Appendix 767

A–18 Stress Concentration Factors

A–18–1 Axially loaded grooved round bar in tension.

2.5

2.4 D/dg = 2.0

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0
D/dg = 1.2
1.9

D/dg = 1.1
1.8
Kt

1.7
D/dg = 1.05

1.6
r = Groove radius
1.5

F dg F
1.4 D

1.3
σmax = Kt σnom
1.2 σnom = F/(πd2g/4)

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/dg

(Continued)
768 Appendix

A–18–2 Axially loaded stepped round bar in tension.

2.5

2.4 F d F
D
2.3
r = Fillet radius

2.2 σmax = Kt σnom

σnom = F/(πd2/4)
2.1
D/d = 3.0

2.0

1.9
D/d = 2.0

1.8
Kt

1.7
D/d = 1.1
D/d = 1.2
1.6

1.5
D/d = 1.05
1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/d

(Continued)
Appendix 769

A–18–3 Axially loaded stepped flat plate in tension.

3.4
Thickness = t

F F
3.0 H h σmax = Kt σnom

F F
σnom = =
Amin t h
2.6 r

2.2
Kt

1.8 H/h = 2.0

1.2
1.4 1.1
1.01
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32
r/h
(Continued)
770 Appendix

A–18–4 Flat plate with central hole in tension and bending.

5.0
Thickness = t

4.0 d w

Basic geometry

3.0 σmax = Kt σnom

Kt

σnom based on
A B net section

2.0

1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
d/w

Curve A Curve B Curve C

Direct tension Tension load Bending in
on plate applied through the plane of
a pin in the hole the plate
F F F F Mc 6Mw
σnom = = σnom = = σnom = =
Anet (w–d)t Anet (w–d)t Inet (w3–d3)t

M M
F F = Total load
Note: Kt = 1.0 for d/w < 0.5

(Continued)
Appendix 771

A–18–5 Round bar with transverse hole in tension, bending, and torsion.
BA C
11.0

10.0
d
9.0 D

8.0 Basic geometry

7.0
A
Ktg

6.0

5.0 C

4.0
B
3.0

2.0

1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
d/D
Note: Ktg is based on the nominal stress in a round
bar without a hole (gross section).
σmax = Ktg σgross τmax = Ktg τgross

Curve A Curve B Curve C

Tension Bending Torsion

F F

M M T T
F F M M T T
σgross = = σgross = = τgross = =
A πD2/4 S πD3/32 Zp πD3/16

(Continued)
772 Appendix

A–18–6 Grooved round bar in torsion.

2.5

2.4 r = Groove radius

T
2.3
T
D dg
2.2

2.1
τmax = Kt τnom
2.0 τnom = T/(πd3g/16)

1.9

1.8
Kt

D/dg = 2.0
1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4
D/dg = 1.2

1.3

1.2
D/dg = 1.05
1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/dg

(Continued)
Appendix 773

A–18–7 Stepped round bar in torsion.

T r = Fillet radius

D d T τmax = Kt τnom
τnom = T/(πd3/16)

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6
D
= 2.5
1.5 d
Kt

D
= 1.67
d
1.4
D
= 1.11
1.3 d
D
= 1.25
1.2 d

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/d

(Continued)
774 Appendix

A–18–8 Grooved round bar in bending.

2.5
r = Groove radius
2.4 M M

2.3 dg
D

2.2
σmax = Kt σnom
2.1 σnom = M/(πd3g/32)

2.0

1.9

1.8
Kt

D/dg = 2.0
1.7
D/dg = 1.2
1.6
D/dg = 1.05
1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/dg

(Continued)
Appendix 775

A–18–9 Stepped round bar in bending.

2.5
M M
2.4
D d
2.3
r = Fillet radius
2.2
σmax = Kt σnom
2.1 σnom = M/(πd3/32)

2.0 D/d = 3.0

1.9
D/d = 2.0
1.8
D/d = 1.50
Kt

1.7
D/d = 1.2
1.6
D/d = 1.10
D/d = 1.05
1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/d

(Continued)
776 Appendix

A–18–10 Stepped flat plate in bending.

3.4

Thickness = t
3.0 σmax = Kt σnom
H h
M M
σnom = =
2.6 Smin th2/6
M M
r

2.2
Kt

1.8

H/h = 2.0
1.4
1.2
1.01
1.05
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32
r/h

A–18–11 Shafts with keyseats: Bending and torsion.

Type of keyseat Kta
Sled runner 1.6
Profile 2.0
aKt is to be applied to the stress computed for the full nominal diam-
eter of the shaft where the keyseat is located.