Page L STUDY WITH CIVIL BUDDY Rec REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE Reinforced Cement Concrete: 1. Concrete: As per IS 456 : Different grades of concrete are, 1. Ordinary concrete (M 10 to M 20) 2. Standard concrete (M 25 toM 60) 3. High strength concrete (M 65 to 80) Generally used M 20_ — Mix Characteristic strength 1. Characteristic strength of concrete (fk) ‘The value of strength below which not more than 5% test results are expected to fall. g; if 100 test results of compressive strength of cubes are taken as arranged in increasing order. 22.3, 25.8, 27, 28.5, 29.2, 30.1, 31, 31, 32.6, 33, 35...4 1 59 values are less than 30N/mm: the grade of the above concrete is M 30 got Frequency ws dk Pm ae shrenglh of concrete —» ck = Characteristic strength fin = Mean strength where = Standard deviation Values of o (as per iS code) Grade | M10M15 | M20M25 | >M30 @ (N/mm) | 3.5 40 5 eg: For M 30 concrete, fek = 30 N/mm? fin = fek-+ 1.6500 = 30+ (1.65 X5) = 38.2 N/mm? Some points: > The purpose of reinforcement to make the whole structure ductile, BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIYA 7014470637Page 2 STUDY WITH avi BUDDY Ree ‘D Concrete s strong in compression and weak in tension, ‘> Stee! bars embedded in tension zone ofthe concrete take all the stresses. > Tensile strength of concrete neatly 2 of compressive strength > concreteis brite materia Grade of concrete: M10(1:3:6) | Norminal Mx Mas M35 (1:24) 1M 30 [Design mix M20 (1: 1%3) Moo. > In nominal mix, ratio of diferent material used for concrete is suggested by volume, there ate fixed proportion by volume. Quality of material is not considered. ‘> Indesign mix, the proportion of different material used for concrete is designed based on the quality of ‘material availabe for getting a particular strength of concrete. > Minimum grade for RCC is M20 > Minimum grade for RCC if the structure exposed to sea water is M 30 and For PCC is M20 Commressivestreneth of concrete: * To calla the compressive strength we use the 1SOmm debe * Gjinder of dimension 150 x 300mm is used to check the compressive strength Cylinder strength = 0.8 XCube strength | “> Compressive strength is basicaly checked after 28 day, ‘> 3sampesare taken and average of them scaled the compressive strength > Maximum size of aperegst generally Weds 20mm Use of characteristic strength (0 For design purpose use characterise strenath hesoNm’ For 39 In working stress method cae k= = 10N/mm? cuae~ permissible sts in condete in bending compressible Inti state method Permissible tres (i) For design mix: 8), Nominal mix (predefined mix) (M10~20) Eg: for 15 grade 1:2: is suggested b) Design mix (M25 ~ 60) We design the proportion. In this case the target mean strength is kept equal to fn “Target strength for M 30 concrete = fp= 30 + 1.645 = 38.2 N/mm? (ii) For routine quality control at site: Eg? IFthree cubes tested at site have result. 315308 305 Average strength = 30.9, 0.45 fk ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 70144706371. Characteristic load: The characteristic load Is such value of load which has 95% probability of not being exceeded during entire life time of structure, hoger 1 feqoeney value of load + F is characteristic load. This the design value of load for which structure shall be designed 2. ‘Young's modulus of Elasticity (for concrete -E.) Asper i cade 456:2000 = 5000/7 before 000 E=S7O0/FK —_(nottobe considered now) ‘Note: Assume, AL 2B day Rterence eng 1 Se, at 6 month — Stent increased by 2% ie 12 At7 days» Strength ll decrease by 30% ¢07 > Winimum earned i 2aoys 7 daystrengtn sof 28% dy srenth > Strength after any days Where, a=47 b=0.3 faa > Characteristic strength at 28 days {> time in days on which strength is being calculate Factor affecting creep: Creep increases when © i) Cement content ishigh i) Aggregate contents ow & il) Water cement ratios high iu) Temperature is igh ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page STUDY WITH civiL BUDDY Ree ¥) loading occurs over along period of time Different Modulus of Elastic: nl tangent mods of elastic (1) Thisis slope of curve torn This vali has ben considered by 1S Code as Ex f= = 5000/Ck Tiss the mamurn value ofr 2. Tangent modulus (Er) Slope of tangent at any point onthe curv i called tangent moduls of elastic. 3. Secant modus) Slope one joring ary point on curve with the origin Intl tangent modulus of elastic s socalled as Dynamic modulus: ‘Within elastic portion of curve values of ll modus of elastcy's above mentioned are same. Fa (0) For design purpose, we should use the secant modulus of elasticity of 1" of maximum stress. (Gi) Actually we use, Ee= 5000,/ that intial tangent modulus of elasticity, For working tresses (where stress within elastic zone) Ens Es=6r For stress in inelastic region E> &>Er Effect of Creep of Ec: Long term modulus of elasticity, Te Where 0 = creep coefficient (ultimate value), (Theory of creep} ‘rep strain value of 8 »\ { Age of loading | 7 days 1 yeor lo 22 1a Example: Creep strain =0, elastic strain, Elastic strain = 2 1p wtimale cep sain 1 “shin in fonerde time C1) Fg. Creep slroin in concrete 7010470637rr f Tensile strength of concrete: > tis done by spit test ‘> Specimen size 150 X 300mm = Flexural strength Ifloaded at 7 days ede B= ifloaded a1 year Ed= Pes Ecvalue get reduced by 2—times due to effect of creep 4. Tensile strength of concrete Flexural strength (Bending tensile strength) fa = O7YTR Ital called as Modulus of rupture Example if fk = 25N/mm? fa = O.7NES = 3.5 N/mm? 5. Permissible stresses in concrete: 6. (in working stress method) InTension | In compression Direct | Bending | Direct | Bending mis [20271 [4 [5 M2028” |313 [5 [7 M25 [32/350 [6 [85 M30 [36/383 [8 |10, mas [40/434 [9 [us Mao [44 [aa3_|10) [a3y ‘coKimn eam All values are in N/mm? 4H toad ah 7 das fended ob landed ob ayemr ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637(ostame) hon a (em) aheas in) bending In columos stress in all bers are same and less allowable stresses thus more chanée of allure. In beam stress of other fibers are less than stress at top fibre and more allowable stress. Thus less chance of failure. 