Assignment on Discourse Analysis

HA NOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGLISH
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ASSIGNMENT

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Hà Nội - 2014
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

A. TEXT:
LITTLE RED RIDING HOOD
(Brothers Grimm)

1.Once upon a time there was a sweet little girl. Everyone who saw her liked her,
but most of all her grandmother, who did not know what to give the child next.
Once she gave her a little cap made of red velvet. Because it suited her so well, and
she wanted to wear it all the time, she came to be known as Little Red Riding
5Hood. One day her mother said to her:

-Come Little Red Riding Hood. Here is a piece of cake and a bottle of wine. Take
them to your grandmother. She is sick and weak, and they will do her well. Mind
your manners and give her my greetings. Behave yourself on the way, and do not
leave the path, or you might fall down and break the glass, and then there will be
10 nothing for your sick grandmother.

Little Red Riding Hood promised to obey her mother. The grandmother lived out
in the woods, a half hour from the village. When Little Red Riding Hood entered
the woods a wolf came up to her. She did not know what a wicked animal he was,
and was not afraid of him.

15-Good day to you, Little Red Riding Hood.

-Thank you, wolf.

-Where are you going so early, Little Red Riding Hood?

- To grandmother's.

- And what are you carrying under your apron?

20-Grandmother is sick and weak, and I am taking her some cake and wine. We
baked yesterday, and they should give her strength.

-Little Red Riding Hood, just where does your grandmother live?
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

-Her house is a good quarter hour from here in the woods, under the three large oak
trees. There's a hedge of hazel bushes there. You must know the place.

25 The wolf thought to himself: "Now there is a tasty bite for me. Just how are you
going to catch her?"

Then he said:

-Listen, Little Red Riding Hood, haven't you seen the beautiful flowers that are
blossoming in the woods? Why don't you go and take a look? And I don't believe
30 you can hear how beautifully the birds are singing. You are walking along as
though you were on your way to school in the village. It is very beautiful in the
woods.

Little Red Riding Hood opened her eyes and saw the sunlight breaking through the
trees and how the ground was covered with beautiful flowers. She thought: "If a
35take a bouquet to grandmother, she will be very pleased. Anyway, it is still
early, and I'll be home on time." And she ran off into the woods looking for
flowers. Each time she picked one, she thought that she could see an even more
beautiful one a little way off, and she ran after it, going further and further into the
woods. But the wolf ran straight to the grandmother's house and knocked on the
40door.

-Who's there?

-Little Red Riding Hood. I'm bringing you some cake and wine. Open the door for
me.

The grandmother called out:

45-Just press the latch. I'm too weak to get up.

The wolf pressed the latch, and the door opened. He stepped inside, went straight
to the grandmother's bed, and ate her up. Then he took her clothes, put them on,
and put her cap on his head. He got into her bed and pulled the curtains shut.

Little Red Riding Hood had run after flowers, and did not continue on her way to
50grandmother's until she had gathered all that she could carry. When she arrived,
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

she found, to her surprise, that the door was open. She walked into the parlor, and
everything looked so strange that she thought: "Oh, my God, why am I so afraid? I
usually like it at grandmother's." Then she went to the bed and pulled back the
curtains. Grandmother was lying there with her cap pulled down over her face and
55looking very strange.

-Oh, grandmother, what big ears you have!

-All the better to hear you with.

-Oh, grandmother, what big eyes you have!

-All the better to see you with.

60-Oh, grandmother, what big hands you have!

-All the better to grab you with!

-Oh, grandmother, what a horribly big mouth you have!

-All the better to eat you with!

And with that he jumped out of bed, jumped on top of poor Little Red Riding
65Hood, and ate her up.

As soon as the wolf had finished this tasty bite, he climbed back into bed, fell
asleep, and began to snore very loudly. A huntsman was just passing by. He
thought it strange that the old woman was snoring so loudly, so he decided to take
a look. He stepped inside, and in the bed there lay the wolf that he had been
70hunting for such a long time. "He has eaten the grandmother, but perhaps she
still can be saved. I won't shoot him," thought the huntsman. So he took a pair of
scissors and cut open his belly. He had cut only a few strokes when he saw the red
cap shining through. He cut a little more, and the girl jumped out and cried:

-Oh, I was so frightened! It was so dark inside the wolf's body!

75And then the grandmother came out alive as well. Then Little Red Riding Hood
fetched some large heavy stones. They filled the wolf's body with them, and when
he woke up and tried to run away, the stones were so heavy that he fell down dead.
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

The three of them were happy. The huntsman took the wolf's pelt. The
grandmother ate the cake and drank the wine that Little Red Riding Hood had
80brought. And Little Red Riding Hood thought to herself: "As long as I live, I
will never leave the path and run off into the woods by myself if mother tells me
not to."

