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Analysis of Tension Members: Effect of Staggered Holes
Analysis of Tension Members: Effect of Staggered Holes
LRFD Method
CHAPTER
ANALYSIS OF TENSION
MEMBERS
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
By
3b
FALL 2002 Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
1
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 2
2
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 4
Q Controlling Section
– In order to determine the controlling
section, both paths ABE and ABCD must
be investigated .
– Accurate checking of strength along path
ABCD is very complex.
– However, a simplified empirical relationship
has been proposed by Cochrane and
adopted by in the AISC LRFD Manual.
3
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 6
Q LRFD Specification
– The LRFD Specification and other
specifications use a very simple method for
computing the net width of a tension
member along a zigzag section.
– The method is to take the gross width of
the member regardless of the line along
which failure might occur, subtract the
diameter of the holes along the zigzag
section, and for each individual line the
quantity given by s2/4g.
Q LRFD Specification
– In determining the critical section among
various paths, the one that gives the least
value after subtracting the holes, and the
quantity 2
s
(1)
4g
is the critical section.
s = stagger or spacing of adjacent holes parallel to loading
direction (see Fig. 2), also called pitch
g = gage distance transverse to the loading (Fig. 2)
4
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 8
B
g
s2
C
4g
E D
Q Example 1
Determine the critical net area of the ½ -in
plate shown using the LRFD Specification.
The holes are punched for ¾-in bolts.
A
1
2 in
B
3 in
11 in
C
3 in E
1
2 in
D F
3 in
5
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 10
A
1
2 in
2
B
Q Example 1 (cont’d) 11 in
3 in
C
3 in E
From the figure, 1
2 in
2
D F
s = 3 in, and g = 3 in and 6 in 3 in
Example 1 (cont’d)
1
2 in
Q B
3i C
3i
E
1
2 in
D F
3i
1 s2
net length of ABCEF = length of ABCEF − 3(hole dia. + in) +
8 4g
3 1 (3)
2
net length of ABCEF = 11 − 3 + + = 9.125 in (controls)
4 8 4(3)
6
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 12
A
1
Example 1 (cont’d)
2 in
2
Q B
3 in
11 in
C
3 in E
1
2 in
2
D F
3 in
1 s2
net length of ABEF = length of ABEF − 2(hole dia. + in) +
8 4g
3 1 (3)
2
net length of ABEF = 11 − 2 + + = 9.625 in
4 8 4(6)
Therefore,
1
The neat area An = 9.125 = 4.56 in 2
2
Q Example 2
Determine the minimum net area of the plate
shown assuming 15/16-in diameter holes,
and the holes are punched for nonstandard
1 7 1
bolts (i.e., add 1/16 in). 2 in 1 in
8 8 PL ×12 in
4
A
1
2 in B
1
2 in E
12 in
4 in C F
3 in
D G
7
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 14
1 7
2 in 1 in
8 8
A
1
2 in
2 B
Q Example 2 (cont’d) 1
2 in
2 E
12 in
From the figure, 4 in C F
3 in
D G
1 7
2 in and 1 in,
s= 8 8 and g = 2.5 in, and 4 in
1 7
2 in 1 in
Q Example 2 (cont’d) 1
2 in
A
B
8 8
1 7 1
E
2 = 2.125 in, and 1 = 1.875 in
2 in
8 8
C F
3i D G
1 2
s2
net length of ABECD = length of ABECD − 3(hole dia. + in) + ∑
16 i =1 4 g
15 1 (2.125) (2.125)
2 2
net length of ABECD = 12 − 3 + + +
16 16 4(2.5) 4(4 )
= 9.734 in
8
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 16
1 7
2 in 1 in
8 8
A
Q Example 2 (cont’d) 1
2 in
2 B
1
2 in
2 E
12 in
4 in C F
3 in
D G
1 2
s2
net length of ABEFG = length of ABEFG − 3(hole dia. + in) + ∑
16 i =1 4 g
15 1 (2.125) (1.875)
2 2
net length of ABEFG = 12 − 3 + + + = 9.671 in
16 16 4(2.5) 4(4)
Therefore,
controls
1
The neat area An = 9.671 = 2.42 in 2
4
Q Example 3
For the two lines of bolt holes shown,
determine the pitch s that will give a net
area DEFG equal to the one along ABC.
D A
2 in
B
E
6 in
2 in
F
2 in
G C
s s
9
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 18
D A
Q Example 3 (cont’d) 2 in
E
B
6 in
2 in
F
2 in
G C
s s
3 1
net length of ABC = 6 − (1) + = 5.125 in
4 8
2
3 1 s s2
net length of DEFG = 6 − (2 ) + + = 4.25 +
4 8 4(2 ) 8
Requirement : net length of ABC = net length of DEFG
s2
5.125 = 4.25 +
8
∴ s = 2.65 in.
10
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 20
g1
g2
11
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 22
t A
t B
ga 2
CL
t
2
gb
Q Example 4
Determine the net area An for the angle
given in the figure if 15/16-in diameter
holes for nonstandard bolts (i.e., add 1/16
in.) are used. AISC Manual
1
L6 × 4 × (A = 4.72 in2)
2
1
2
2
1
2
4
2
1
3′′
2
12
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 24
Q Example 4 (cont’d)
For the net area calculations the angle may
be visualized as being flattened into a plate
as shown in Fig. 3.
s2
An = Ag − Dt + t
4g
Q Example 4 (cont’d)
Figure 3. Angle for the example with legs
6′′ leg shown “flattened” into one plane.
A
″
B
1
2
2 E
″
1
4
4
C
D
4′′ leg
3′′ 3′′
13
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 26
Q Example 4 (cont’d)
Using Eq. 2:
1 1 1 1
g = g + g1 − t = 2 + 2 − = 4 in,
2 4 2 4
Path ABECD:
15 1 1 (3) (3)2 × 1 = 3.94 in 2
2
4.72 − 3 + × + +
16 16 2 4(2.5) 4(4.25) 2
14
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 28
Ae = UAn (3)
Where
U = reduction coefficient
An = net area
15
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 30
x (4)
U = 1− ≤ 0.9
L
Where
x = distance from centroid of element being
connected eccentrically to plane of load transfer
L = length between first and last bolts in line.
16
CHAPTER 3b. ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Slide No. 32
C.G. angle
x
17