7. Durability requirement of concrete: (minimum grade of concrete required) |). For steel: The reinforcement should not be rusted. 1) Nominal cover, all steel reinforcement “including links” should be provided sufficient cover called as Nominal cover. 0) + sors omc Cette cher or “es ample: For acolurm Effective cover = 40m #10mm + Asperold code, Eft. cover = 40-4 = 404222 Som Exposure Condition Minimum Grade of Concrete | Minimum Nominal Cover 1. Mild exposer M20 20mm = Protected against rain. 2. Moderate exposure M25 25mm = Sheltered from sewer - Exposed to rain Severe exposure M30 45mm Exposed to sewer rain Exposed to coastal environment Alternate wetting drying ‘4. Very sever: Mas 50mm ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637STUDY WITH viL BUDDY Ree Exposed to sea water In contact with aggressive subsoil condition or ground water. 5. Extreme mao 75mm In tidal zone In direct contact with chemical Normal value of cover in mild exposure ‘Component cover (mm) slab 20 Beam 25 column 40 Foundation 50 Slight corrosion of steel helps in improving bond between steel and concrete. shrinkag 1) lati shrinkage: Loss in moisture due to evaporation in freshly placed concrete 1) Drying shrinkage: When the concrete is in hardened state and evaporation loss occurs is known as drying shvinkage Note: Shrinkage stain is taken as 0.0003 Reinforcement: Types: 1. Mild steel! Fe 250 Ordinary Hot rolled mild steel 2. Medium tensile steel 3. High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) Feais Fe 500 or Cold twisted deformed bar (CTD) 4, Thermo mechanically treated bars (TMT) Fe 15 and above Fe 500 Fe 550 Fe 600 etcare also available e415 PRYY crarcrrestrangth In 95% cases value of strength of steel will be more than 425 N/mm? Yield strength represents particular steel strength of bar but the characteristic strength show test result of group of steel steel mt nactcmsve Have high strength as wel as ductility omy el fight Oe atte pe 2 . " A> thashie lievt y : cee Sa i Hl aS To aning. ahemSTUDY WITH aviL BUDDY Ree X40°N For alltypes of steel young’s modulus of elasticity Hot Rolled Mild Stee! This reinforcement undergo large amount of deformation at yield plateau just after point resulting large cracking on concrete structure. This type of behavior isnot accepted, Yield plateau can be avoided by cold working, Cold working is process in which reinforced by is stressed beyond yield point by stretching or by twisting {and then by unloading it. Kno itd pal {) After cold working steel will not show ~ any yield point again. {i) CID bars are manufactured by this process The strength obtained is more asthe bar behaves as high strength bar after reloading. {iv)For such bars (steel), yield stress is obtained at 0.002 i.e, 0.2% proof strain value by drawing line parallel to stress strain curve, Total strain value for yield stress, ForFe 415, 002+ #5 =0.004 Far Fe 500 500) 002 + Ape = 0.0045 Singly rei beam (Working stress method) 1. Modular ratio (m) Working stress method is aso known as modular ratio “Modula ratio isthe ratio of Young’s modulus of elastic of steel and concrete. Be S000 PageB Considering creep effect ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637mee Soon XC + 0) Asper code, me eye in N/mm? Grade of |Mis_[M20_|M25__[M30__|M35___| mao conerete [5.0 7.0 35 soo [415 [130 m 19 13 a 3 3 7 fample: For M30, ) x20 4) Initial value, m= 22S = 7.30 2108 4) Considering creep: m ) As per IS code, X(1+1.1)=1533 1 codeermua form ie 22° comsidestontrmetlets such te patally. Assumptions: (1S code 456 ~ 2000 81.3 Page 80) 1, Plane section before bending remains plane after bending. 2. Alltensie stresses are taken by steel only and not by concrete, i). Tensile strength of concrete is not be considered. I) Area of concrete in tension is neglected. 3. Stress strain relationship of steel and concrete under working load is a straight line, Strain stress curve for concrete: ‘> Maximum compressive stress occurs at 0.002 value of strain > The value corresponding to strain of 0.002 is called compressive strength of concrete. ‘High strength concrete get crushed at smaller strain. > High steength concrete is more brittle as compared to low strength concrete Q & Note: ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Flexural strain is 200 4. The value of m= 5. The value of modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ee is constant, Change in c value is not considered (Ec = 50004) Value off increases italy a5 fk goes on increasing with time (by hardening) Due to lng term effect value of wll decreases Ede Se ) Ec value will not be same at all C/S of member due to some changes in quality, W/C ratio honey combining etc. Such changes are also ignored. nats 1. Actual depth of neutral axis (xs) Consider 3 beam, ee wath Dover depth 4 //| jt | oeco by —_—— ‘Tonsformed 7 Evol etn In working stress method N.A\sthe location of cenridel ais. tis the C.G ofthe section ignoring area of concrete in tension. NA s found by equating the moment of area on both the sides of NA Equating moment of area about NA (Baa) 8= (maa (d=) oO Biematd—x) TF Where x: actual depth of WA ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637- Critical depth of neutral axis (x near Critical neutral axis is such depth of neutral axis for which maximum permissible stresses In concrete and steel are obtained at same time, This type of section is called balanced section. By similar triangle properly, ste = een Kis critical neutral axis depth factor aki For all types of beams (rectangular |.T,L— beams, SR, DR) ee (a bifrent/Commasad Snes of estos {l) When x. <= section is under reinforced {i) When x, = x.