They also tell how Little Red Riding Hood was taking some baked things to her
grandmother another time, when another wolf spoke to her and wanted her to leave
85the path. But Little Red Riding Hood took care and went straight to
grandmother's. She told her that she had seen the wolf, and that he had wished her
a good day, but had stared at her in a wicked manner. She said:

-If we hadn't been on a public road, he would have eaten me up.

The grandmother said:

90-Come. Let's lock the door, so he can't get in.

Soon afterward the wolf knocked on the door and called out:

-Open up, grandmother. It's Little Red Riding Hood, and I'm bringing you some
baked things.

They remained silent, and did not open the door. The wicked one walked around
95the house several times, and finally jumped onto the roof. He wanted to wait
until Little Red Riding Hood went home that evening, then follow her and eat her
up in the darkness. But the grandmother saw what he was up to. There was a large
stone trough in front of the house. She said:

-Fetch a bucket, Little Red Riding Hood. Yesterday I cooked some sausage. Carry
100the water that I boiled them with to the trough.

Little Red Riding Hood carried water until the large, large trough was clear full.
The smell of sausage arose into the wolf's nose. He sniffed and looked down,
stretching his neck so long that he could no longer hold himself, and he began to
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

slide. He slid off the roof, fell into the trough, and drowned. And Little Red Riding
105Hood returned home happily and safely.
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

B. ANALYSIS:
I. Written or Spoken text:
Red Riding Hood is a fairy tale which is found in oral and literary form.
This following analysis will prove that this story is a spoken text in terms of
grammar and lexical density.
1.1 Grammar:
i. Text has less information packed to it.
(3) Once she gave her a little cap made of red velvet.
(11) Little Red Riding Hood promised to obey her mother.
(67) A huntsman was just passing by.
(78) The three of them were happy.
(99) Yesterday I cooked some sausage.

ii. Linguistically, the complexity exists in the ways in which clauses are
joined together by coordinators.
(3) Because it suited her so well, and she wanted to wear it all the
time, she came to be known as Little Red Riding Hood.
(7) She is sick and weak, and they will do her well.
(8) Behave yourself on the way, and do not leave the path, or you
might fall down and break the glass, and then there will be nothing
for your sick grandmother.
(39) But the wolf ran straight to the grandmother's house and knocked
on the door.
(94) They remained silent, and did not open the door.

iii. The syntax is typically much less structured than that of written
language. Short sentences and simple structures are easily found
throughout the text.
(48) He got into her bed and pulled the curtains shut.
(11) Little Red Riding Hood promised to obey her mother.
(46) He stepped inside, went straight to the grandmother's bed, and ate
her up.
(71) So he took a pair of scissors and cut open his belly.
(104) He slid off the roof, fell into the trough, and drowned.
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

iv. In conversational speech, where sentential syntax can be observed,

active declarative forms are normally found.
(11) The grandmother lived out in the woods, a half hour from the
village.
(14) She did not know what a wicked animal he was, and was not
afraid of him.
(33) Little Red Riding Hood opened her eyes and saw the sunlight
breaking through the trees and how the ground was covered with
beautiful flowers
(39) But the wolf ran straight to the grandmother's house and knocked
on the door.
(78) The huntsman took the wolf's pelt.

v. Only one predicate is attached to given referent at a time:

(2) Once she gave her a little cap made of red velvet.
(13) She did not know what a wicked animal he was, and was not
afraid of him.
(97) There was a large stone trough in front of the house.

1.2 Lexical density:

Most sentences in the story Red Riding Hood display a much less
ratio of content words to total running words.

(38) 10/32

Each time she picked one, she thought that she could see an even
more beautiful one a little way off, and she ran after it, going further
and further into the woods.

(54) 7/16
Grandmother was lying there with her cap pulled down over her
face and looking very strange.

(67) 9/19
He thought it strange that the old woman was snoring so loudly, so
he decided to take a look.
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

(76) 11/27
They filled the wolf's body with them, and when he woke up and
tried to run away, the stones were so heavy that he fell down dead.

(102) 9/22
He sniffed and looked down, stretching his neck so long that he
could no longer hold himself, and he began to slide.

