvpéves ™ ‘yoovatov, yopiter ovo oniti tov oto Manze. 3° éve-ypapua ory ywvaixa tov, ypupe on emoxénce tpéven ayopés Kat én éyguxivernhnyt an? m otha. Exions deiyvst va.evoxhetra xd 1a pxxponpoBisjnara tov Kmpoy. KaBds Taz Bebet To crauatéve KiBe Séca wa ya va wAnpdoer 816510. Ley Sua Spon weraks BaciAsias xat Kohoviag wanpdver zpudvea pio popes. Kar dev etvan novo avt6. Kade Kowémnta nov emoxéxte- ‘ear £72110 Six6 es VOIGHA, tOUG BiKotiG mg KavOrICWOSG Kat ‘my Such mg Evvoum taEN. Movo orny nepwoyt vipa ax’ 10 Mraveev, unipyovv nepinov 112 Braoperixé. uétpa. ur} Kxovc, 92 Biagopernxé pétpa uetphoes emodveras, 65 btagoperiKa étpa.6yxov ovepedy, 163 wécpa Squmepaxioy xen 123 sepa, Yypv, 63 eibiKd: uEtpa jie owomvenpaTdin Kat 80 Biagope- wud Corp ty pias AiPpas, Tipoxpinie: Bproxdpacte om Boorovn to ér0¢ 1639. ‘Mua Sixn Bpioneta oe c&éiaEn. Kémowog Pounept Krv, cévag unepipaxas SiSdoKaho¢ tov Everryekiov, évpanos empaviig, thobows Kat zurépac evbs xaUb108, napaBaivovtas -m awveiSnor tov Kan t0 260 tov Evayyehiovs, xarmyopetran “pia Eva anorpénawo éyednua: éByade xépSog nits and &Eu ne ‘ves avd chin, xép0g e&mgpevix6. To dxaanipio cuvedpudi- Cerna’ axogacion av Ga tov nwophaer ya v0 ércdnud 700 HE ApOpIGHS BARE, 24y~9 tov mpoTépoV eveiuov Biov TOD, ot Sucagtés EeiEav envsikeia Kat tov amiAaEnv BaCoveds Tov mpéonuio StaKosioy Lpdv.Onas o kaoKoipns o KépI0s Kw sivat téco avactarwpivos dete evomov tov yepovteV THs Exdinotag «us déxpva ova wits opohoyst Ou ger wa dachn- omy Kon diegbappévn yun. O ndoropas ms Boorovas Sev opel vo avnotabel o? ave m wovadus} evKarpia va exue- Toidevret 10 Covravé napéberyua evds auetavontov awap- TAOS, Ke yPNOMoROVE! MY Tsovekia Tov Kév wc RupG- Seryua.yia va aotpéyet kot va Bpoverzet ax6 cov éuBave. oto3 32_R. WEILBRONER 01 211030001 TOV O/KONOMIKOY KOBMOY KoipoyHa now PrdCex my enduevn Kupiaxs oyeriké we Kéo1es Soh18G apyés nov diénovv to sundpi0. Avance o” aviés civen at ot axdhovdec: «i. Ont évag épunopos propsi va xovéet 6c0 mo axprpa popsi, kaa va eryopéer doo mo omvae sopei. ii. On ay xémows éunopos vxoste’ Cnuié oF xlnora sunopespara Aéyo Suhasoiay wetapopav Kzx., unopet va avgijaet THY Tyal Tov vxdRomev sunopsvuérOV TOV. iii. O11 propsi va novhde1 dco ayépace, ap’ dho zou TApace MOAG aKpYPa...» ‘Oka aved ctven d6%a, 36hta, xpanyéiLer 0 néotopas. To ve amibioxers ta zhosey ya ta TOM Kat "OVO, 6 KaVEL SOHAO me mheovetiag. Emiorpépouue topa omy Ayia kat ty Paha, Env AyyAia évac weydhog eunopixds opyavionss, 1 «Exapia Piyoxivévvay Eunopavn, owvérate to karaota- axé Ts. Avdueca ota 6pOpa tov nepYapBévoveat Kat ta s&hg nov agopowy euzdpovs péhy tS ecanping: Anayopebo- eat Bn Koopa YhOoou, or KapydBes petaED tov pehov, 1 yaptonaigia, Kat ot Kovnyerikol oKWAoL, Kavévas Sev emnpé- erat va KvKhogope: NetapEpOvTaS doOROGmOTEDS LETSYOOs, Tipeeyuorxé, xpoxerrar nut pia nepiepyn etarpia, xov pédAov SupiGer textovney ox0d. Em Tadhg