— Balanced section {ii When x. > x. over reinforced section Value of xis dependent on area of steel. ‘Bending Moment: Itisa moment developed in a beam at a section due to external loading, ‘Moment of Resistance: The maximum value of bending moment that any particular beam can resist safely. To get moment of resistance any one material should be at maximum permissible value General formula, Compresive orc, . 4 Ge bx (29) wet erm @ 7a BmCe ST) Tensile force,Catan between G andT -@-3) Morne of estas wera STXLA, (LA— Lever Arm) tn = 8.x (d~¥) onan =taa(a 8 Le=$B.xgC, = tat These formulae are valid fr al cases. Case: Under enforced section () From compression side MR= 28.66, (d~%) ver, Gy = actual stresin conta aro fore ae = Ses (0 Fromtension sie, inten (a 9 =onAn(d=8) ase il Over ~ reinforced section Moment of Resistance: I)» From compression side Mans $B.x96 (d= 1 From tension sie: NT mane teat(d- 8) P Here, ts = actual stress in steel ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Tro compression ide R= $B.x9C (d= From tension side: min=teat(a~ $ souks (d- %) Lever arm =(1- 8.4 MR=2CjK(82) sasd (WA. of balanced section) MR coefcent For designing balanced section BIM=MRbsind= 8.0 = pA sais (design formula for depth) for tein dd Reta (d— ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637ii) MaKe w0>% x_) Under reinforced | Over reinforced | Balanced | Geoh [208 [azo | es nega [ures | ww mF, (8) wat(d~ a= sarentscin Sale hoe ‘nanan = 225 , 7 yd seapingfrenorcement ‘Aetoasimum = 4%0F 8D Doubly reinforced section: ‘When size of bear i fixed (8 and both are restricted), this beam has maximum MLR of balanced section MResened= Q.B.6° In this beam B.M is more than MR of balanced section, BM> MResonse In this eae, section can be designed as, |) Over reinforced section (avoided due to brittle failure) or {i) Doubly reinforced section (always preferred) Doubly reinforced section should be designed keeping the beam as balanced section. Analys 1) For concrete and steel on tension side provision are same as singly reinforced section For concrete Co < ie Maximum permissible stress ~ occ For steel ts <0 Maximum permissible stress ox For equivalent area |) Area of steel in terms of concrete = mAt Stress in concrete i) Stressin steel = mX stressin concrete) TE. For compression side B )-areaof steel in terms of concrete area = 1.5m Ase ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7010470637Page LS “ees ‘Tronsfermed secon ii) Stress in concrete at the location of compressive steel = C” 1) stress in compressive stel = 15m" Reason: 1.5m value is used for compression steel due to creep. I is observed that actual value of stress {strain) is slightly more than that may be due to elastic stress in compression steel, due to combined effect of elastic strain and creep stressinsteel=mit=t, Note: Ae Seo stool (P) = 42x 100 if.<0.2% then we will use asa hanger bar ifPr> 0.2% then we will use 35a compression bar ‘Analysis of doubly reinforced be |) teal depth of neutral xis (a) a Actual depth of neutral ais Equating moment of area Br 13mactend)-Aelerd mA) . beets maaan dd haga dd Different sections x e— under reinforced section Ceca tron vacant due to compressive b) <> = over reinforced section iv) Moment of resistance feeoo ps] A ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Ge (t5m— Hacc Cas ld a) MiR=Gi LN 8 GLAD =i (d— 3) #(1.5m—1)Ace (d=) For tension se a= Cs# Cs yo ahi Net lever arm = (d=) MR= CX (8-3), T.ld=3) tA (dy) Design: 1) Given values: Band 0 (4) Grade of stee! and concrete Load/aM To find: Area of stel in tension (At) Area of steel in compression (Asc) ‘The beam is always designed as balanced section. 1) Calculate MLR of balanced section MRassceé n= 8.02 (for singly reinforced) Ai) If plven B.M is more than M.Resseces swe wil design a doubly reinforced section. (ifgiven &.M is less than M Resins tn, design is done as under ~ reinforced section) [0-0 For, MRi=M Ress Gi2BB.nC, = 2B noe ThteAt= yA tns(@=3) MRa= BM W.Ranes G=Usm-ALC Tetan vote Ue td) © Design formul & 1 if size of beam is given 8 X 0/0 and beam sto be designed for a 8M = BN ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637STUDY WITH CIVILBUDDY Aw Singly equating moment of resistance & MLR Balanced MAR = M.Rissree Remaining bending moment M.Ra= (BM~MResnns) Act MR=TaLA: rata. (I~ de) Alas Sd a) i) Ae From compression side Mas = CLA: a.sm= Au (d—4) Ae" Tamcne ead Equating moment of area for part 2 only (15m—1)Ace(ta— de) = mits (dX) ma) Ie Tame 8D Note: In tension zone shrinkage reduces tensile stresses and creep increases the stresses but in compression side both creep and shrinkage increases the stresses ‘Teams and L—Beams: ‘Tbeam/L beam are of two types 1) Isolated T=beam |) An isolated T beam has fixed flange width fi) For calculating xs M. etc only effective width of flange is considered, Effective width of flange (8) For isolated T—beam For isolated L- Beam ok eked Gs & Here bw th of web ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637B= Tota flange width lo= distance between the points of zero moments in beam (points of contra flexure) ‘cen cupped eed potions 2) Slab + bear type: Fort beam: Bret bes Bai Or cle atanc beech adlacen sas Le veyaie be eo distance between pts of ro moments ofT beam Simply supported beam lose in Fredicontmuousio=0.7 let bas with of Hoje Jeph of hange/sb ‘Whichever is minimum For load calculations. Total width of slab (C/c distance) shall be considered, ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637 © a itebe tnd cram Bm a wea=imx [++ by + 2] rorlod caleation Limit state method of design: Material strengt/ Characteristic strength: Concrete, fa M2020 N/mm? Steel f,~4i5—415 Nim? Design strength = Sic sant 1 Forconerete Partial factor of safety =15= Vac Design strength = 22% 0.45 For steel Parti factor of safety = Yoo = 25 Design strength = Hem0874, Higher vale of factor of safety for concrete is only due tothe reason that quan of concrete cannot be assumed Characteristic load: Such value of oad that as 95% probably, thatthe value wil not be exceeded onthe durngits entire fe sean, ‘Design load: fee ViXtogaccine = (partial factor of safety) X characteristic 100 Page LD We L5XF Partial factors for loads: Load combination | Limit of state of collapse | Limit state of serviceability ou [ue [wave [ou [ut | w.t/ea Dieut as fis] - 10 [10 | - Dewi 1sjo9 | - |15 ao | - fro piritewe [12 |a2 {12 10 |os_|os ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA, 7014470637STUDY WITH civiL BUDDY Ree Loading codes: |) Dead load [s:876 Part — fi) Live Load [18:876 Part I] (imposed) fi) Wind Load (5:876 Part ~ i) Earthquake [15:1893] Note: |) Wind load and earthquake load should not be considered simultaneously. i) 0.8 values taken when stability against overturning i critical (When dead load is less than wind load, the overturning will be critical so we should not consider load factor more than 1) Limit state of collapse: In this ease the structure/member is checked for the following of the time of collapse of structure. = Flexure + Torsion = Compression = Shear (Analysis is done ~i) Based on imaginary behaviour ofthe structure 1) Using probabilistic approach) Limit state of serviceability In this we check the behaviour of member/structure for Deflection + Excessive abrasion Corrosion + Cracking: (itis based on ) Actual behaviour ii) Deterministic approach) Note: |) Limit state method (LSM) isbased on limit state of serviceability and limit state of collapse, i) Working stress method (WSM) is based on limit state of compressibility. ‘Comparison of LSM and WSM: For concrete ws ism 2) Stress fad of aft § EEEERED oy stress factor of safety = SSRN fu 22.22 ) Load factor of safety ) Net factor of safety » 3.33 Page20 )_Net factor of safety = 1.0 (Higher than that of WSM for concrete) For steel wsM sm a) Stress factor of safety | a) Stress factor of safety Ye ® LIS b) Load factor of safety = 1.5 BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 17014470637x N ‘By Load factor ofsafety=10 ]e) Net factor of safety =1.50X ©) Net factor ofsafety= 1.80_| (less than that in WSM) Single reinforced beam cafe Assumptions: (Page 38.1/page 69) |) Plain section before bending remains plan ater taken bending (This results in linear strain diagram) 1) Maximum strain in concrete in outermost compression fibre is 0.0035 always (in bending) Il) Stress — strain diagram for concrete is as per fig 21 (15 cock) For design purpose compressive strength of concrete shall be assumed 0.67 times the characteristic strength and partial factor of safety, 7ne=1.5 shall be applied in addition to It. Design stress in concrete a pasta & Iv) Tensile strength of concrete i ignored ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637‘Concrete below NA's not considered) ) Stress in reinforcement is developed from the representative stress ~ strain curve for the type of stee! used For desien purpose partial safety factor for Steel = Yoo = 15 stressin tel == 0.87, tension) Maximum strain in steel at the time of fallure shall not be less than 1) Umiting ! Itis fixed and found using the strain diagram. Maximum strain values in steel and conerete (both) are ‘obtained as shown in above fi. Only for Xs nrg that can be allowed by similar triangle in LS.N, the makes of stain in concrete and steel shall be SP saoee ao emsng siting = “aie 22 se oeasvoane Ec econ tant SE o00s aumume . ,o0 Yaviniing = 700 a pari iting N.A depth factor = K Xu umiting = Kd = (aes) ‘Type of steel (f,) Xatimbing 250 oad 415 oad 500 40dPage 23 Compressive force i= width X area of stress diagram =8.(2x.045t«) 20192840 simuiary, =. (Ix4x,.045f) 201718 Bx Total compression force, c2G+c (0.132 +0.1718)Bxfa. 0.36 B.rfa y= Se Y=0.16x (As pers 456 - 1978) ¥=042% (As per Is 456 - 2000), Lever arm = (d- 0.42%) ‘Actual depth of NA. In LSM for x total force of compression is equated to total force of tension. Get - 0.36faBx0 = O87 At es {jt — ont sie RL ‘Moment of resistance: ee 1 |) From compression side My = Csever arm 0.36fa.B.xs(4~0.42x,) i) From tension side M.=Tlever arm = O87FAt. (4 =0.42%) Different case: Ham M0 Oat ulimiting~ 0.534 048d 143d MW) reac = Kein Max M.Rjwing) Ii) 19> Xeting ‘This is over ~ reinforced section and should not be designed as Itis under—reinforced section 36f..B.Xatm (4 ~ 0424s) ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Use x)= amare, calculate MER from compression side only Ma = Molin = 0.36f.B.Xsm (4~ 0.423) Comparison: ) Under reinforced section: rT 1 Ay Py li) Balanced section/limiting section: Ii) Over~ reinforced section: formula in SM {for lmiting section i) From compression side BM = Mining = 0.36 fc (S~042K.tn) 0.36 fB Kd (80.42KA) 0.36 feck (1-02Klad? sap Values of 2) ForFe2s0 =0:36 fuk (1~0.424) 70.36 fa 05341 0420.53) 0.148 Egform 20 =0.148 x2 AY by Forte aas % 0-036 aX0.48(1 042X048) 96 ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 170144706370.138 fa, Eg for M20 Q=0:137X20=2.76 ©) For Fe 500 Q=0.36 fa X0.46(1~0.42 0.46) 0.134 fa, From steel side: BAM, = M.U. limiting = 0.87.f,Ast (4 —0.42Ku in) MS" Say osu) Bap =OTK) “am,c-onmd Bi Value of 1 = 042K) For Fe 250, j= 1 — 0.42053 = 0.78 Fea1s,j=1-042X0.48. J=0.8in SM Fe 00, j= 1-042 X0.46=0.81 Doubly reinforced beam: veneers of eam(0X hada bens rsh BM mae than ent of ean (nln and dae ered out eto son ‘i 14 a | [ose Stresses, ‘shan dagroms i)" meodtete tt tre = 045 a Stan oftp tbe "00035 ih suessinstel ontersion side = 087%, Stan atthe evel ofteson tee «225 0.002 For under — reinforced section it may be more Ii) stress in steel on compression sid 12 sper assumptions no. 3 nS code "Stessesin reinforcement ae derived fom stres strain curve forthe type of see sed” strain at location of compression steel. ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637STUDY WITH CIVILBUDDY From similar triangle sk cooms — rorurs Stee al aren by Sees ie 0 Fore aon tea Feralas ofan Perms ses = 87% rer 0-273 Nn? iy forkeats one 300 Feais Fe500 Stress Strain stress strain 2887 0.00148 207.8 o.oo174 306.7 0.00163 369.6 o.00195 3248 0.00192 3913 0.00226 3422 0.00241 4130 0.00277 3518 0.00276 423.9 0.00312 360.9 0.00380 4348 0.00817 limiting aime Ba 053d (Fe 250) 048d (Fe 415) 146d (Fe 500) W) actual depth of NA catc=T 0.36. Bx. + Arche Aa ASfa =O87H, At ‘rea of concrete a level of stee! 0.36. B.x. + Aulfc0.45fa) = O87 Act G © T Ii) moment of resistance: = 0.36f4 Be Lai =(4- 0.42%) r= Alfie 0-45 fa) Lar=(d—d) Moment of resistance MR=GXLAL+GXLAY MIR = 0.36f 8.x, (0.42%) + Ante —0.45ta) (4 ~ dh) (Case I: If, < xsi ~ under reinforced section ) used x, calculated from —A i) caleulateMuusing = 8 (Case I: If, = asm ~ limiting section 'M.tnsng€2 be found Using Xs = Xsan in —B 36fe.B.xaim (4—O42Ku sm) + A ie O.45ta)(d~ de) 8 Minin1=0.36fa.8.%, a= (f= 0.45fa) Ac Las=(d-0.42%) Lar=(d—de) Tr=O87,Aats Te= O8M,Ads Design steps: 1) Given values + Site ofbeam =BXd + Grade of concrete, tee! + Load/B.M Ii) To find area of steel Ii) Steps: 4) Find out 8.M for which beam is to be designed M2 (Simply Supported) ‘Calculate MLR of singly reinforced limiting section. Minion) = Mus = 8.6? ©) 1FB.My > Mut (Mute) Then we need doubly reinforced section. 4d) Area of steel for Mus Asts Maa =087Xf,Ate(d- 042%) A Sarita OF) @) Calculate remaining BM Ma=8.M.—Ma 4) Area of steel for Mua ~ Alta Ma =0.87f,.Actald~ da) MU;= TL eG 8) Area of steel on compression side - Aue Ma =CoLAz = (he 2.45 fa) And = dd Aue Tasha ia) hy) Toget fc ee #1 x0.0035, Where, Kain = Ke 1X T=Beams and L- Beams: a #1) Effective width of flange: ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page 28, ») Isolated L-Beam Bee int tbe ©) Slab + bear type: T-beam: n= 8+ b, +6 Or C/e distance between adjacent slabs _potieneveris less L- Beam ‘whichever is minimum 00095 y3~ {2.-> Strain in compression reinforcement d+ Effective cover for compression side Shei 1) Fora homogeneous section:@-9) E-26-9]-H16-9-8- 3] “enol ‘ttop of beam (y = P/p) 7 2) For RCC section: |) Shear stress above NA Shear stress at any point A, above NA {at Top) = (ana) . WY) 7 n 1 (La kh (Above N.A) fi) Shear stress Below N.A. a canConsider any two sections 1~1 and 2~2at dx distance Moment at 1-2 M=Cjd=Tid =i Moment at 2-2 Mam =(C+dcid=(T+ Minimum shear reinforcement is provided 14> te—> Shear reinforcement is provided Ii) Net shear force to be resisted by shear reinforced VeeV—Ve = wBd- 1B = (t,-Bd Design of shear reinforcement ‘vertical stirrups Inclined stirrups = bent up bars 1) Vertical stirups \Ve shale resisted by shear reinforcement (No. of shear reinforcement) x(C/s area of stierup) x (Strength of reinforcement in shear) =(2) XA Xn Spatng of sea reinforcement ‘Area of steel of one sirup. ——— a0 Igged Stegged hop shires a= HEX (0 A= SKEXUOP ingenera, A= n. 2X 9 oof legs {= dia. of sear reinforcement Inlimit stable method Spacing of shear reinforcementPage 33 Spacing of inclined stirups, For limit state method 2 Nn tala sos) a) Bent up bar Bent up bars are main reinforcement bent at any angle (generally 45°) to actas shear reinforcement. pep ap bo vie, fia, {- ese get Bent up bar annot be provided along wth her vert o shar (lined) reinforcement Ben up bars should nat be used beyond stance fom each support Contrbuton of bend up bars should be limited! to SO% of net shea force tobe resisted by shear renfrcement, a) Total shear fore = i) V ww) iu) Strength of bent up bar. Vis=(Ab).ousina —(WSM) = (Ab)(0.87%,)sina_ (LSM). ¥) Now the vertical or inclined shear reinforcement shall be designed for (W.Va) “ly Kany Js more Spang vert shar enforement Wee Ven) or(/,) fame: = aD0KN Ve= 100KN (from Ve= %-B.d) 00K Then I) IF vib = 200KN, Witvb= esign vertical reinforcement design bbe bee owea3p Development ng ide on Oe wot: ithe reinfeementls confined by compressive reaction the vale of maybe Increased by 3% las iat Cet cot by e0chen | nk conbred by emerasine ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637smu win MIE BUDOY ree Pree Proce Side face reinforcement Itis provided when a) D> 750mm Ifthe beam is not subjected to torsion. 'b)_ 0 > 450mm if beamis subjected to torsional moment. Side face reinforcement equal for 0.1% of web area and distributed equally on each sid. Number of side bars, Spacing of side face reinforcement should not be less than 140mm. If se te idimum shear reinforcement shall be provided as per 26 5.16 Aa, For limit state method, BM=M,= 15M SFsW=15v TM=T.=15V Design of slab & beam: ‘Some important IS code provisions: 4) Effective span (Provision 22.2/Page 35) a) Simply supported beam/span 'b) Continuous beam or slab: 1 tw ‘Then-Ieft is found same as that of simply supported case Ghsoeh whkhever les Stew ‘F a (W222) or > 600mm) ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Sere el eieontianan edt aetna acta tars By One end coninuous other simply supported testo Pore ©) For cantilever beam: 1. Cantilever with fixed end: 1 ? —_____li > wat eee, 4i. Cantilever with continuous end '-——+* ames an Se hea bom [por sat lt = de astonce Len fe distance 2) Moment/SF coefficients: For continuous beam:Disodswel 060055, oso Lt=So45w.l 060 0.60, 0.60 ‘Shear face just right to 2" support V=0.55wal + 0.6004! 