II. Cohesive devices:

II.1 Grammatical Cohesion:
II.1.1 Reference:
i. Personal reference:
- Her (1,2,3) = Little Red Riding Hood (4) [LRRH (1) : Endophoric,
cataphoric.
- She (3) = Grandmother (2) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- She (4) = LRRH (1) : Endophoric, cataphoric.
- Her (5) = LRRH (4) : Endophoric, cataphoric.
- She (7) = Grandmother (7) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- Her (7,8) = Grandmother (7) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- Your (8) = LRRH (6) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- She (13) = LRRH (12) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- He,him (13,14) = A wolf (13) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- I (20) = LRRH (17) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- Her (20) = Grandmother (20) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- It (31) = Village ( 31) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- One (37) = Flower (37) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- He (46) = The wolf (46) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- Her (47) = Grandmother (47) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- He (66) = The wolf (66) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- He (67) = A huntsman (67) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- His (71) = The wolf (69) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- They (76) = LRRH and the grandmother. : Endophoric, anaphoric
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

ii. Demonstrative reference:

- There (9) = nothing (10):Demonstrative adverb, Endophoric,
cataphoric
- That (28) = beautiful flowers (28) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- Then (47) : Demonstrative adverb, Endophoric, anaphoric
- That (50) = Flowers (49) : Endophoric, anaphoric
- There (97) = a large stone trough : Demonstrative adverb, Endophoric,
cataphoric

iii. Comparative reference:

- More (beautiful one) (37) : Particular comparison, Epithet.
- (Going )Further and further (8) : Particular comparison, Epithet.

II.1.2 Ellipsis:
- Her grandmother (2) : Verbal Ellipsis
X “liked her”
- To grandmother's (15): Clausal Ellipsis.
X “I am going to grandmother’s house.”
- Saw the sunlight (33): Nominal Ellipsis.
X “Little Red Riding Hood”
- Going further and further (38) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “She”
- Knocked on (39) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “the wolf”
- Went straight to the grandmother's bed, and ate her up (46): Nominal
Ellipsis.
X “He”:
- Pulled back the curtains (53) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “she”
- Jumped on top of poor Little Red Riding Hood, and ate her up (64) :
Nominal Ellipsis.
X “he”
- Fell asleep, and began to snore very loudly (66) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “he”
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- Cut open his belly (72) : Nominal Ellipsis.

X “He”
- Drank the wine (79) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “The grandmother”
- Run off (81) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “I”
- Wanted her to leave (84) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “Another wolf”
- Went straight (85) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “Little Red Riding Hood”.
- Had stared at her (87) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “The wolf”
- Did not open (94) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “They”
- Jumped onto the roof (95) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “The wicked one”
- Follow her and eat her up (97) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “He”
- Looked down (102) : Nominal Ellipsis.
X “He”
- Fell into the trough, and drowned (104) : Nominal Ellipsis
X “He”

II.1.3 Conjunction:
- 55 “And”: Simple additive relations.
- “But” (2,39,70,85,87,97) : Contrastive relations.
- “Finally (95) : Conclusive relations:
- “Then” (9,27,47,53,75,96) :Simple temporal relations-Sequential.
- “So” (68,71,90) : Causal relations-General.
- “Soon afterward” (91) : Complex temporal relations.
- “As soon as” (66) : Complex temporal relations.
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

II.2 Lexical Cohesion:

II.2.1 Reiteration:
i. Repetition:
- “Red” : 24 times
- “Wolf” : 14 times
- “Grandmother” : 26 times
- “Woods” : 8 times
- “Door” : 7 times
- “Time” : 7 times
- “Cake” : 4 times
- “Wine” : 4 times

ii. Synonymy:
- Little girl (1) = The child (2)
- Saw (1) = look (29)
- Path (9) = Way (31)
- Listen (28) = Hear (30)
- Step (46) = Walk (51)

iii. Antonymy:
- Sick (7) >< Well (7)
- Down (103) >< Up (65)
- In (87) >< Out (11)
- Alive (75) >< Dead (77)

iv. Super-ordinate and Meronymy:

- Wolf (13) >< Animal (13)
- Flowers (28), birds (30),trees(34),oak(23), bushes (24) >< Woods (32)
- Door (40), latch (46) ,bed (47) ,curtain (48), parlor (51), roof (95) ><
House (39)
- Eyes (33), nose (102), ears (56), mouth (62) >< Face (54)
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

v. General word
- Human noun: Girl (1,73)
- Object noun: Thing (83,93)
- Place noun: Place (24)

II.2.2 Collocation:
i. Resultative collocation:
+Sick-weak (7)
+ Dark (74) – Darkness (97)
+ Slide (104) – Fell (104)

ii. Midificational collocation:

+ Child (2) – Little (1)
+ Flowers (28) – Beautiful (28)
+ Birds (30) – Sing (30)
+ Ears (56) –Hear (57)
+Eyes (58) – See (59)
+Hands (60) – Grab (61)
+ Mouth (62) – Eat (63)
+ A pair of scissors (71) – Cut (72)
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

C. TRANSLATION:
Red Riding Hood
Brothers Grimm
CÔ BÉ QUÀNG KHĂN ĐỎ
TRUYỆN CỔ GRIMM

Ngày xửa ngày xưa, có một cô bé hiền lành, dễ thương. Mọi người ai
nhìn cũng yêu. Nhưng cưng cô nhất vẫn là bà nội, có cái gì bà cũng để phần
cháu. Một lần, bà cho cô bé một chiếc khăn nhung đỏ. Chiếc khăn đỏ rất hợp
với cô bé, đi đâu cô cũng đeo nó, vì vậy, mọi người đều gọi cô là Cô bé
quàng khăn đỏ. Một hôm, mẹ cô bảo:
- Khăn đỏ à. Đây là ít bánh và chút rượu. Con mang đến cho bà nhé. Bà
đang ốm, cần ăn uống cho lại người. Đi cẩn thận và gửi lời hỏi thăm của mẹ
tới bà. Nhớ chú ý đường đi, đừng có lang thang, lại ngã rồi vỡ bình, không
có gì mang biếu bà đâu.
Khăn đỏ hứa sẽ làm theo lời mẹ dặn. Nhà bà nội ở trong rừng, cách
làng không xa lắm, đi chừng nửa tiếng đồng hồ thì tới. Khăn đỏ vào rừng
thì gặp chó sói. Em không biết sói là một con vật độc ác nên không thấy sợ.
Sói nói:
- Chào cháu Khăn đỏ!
Khăn đỏ đáp:
- Cháu chào bác!
- Cháu đi đâu mà sớm thế?
- Cháu đến nhà bà nội.
- Cháu xách gì nặng thế?
- Thưa bác, bánh và sữa ạ. Hôm qua, ở nhà mẹ cháu làm bánh, bà nội
ốm cháu mang đến để bà ăn cho khỏe người.
- Bà cháu ở đâu vậy?
- Đi vào rừng độ mười lăm phút thì tới. Dưới ba cây sồi to là nhà bà
cháu, quanh nhà có nhiều bụi dẻ, chắc bác tìm thấy ngay.
Sói nghĩ bụng: “Có miếng mồi ngon rồi đây. Nhưng làm sao xơi được
cả hai bây giờ?”
Rồi Sói nói:
- Này cháu Khăn đỏ ạ, cháu hãy nhìn những bông hoa tươi đẹp kia
kìa. Sao cháu không ngó quanh mà xem. Bác chắc là cháu chưa bao giờ
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

lắng nghe tiếng chim hót véo von phải không? Cháu đi đâu mà cứ đăm đăm
thẳng tiến như đi học ấy. Ở trong rừng vui lắm cháu ạ!
Khăn đỏ mở to mắt ra nhìn. Em thấy ánh nắng rập rờn qua cành cây
đung đưa, đó đây toàn là hoa thơm cỏ lạ, em nghĩ bụng:
- Nếu mình mang một bó hoa tươi đến tặng bà chắc là bà thích lắm,
trời còn sớm, mình đến bà còn kịp chán.
Thế rồi Khăn đỏ đi hái hoa. Hái được một bông em lại nghĩ có lẽ vào
thêm tí nữa sẽ có bông đẹp hơn. Cứ như vậy, Khăn đỏ tiến sâu vào trong
rừng lúc nào không hay. Trong khi đó, sói lẻn thẳng tới nhà bà cụ và gõ
cửa.
- Ai ở ngoài đó đấy?
- Cháu là Khăn đỏ đây, bà mở cửa cho cháu với! Cháu mang bánh và
sữa lại cho bà đây.
Bà nói:
- Cháu cứ đẩy then mà vào. Bà yếu quá không dậy được.
Sói đẩy then cửa, cửa mở toang. Chẳng nói chẳng rằng sói vào thẳng
giường rồi nuốt chửng bà cụ. Rồi nó lấy quần áo của bà mặc vào, lấy mũ
trùm đầu, lên giường nằm, lấy rèm che lại.
Khăn đỏ thơ thẩn hái hoa trong rừng. Mãi tới lúc hái nhiều quá mang
không hết, em mới chợt nhớ đến bà, vội lên đường đến nhà bà.
Khăn đỏ ngạc nhiên thấy cửa mở toang, bước vào phòng thì thấy có gì
khang khác, em nghĩ bụng hôm nay ở nhà bà sao lại thấy rờn rợn, chứ
không thoải mái như mọi khi. Khăn đỏ nói to:
- Cháu chào bà ạ!
Chẳng có một tiếng trả lời. Em lại bên giường, kéo rèm ra, thì thấy bà
nằm, mũ trùm kín mặt, trông lạ quá. Khăn đỏ ngạc nhiên hỏi:
- Bà ơi bà! Sao tai bà to thế?
- Tai bà to để nghe cháu rõ hơn.
- Bà ơi bà! Sao mắt bà to thế?
- Mắt bà to để nhìn thấy cháu rõ hơn.
- Bà ơi bà! Sao tay bà to thế?
- Tay bà to để bà nắm lấy cháu dễ hơn.
- Ui trời ơi! Sao mồm bà to đáng sợ quá!
- Mồm bà to để bà nuốt cháu dễ hơn.
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