emBeucvieran évrovn veotepwotuct Spaompus= ‘tea orov KAGBO TE Waostobpavtovpyiac, KL o Kokynép cevayriZera 10 1666 vo exBircer wia SuGrakn nave cpnodioes oni may exxivSovn kat Suahwtv} téon. Eto sbi Louroy wa. vodiouaca me NrZv xen mg Behave Ga StaBéroov axpipads 1.408 Keaotés copmepthoyBavopévns Kai ms odjas, ote =~ piaodtepsc obte Aayétepes. Emmy QEEopm (Auxerre) tm; Boup- ‘youvbiag xat oe diz S60 Biopnyavinés nOREIG, ot KA@oTéS péxs. vo eivat 1.376, Em Larwyisv (Chatillon), 1.216. Ooo- HLOIKONOMIKH ETANASTAEH 33 Sijnote bpacua BpeBel axatddAnno; Oa Svoqnisirar. Av ave exavodnpbei tpeis popés, tore Ou Sianopnsterar o gutopoc. ‘Yrdipyet xi to Kows 0° dha cutis ta odpm otryt6- twau addorwav xéouav. Kan evar to ebfig: Hpdtov, n Sea, mig cuxpénaas (na va unY mops THs averKaIdmTUG) eves vorinatos opyavapévou om Bacon tov mpoowmxod Kép- dong! dev éyst akopa naywdel. Aedrepov, évac Eeyoptotés, avekiipmtos orKovonIKds KéoHOS Sev éyet oKOya amayKt- ozpo8si an’ ro Kowovixd TOV Thaiar0. O KBapos tov xpaxT- Kév vRoGécewy eiven avandanuata Sepévos [= TOV KEGHO TIS Tohinucig, Kowovucis Kon OpnoKeveis Cons. Méypt va 70- provosy avroi ot So Kéouor, tinota dev Oa GopiCer vo pubs kat my arudcoatpa ms oSyypovn¢ Luiic, Kat ya ve yop ‘ozobv avroi ot KOcHoL, mpénat va neohapijoeL évas waKPO- pdm0g Ken oxinpss cyevac. po- ‘Rog elvan, kava Bao, ov KaYTIKS x1 tt aV tov apfvapE ERE Gepo, Ba geporav dmios Ele exyzeipnpiatiag xov géPerat tov eautd tov. Mag Aéve dx: 10 xivmzpo tov Képbovs efvan too Rahi6 60 xar 0 iSt0¢ 0 evOpernos, ADAG Bev sivan éro1. To Kivyzpo TOV KEpbOVG, SmIagT0 WO pitovne, sivat ndv0 600 aaMI6 600 Kat 0 «oby{poves évOpa- og». AKOna Kat ofnepa, 10 KépBog ya 70 KEpBOS sien te, wou Eév7 oF peyddn pepiba tov myBoopiod ems 79g Kay axovcia me eivan spavéorar oto weyahstepo Koper 7S ‘avayeypaypérns wropiac. O cep Ovihiay Terry, évas exahn- turds ti05 nov énoe to Séxax0 éBSou0 ine (0 oxoi0g 1, E56 ax om avyienon ong sxéueves sapaypious v0 «poor (gain) oro mparérono civ, xeproabrepo,n riot tov spoouiKob OE doug am 7 ooveexpyievy omovon KeMTOpia «xpseo) (= Pro, oy avapéperan coy ano coo Kepadaion (EE).34__R.HEILBRONER - 01 11020001 TOY OKONOMIKOY KOZMOY ‘umipée Bonds Kapapbrtov, ywporsyoc, vpacpatépnopos, ‘narpos, KaGiyMT)s hovarKis Kan putts pias oxohtg we THY exovunia Clokicuah ApWuntixy), vxoorpie oui, Seay o ,, Mooi Fray wovoromenxoi, ea Saxo} va pei éovcres i v \ “YET eiven 1600 axOhagro1, nov Soviaiawv usvo yia.va tps WV MwDIOV "na va zivoww». Kai o cep Ovduay Sev eLSppace axhdg ng mpoxaradiyers tov actov tov nuEpov z0v. Emo naive éva Yeyovds nov uopel axdua va naparmpndet avé- soa oroUs jin exPronzamoLEvous Aaodg tov KboHOU: jta ‘onGOnm epyarixi Sivay, aovv4diom om waar} epyacia, GBoln ova mhoiowe me Bloungavurts Canic, avekouKeiom we “yy téa TH GvEzods Bedti@ans tov BiotiKOD emtxéBou, Bev EN Te ee Gehoporora ba veo my 676kn TE. H éwo1w. 700 KEPOODS, 11 Be Oe KBE epyaCOpEVOS 674 pOvo propel adAG Ka npéned vornaderer SuapKibs ya va Beknudver oy viexf tov KaTéoTA- on, fav wa 8éa évaom ora mand xarétepe. Ku Heol. expo pata me axrormanic, eAnvuRic, powaiis Kon wecoHED- vuriig KovAtobpas Kon dpzics ve eupavieran oxopadunt Kort ‘TV exoy tS Avaryévvnons Kon tg MetappbOptons, eve {tow Ayo nok &yvoom otOVs TEpIGGSTEPOLS TORITISHO‘S ams Avarokiic. 