3) Check fr lateral stability of beam: i. For simply supported/continuous beam: Distance between lateral strain >1608, or ya a i, For cantilever beam: Distance from lateral restrain to 1608 or Free end 4205 Lateral restrans, sat wating 4) Control of deflection: The deflection shall be limited to |. The final deflection including effect of temperature creep and shrinkage due to all loads and measured from a cast level of support shall not be more than (span/2S0} |. The deflection Le the effect of temperature creep and shrinkage occurring after erection of partition and application of finishes shall not be more than $C) tebe 420mm iollowing criteria ae fullled the deflections considered within tits i. “Bese value of Spanetfective depth) ration shal not be more than: 2) Cantilever =7 3) Simpy support=20 “A for span pte 30m) ©) Continuous=26 aieaine apa 4 sffective depth > (Arplicable for beans and one way labs) © I For span more than 10m mutiny A value by S, Gam (not applicable for cantilever) é (ual shouldbe chek BY: AMITSINGH BHADORIVA 7038470537Effective depth ample IF0.5% compression sel provided in Example 2 Miz= 145 (ead from fi) v = Vale of Me used rm ig . | Mecive depth rw | — ee | ©. A cantilever beam of span Sm is provided 250mm X 450mm effective depth. Checkthe beam for deflection and lateral stability 1. Check or defection Effective depth require = 714> 40mm available ‘Falled) fi. Check for lateral stabilty/page 39/pq ~23.3 Span 4258 250x250 =3250mm>5000mm or ‘oom Me = 13888mm > 5000mm Safe in lateral stability 5) Check for deflection for twa way slab say, ‘earl depth Mild steel HYSD_ (Ibis valid for spans upto Simply supported 35 28 3.5m & load upto 3KN/m!) Continuous 40 2 Overall depth = 22 6) Beams: i. Minimum tension reinforcement: fi, ‘Maximum % for tension reinforcement 4% BD =0,04 80 I. Maximum compression reinforcement 4 %of total c/s area 0.0480 ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page 42 7) Slabs: |. Minimum area of tee: 0.12% of © For Feats tab | 75mm Daz ofttlesarea seb | 15 0.15% of otal c/s area For mild stel ‘Maximum dia, of steel bars =x thckness of la 9.3mm (8mm ¢ bars can be used) |. Maximum spacing of reinforcement 2) Main bars: 3d 300mm ) Distribution: 25d = 450mm Features of Slab: ‘> shear stress in slab is very less so we are not providing shear reinforcement. > For temperature, shrinkage and to keep main F/F in position, we are providing R/F perpendicular to the ‘main R/F i called distribution R/. Design of one — way slab: ‘One way slab is ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 17014470637Tr supported on two opposite sides, tis always one way slab, Ii. Ifthe slab is supported overall four sides and if, 2s aiisone ayia Ike shorter span : y= longer span — In this case slab is designed for shorter span. az For one way slab, Moment = Mi, = 8 Design steps: Consider Im strip of slab 1) Calculate load over 1mX 1m area of slab Live load, wx X1= vn, W, Self- weight =X x25, 1, Floor finishing SUKI XAK24 Total load = W or We 2) Bending moment {for simply support) ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637(wsm) ar ew “ht f\- Sah 5) Check for shear: Max 3F= v= w= > cal Sia i not designed for shear. Shear reinforcement ot be provided shal be sae in shear 6) Check for bone 1 Cher evlomentbeneh ide + Ly) for simply supported

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2, design a one wos Page ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page 1 Design of column: Waking stress method! 4) Slenderness ratio: effective lent if Value of odie 12 —short column ‘kt 12 long column Load carrying capacity: {) Short column: Pe Recic + Bi + An Sine M5 M20 M25 M30 M35. Mao ox 4 S$ 6 8 98 10 owe 5 7 8S 1 MS 13 |. For mild steel (Fe 250) = 130N/mm? i. For HYSD bars/CTD bars = 190N/mm? 'b) For RCC column Pe Recee Be For long column ‘A reduction coefficient Cis applied Load carrying capacity. P= CilAdec + Au Cie + Anne) (125~ Mt) or (:25- ait) Where inin® minimum radius of gyration cise (128-284) ale — ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 70144706372) Effective length of column recode Ryenn a, “Ther regabiat foot fore [ase |ver [= [an frm Recommended value of lefts to be considered forthe design, 3) Design of transverse reinforcement (Ties) a) Diameter of bar: i Sain "] Whichevris more ipemm J bain ‘b) Spacing of ties. 1. eat lateral dimension Fi. 26.45 , 300min ain” minimum da, of bar = Maximum dis of bar Design of circular column: A) Circular column with separate ties (rings) Design is sama as that of ectangilar cole 1. toad carving capacty P=C.(Aoom* Acc) Design of tes 4 Diameter of bars i tm emm Spacing of tis uD. 16-Yaan i 300m ForcireuaP column with helical reinforcement ameter of core (0) (2) Crelar column with helical reinforcement iV Lnad caving capacity LCC of column increases by 5% P= L05XG [Ac + coud Due to heal reinforcement both the strength and Duct is inreasee Page 2 ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page 3 1) Design of helical reinforcement: If following condition is satisfied the pitch Of helical reinforcement can be found. lS Gross diameter = Ds ” Gross area (Ay). Core diameter (03| measured outside of helical reinforcement De=Dy~2X (40) = (Dg- 80), ] ‘rea of core, Acs? XE ae Volume of core, (for unit length) ‘Vi volume of helical reinforcement in same nit Length ofthe column as considered for Ve ‘n= no of turns Xlength none turns X fs area of helical einforeement = (2) .conn (f.64?) i Where it Dy diameter Dh=De— gh Actua length ofhelia enforcement in one turn {GRIEF =50h CaleulateP from ‘As per code, the value of shouldbe such that iP + 75mm WP AD. #4 25mm iviP23.6h Some of a code recommend i) Minimum 8 of soe = 0.8% i) Maximum of ste! 4% if bars are lapped) 6% bas are not lapped) i) Minimum cia, of bar= 12mm iv Minimum no. of bars, For rectangular 4 For creular—6 4) Maximum spacing of longitudinal bars = 300mm 4 F= O ERPage 4 vi) Pedestal Itisa short column of effective length lan > 38 ‘least lateral dimensions ‘The minimum stee! required = 0.15% jon) Design concepts: 1, Design based on Uncracked section If stresses developed in concrete are either compressive throughout or very small tensile stress are developed and tensile stresses less than tensile strength of concrete column section may be designed as Uncracked section. In this case- Concrete area in tension zone is NOT neglected i, Steel reinforcement in tension zone is also considered as compression reinforcement. (All reinforcement considered as compression reinforcement) ‘The column section is considered safe if Se sie ct Where oc developed direct stres in column ice Permissible value of strength of concretein direct compression Gg - Developed value of stress in concrete in bending compression (maximum stress) anc ~maximum permissible stress of concrete in bending compression, MIS M20.