Vừa dứt lời, sói liền nhảy ra khỏi giường, nuốt chửng Khăn đỏ đáng
thương.
Xong xuôi, sói lại nhảy lên giường nằm ngủ và ngáy o o. Một bác thợ
săn đi qua nghe thấy, nghĩ bụng:
- Quái! Sao bà cụ già rồi mà còn ngáy to vậy, phải tạt vào xem bà cụ
có ốm đau gì không?
Bước vào phòng, đến gần giường, bác thấy sói đang nằm. Bác nói:
- Chà, thì ra ta lại gặp mi ở đây, quân khốn khiếp. Ta đi tìm mi mãi…
Bác giơ súng lên định bắn. Nhưng bác chợt nghĩ có lẽ sói đã ăn thịt bà
cụ, tuy vậy may ra vẫn còn có thể cứu được. Bác không bắn, mà lấy kéo
rạch bụng con sói đang ngủ. Vừa rạch được một nhát thì thấy chiếc khăn đỏ
choé, rạch thêm nữa thì có cô bé nhảy ra kêu:
- Ối chà, cháu sợ quá! Trong ấy tối đen như mực.
Bà lão cũng còn sống chui ra, tuy hơi thở đã yếu. Khăn đỏ vội đi
khuân đá thật to nhét đầy bụng sói. Sói tỉnh giấc muốn nhảy lên nhưng đá
nặng quá, nó ngã khuỵu xuống và lăn ra chết.
Ba người đều vui mừng. Bác thợ săn lột lấy da sói mang về nhà. Bà
lão ăn bánh uống sữa do Khăn đỏ mang đến, ăn xong bà thấy người khỏe
hẳn ra. Khăn đỏ nghĩ bụng:
- Từ nay trở đi đừng có rời khỏi đường chạy một mình vào rừng sâu.
Mẹ đã dặn vậy thì phải nhớ.
Có người kể là một lần Khăn đỏ lại mang bánh đến cho bà thì một con
chó sói khác la cà đến gần tính chuyện rủ rê để em rời khỏi đường. Nhưng
Khăn đỏ đã đề phòng, cứ việc thẳng bước. Đến nơi em nói cho bà biết em
gặp sói và em thấy mắt sói rất ác.
- Nếu không phải là ở đường cái thì nó đã ăn thịt cháu rồi.
Bà bảo:
- Cháu vào đây để bà đóng cửa lại kẻo nó vào.
Vừa đóng xong cửa một lát thì sói đến gõ cửa gọi:
- Bà ơi bà mở cửa cho cháu. Cháu Khăn đỏ mang bánh lại cho bà đây.
Hai bà cháu im lặng, không mở cửa. Con vật đầu xám rón rén đi
quanh nhà mấy lần. Rồi nó nhảy lên mái nhà, định đợi đến chiều tối, khi
nào Khăn đỏ ra về sẽ lén đi theo sau, rồi sẽ ăn thịt cô bé trong bóng đêm.
Nhưng bà cụ biết rõ ý định của nó. Ở trước cửa nhà có một cái máng nước
bằng đá. Bà bảo Khăn đỏ:
 Assignment on Discourse Analysis

- Cháu đi lấy cái thùng xách nước. Hôm qua bà làm dồi. Cháu đi lấy
nước nấu dồi đổ cho đầy máng.
Khăn đỏ xách nước đổ mãi mới đầy cái máng to ấy. Mùi dồi thơm bay
xộc lên mũi làm sói rỏ dãi. Nó cứ nghểnh dài cổ xuống để ngửi, quá đà sói
bị trượt chân rơi từ mái nhà xuống đúng vào máng nước nóng và chết.
Khăn đỏ vui vẻ đi về nhà, không sợ bị ai đụng đến mình nữa.