2¢ uévyio Kar xaveazos xap6v xopaxmpr- oid ms Kowoviag, ivan téa0 mpapUTO doo Kan avaKti- Jay m¢ toxorpadias, ‘Ost novo dev eivatn évvowa tov xépboug té00 Suabedomévy 600 moresovpte, cO.A& Kar y KOLVONTE aoBO; Tov KEpBOUS sivan wia S€éhuén oxy mo nepiopiopévn xen xpScoaT. Eto Meouinva n Exrinoia 6i6aoxe 6 0 Xpistiavs Bev popei vat sivat Sumopos, kat niow ax’ avey Tm SiSacKaihia xpuBStav 1 oxéyn 6x ot éuropor eivan ta Cava. oto gutdpto THs KO veviac. Thy exoy tov Laiémnp 0 Kors orn Car tov soo ohien ya my axpiBera, Shiv extds a6 tovs evyeveic—bev ‘row 7 Bedxfaon mg Géeng tov om Cor aA n Surciipnor “mg, AkOua Kat Tia Tovg xPdrtavs éxowKoVs mE AuEpUCts, T, H OIKONOMIKH ETANASTASHE 38 ‘oxy xan pve 61170 KépBog Oa. unopoboe va sive Eves a7to- Bextde ~aKoua Kar Zpromioc- oKoRds om Cur}, ehiora axsiys ux’ 10 va Dempettan oc SiBar/ue tov Earavs. Omhovros, quand, unfipys xévea, Kain axhnovia wadpyet xarrayeypapuérn and rons BiBAiKotbs ypSvous, AAG sivan te- pacria 7 Siapopé avixie6x oto oBSv0 ya tov mhovzo OAiyov toopaov ea To yevaxsypévo ayve. ya RovTIOHS oD SraKpi- vet oR61mpn tr Kowovia. PryoKivsuvor Euzopor vmpzcav and Thy exo tov Dowixay vavriKd, Kar Ga toys BpoonE ce ORSKNpO TO EdouA ME 1oTOPING: GroUs KEpSOGKERaVS TS Padung, ctovs europevdusvous Evetods, om Xavoeanixy} ‘Evaon kai otovg usyd2.0vg Hoptoydhoug kar Tonavovs Oadascondpovs ov avalmrosoay véous SpoHoUs mPos TY IvBia xa xpos TY xpocw@rTKy tous Evppera. Opes ot REpI- réteies TOV hiya sivar npéeyua nob Siapopenké ax to va s.gopaica ohoKanpnn Kowavia a6 to mvebya.toU exxysipn- ecrucod xevSsvoU. Tlapre, a napBeryua, TY sxchnctuc’ owoyévera TOV ovyyep (Fugger), tov Pepuavav tpanstcéy tov Séxa700 éxrov atv. Emy enor Ts axptig tous o: bovrrep sizav OoTHY KaTox} Tous opUzia ypLGod Kat apyopov{ Suxadpora. unopiniig exyetdARevens, akéua Kat 0 Suxaiayte va eKSie Sovv S:x6 700g vouroya. To evepyexd toVvs Hav KaTG ROAD eyadsirepo ax" va. whom BactAsov Kan rvroKpaTépay TOV ompidy ToVg ROAEUOVS (Kade Kat Ta £E05a SraPiwonc) ~pM- paroBorovcav. Orav, Ojos, néBave o Avtov obryep, 0 He ‘yoosirepos aviyidg tov Xave-TCaxdy apvionke va avahaper “my tpansGuct auroxparopia, nz m7 Suxatodoyia 6x ot €p- ‘yates me nding Ken oF RpooomKés TOD VAOBEGEIG TOV Ex- Bapovay vin xokS. O adehodg tov Xave-Teaxdus, Teoptt, SAAOve On. mons va. Eyer THY oDxier tov. Evas tpicos avi- ‘wide, 0 Kpiotogep, ordénxe efcov apvntikés, Kavévas on’ ove mBavods Wapovopovs pas evroxparopas tov ao6tov Bev Beaipnos, npogavidc, bu GEILE tov KoxO. Extog aa’ 00g