-M25..MB0 M35. M40 we 4 5 6.8 99 10 ce 5 7 85 WD LS 13 Design based on cracked section if eritera for uneracked section is not satisfied Se se aa ‘The column section can be designed based on cracked section by iL Neglecting conerete-area on tension side i, Considering steel reinforcement on tensile side as tension reinforcement In this case the stresses developed in the column due to load and moment are forward. f the developed stresses are within permissible limits, the column i considered safe. ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 17014470637dscumstions (As per 39.1 1S code 456:2000) Alte assumptions dace forbes ares valid for ours There are wo more assumption: 1" The maximum compressive san n concrete net compresses 0.02 (n bending compressive = 0.035) 1h The maximum compressive strain a highly compressed extreme re i conte sbjete to aia compression and bending and when tere sno tension nthe ston 2035 ~0.75XStan at least cmpresedentrere fre fey 0:00035 ~ Ea X05) BoM =A EH ‘ecw a wee °° Bet ars Keown oe ba Design of coli 382 Minimum eccentricity Al column should be designed fora minimum eccentricity of (unsupported length of colum/500) plus (lateral dimension of column/30) subjected to minimum of 20m whichever is more. nos (Sy Messi) | whichis maximum = 20mm Alcalunn should be designed for a minimum moment Muse Pron even for analy loaded clu, 35 Sir minum eccetrcty value as per 32 sles than or equalt6 0.05 lateral densin, ad or axially E gnded short column ony ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page 6 The column can be designed using the equation. Pus O.MfsAct O87hy Ase ‘The above formula can be used only when, i. Short column lat 49 ‘Axially loaded column (no moment) Th, enn <0.05D or 0.058 a) About X=X axis | Lateral dimension =D cone (G5 3) £000 b) About Y—V axis lateral dimension = 8 enn= (35+ 35) 50.058 If all above conditions are satisfied we can use this formula Pus Offa Act OS7Fy Ac “A Minimum value of enn 20mm en $005 (BorB) 20mm $005 8 0D) (Gord)2 (8or0)2 400mm if any sizeof column is ss than 400mm the formula gen by equation A cannot be used 39.4For a circular with helical reinforcement. i load carrying capacity is increased by 5% For an axialy loaded short column when Ein $0.05 We canuse Pu 1.05(0Ata A+ 67h) i For helical reinforeement osete [a] < Design of ties: a) Diameter tee = 3 625mm = 6mm (use &mm 6 bars) b) Spacing LLD = 460mm 16X4= 16X25 = 400mm = 300mm Provide &mm § bars 300mm ¢/e distance. ab eereowenn iPageD 7 STUDY WITH civiL BUDDY Ree Foundati Footing Footing design check in following cases - {a) Check for moment (b) Cheek for one way shear (C) Cheek for two way shear whichever is greater Minimum, ness of footing at Edge (2) If footing on sil then minimum thickness of footing shall not be les han 150 mm. (©) IF footing on ples then minimum thickness of foting on eg should not be less than 300 mn. Critical section for hending moment: Case-L:- if a conerete column, wall, oF pedestal are supported by footing: - the critical section are developed a the face of member [column, wall, pedestal] ‘Case-2 if footing is under masonry wi re of member and face of wall. ‘critical section is developed hallway between ‘Case-3 if footing is under gusset base: - critical section is developed halfway between face of the member edge of gusset base > Critical section for one way shear: -d distance away from the face of member, Where d - effective ‘depth of Footing, ‘Critical section for two way shear (punching shear): <2 distance away from the face of member. Where d- effective depth of footing ‘Tension reinforcement in a footing: C-1 im-one way reinforcement footing: the reinforcement extending in each direction shall_be distributed ‘uniformly aeross the full width of the footing C-2 in two way reinforcement footing square in shape: the reinforcement extending in each diretion shall ‘be uniformly across the full width of footing C.3 in two way reinforcement rectangle footing:- the reinforcement in Tong direction shall be distributed ‘uniformly across the full width of footing for reinforcement in shor direction a central band equal to width ‘of footing shall be marked .along the length of footing and portion of reinforcement determined in accordance with the equation given below shall be uniformly distibuted across the central band ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page 8 2 __ REIN CENTRAL BAND WIDTH. Bei TOTAL RF IW SHORT DIRECTION = LONG SIDE OF FOOTING / SHORT SIDE OF FOOTING Types: J. Isolated footing: IF final pressure diagram is 2s shown above foundation will be filed due to high +ve pressure at one end, (other end islifted from soil) Therefore no tension should be allowed. To get uniform, itis always tried to keep that CG load matches with C.G of foundation. 1. Combined footing, ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 701447063742) Rectangular combined footing In this also CG of load is matched with C.G ofthe foundation to get a uniform soll pressure below foundation, om Jil é ) Trapezoidal footing ‘Trapezoidal footing Is provided if projection near heavier column is restricted. In this case width near heavier column is increased to match C.G of load with CG af foundation, MW, Swap tootg rhb rrrurammzazoz ba) v._ Rall foundation Vi. Pile foundation Page BY: AMIT'SINGH BHADORIVA 17014470637Design of isolated rectangular footing: Given values: |. Load from column i, Size of column=axXb 4. Safe bearing capacity ofsoll= ao Iv. Grade of concrete and steet Design sty i. Size of foundation: Load from column = P ‘Weight of foundation P= 10% of P=0.1 Total loa +P Pr= 4.207 ‘Area of foundation, veces of foundation noxe Ne design sol pressure on foundation wart (ws) Swo Check for bending moment: citi secon for bends at te face the coun (in case when foundation is for RCC column or RCC wall) —-p -f ay ending abouts t Ovehang ox, = 22 ae t BMgatiesigtiae oh at ye 'b) Bending moment about Y; — Ys (for Im width), BM Myewoxime — overhang O¥ = myew2 "(ori widh) ox Bs maxof Mand My © Devthreaured, 7 So Pe (for ws pint On ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA x, al 7014470637 . bI. Check for shear force (one way shear) Critical section for one way shear is at distanced from face of the column. Max. overhang. te 4] 7 Max. S.Fat Ys Yo V=WoX1X O02 4| S ona ent ror iM Wu= 0X Im x + Kreme Here, fmm =O.18N/mm? — (WSM)" For P< 0.15% Temin=028 N/mm? (LSM) = coefficient depending upon deptof slab Thickness (mmm) | >300. | 275 | 250 [225 [200 [175 |=150 K 1o_}10s [a0 | 118 [1.20 [125/130 |. Check for two way shear (Punching shear) Net punching force =P=wolat dyibed) Net punching shear stress developed. et Hineing fore HevesrOHeE aes LipA ot muti) =KAO16/TER _(WSM) Jtot atte TH = 6025 VER (sm) & Where, Ki=(05 + ®)¢10 Fodual ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page ¥. Area of see! 2) Area of stee! for moment M. (ws) testy (SM) (Above A. is for a width of 1m) For total width of Lm ‘Area of steel =AtXL Total no. of bars ars Ba Number of bars required for central band of width 8 neem(saz) Remaining reinforcement i equally distributed on both side bands 8) Area of steel for moment My Ay ME (WM) ere WEE Zaina (This area is for 1m width) For total width of 8 m Area of steel = At XB Daas oe AE Distributed equally thesen number af bars for width 8 J I At nay | on eat cet bond som nome Carga.) 200m Chg dia.) cowry Effective cover = 50 + 20 +10 = 80mmRetaining wall Gravity retaining wall- major resisting force due to sel-weight Used in up to 3m height RCC retaining wall major resisting force due to material Stength “These are further divide into + Cantilever retaining wall all three sections (sem, heel and toe slab) design as cantilever slab Use for height up to 6m + Counterfort retaining wall. in this retaining wall, stem and heel connect through vertical wall known as counterfort. ‘Steam & hee! slab design as continuous slab, ‘Toe slab design as cantilever sab. CCounterfort design as vertical cantilever Spacing between counterfont— 3193.5 m Use in height more than 6m + Buttress retaining wall. ‘Steam and toe connect through vertical wall, known as buttress. ‘Steam and toe work as continuous slab and hee! slab as a cantilever slab [Note- buttess and counterfort use to resist Shear force and bending moment. Note- FOS generally 2 Retaining wall doesn’t design in Shear (slab also) ‘Expansion joint in retaining wall provided at 300m distance. Page ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Page 64 eat sexi Gry ig wal (Sen roy wong wel Cot ig wa teat lagen {] eucsen enon Reinforcement location ‘Steamy upright slab- inner Face of backfill in vertical ‘Toe slab ~ provide horizontal reinforeement, perpendicular to the upright slab & at bottom Face. Heel slab- provided horizontal reinforcement perpendicular tothe upright slab at top face, Back counterfort— design as a cantilever and main reinforcement inclined. ‘This inclined reinforcement connect through horizontal link to stem and by vertical link to hee slab. He Reinforcement ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637Stair case: Effective span ‘2) When supported on beams parallel to rises C1 Effective length is C/c horizontal distance between beams. ») Landings are supported on side walls, waist slabs are supported on landings. Effective span =G+x+y Where xbam ybamx Y Effective span <1m 16mm | 0.12% of total CS 10.20% of total CS 2 415N/mmm? For othertype of bars | 0.15% of total CS 0.25% of total Welded wie fabrics 0.2% Ag 0.20% Ag, hee ranted ———a * homentl sainfovernd fe ¥. When thickness of wall is > 200mm, reinforcement must be provided in two grids, one near each face of the wall Reinforced Brick work 1. RB work used for small span 2. Modular ratio for Brick- 40 3. Permissible stress in Brick-2 10 3 MPA, Generally 2.5 MPA 4. Permissible diagonal tension (Shear stress) -0.7 to 1.4 kglem? (0.14 MPA) ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637STUDY WITH CIVILBUDDY ‘Generally direct tension” O-1 mpar If Shear stress exceeds 0.3 N/mm then redesign ‘5. Permissible bond stress - 6 kg/em? 6. Local bond stess- 12 ke/em™ 7. Distribution Steet ~20 % of main Reinforcement or 0.15% of area of section WATER TANKS Liquid storage 1S Code~ 3370 (Total 4 parts) ‘© Maximum crack width for direct tension and flexural not more than 0.2 mm ‘Water cement rato less than 0.50, well graded ageregate, + Permissible stress in mild steel - 115 MPA, Tor- ISOMPA, © Theory- no crack basis ‘Permissible tensile (MPA) stress on concrete on Water Face wa Nos M30 aS Direct tension [12 13 15 16 Bending tension | LT 18 2 22 Permissible comprehensive (MPA) stress on concrete on Water Face. M0 Mos M0 Mas BENDING COMPRESSION _|7 8S 10 1S DIRECT. COMPRESSION _|5 6 5 9 Page Hof steel. ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 17014470637+ In Both direction 0.3% upto 100mm thick 100 <1<450 mm + Min mild ste nearly ede 0.3% for 100mm 0.26 for 480mm (0.24% for 100mm » Nae for ices re tan 2m, 2 Layer ef nah \Y S x ws &y Page7 0 ‘BY: AMIT SINGH BHADORIVA 7014470637