Kabir Ahmed, Lecturer in English, Mohammadpur Preparatory Girls’ College, Formerly, Mirzapur & Sylhet Cadet College, Contact:

01713330222, facebook.com/ka.eng.express

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1.
Subject Verb Concord & Right Form of Verbs

Definition: ev‡K¨ e¨üZ verb Gi iƒc (form) wK n‡e, A_v©r verb wUi present simple, past simple, present participle, past participle, bare
infinitive, gerund BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ †Kvb form wU emv‡j evK¨wU ï× n‡e Zv wbav©i‡Yi Rb¨ wKQz wbqgKvbyb Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡P wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqgKvbyb †`qv
n‡jvt

Rule-1: Subject Gi headword Abymv‡i verb e‡m | A_vr Headword singular n‡j verb singular Ges Headword plural n‡j verb plural nq|
†hgbt
(a) The quality of the mangoes (be) good. (is)
(b) His choice of words (be) excellent. (is)
(c) The colour of her eyes (be) blue. (is)
(d) A number of boys (be) present. (were)
(e) Many students (be) there. (were)
Rule-2: mvavibZ and Øviv hy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK noun/pronoun- †K GK‡Î plural subject aiv nq Ges Gi c‡ii verb I plural nq| †hgbt

(a) He and I (be) friends. (are)

(b) Rahim and Karim (be) playing. (are)
(c) Anik and Shadhin (be) two brothers. (are)
Rule – 03
And Øviv hy³ GKvwaK noun hw` GKB e¯‘ ev GKB fve wb‡`©k K‡i Z‡e subject I verb DfqwU singular n‡e| †hgbt

(a) Bread and butter (be) my favourite breakfast. (is)

(b) Slow and steady (win) the race. (wins)
(c) The horse and carriage (be) at the gate. (is)
Rule-4:

Each, every, any, no, more than one, none/no one BZ¨vw` subject ev subject Gi Ask n‡j G‡`i c‡i noun /pronoun Ges verb singular nq|
Avevi, each of (the), one of (the), either of (the), neither of (the) , none of (the), BZ¨vw`i c‡i noun/ pronoun plural n‡e wKš‘ verb singular
n‡e| †hgbt
(a) Each boy and each girl (have) got a prize. (has)
(b) No bus and no train (be) seen. (was)
(c) One of them (be) going, (is)
(d) Neither of the girls (be) beautiful. (was)
Rule -05
as well as, with, along with, together with, including, accompanied by, followed by, and + no/not BZ¨vw` Øviv hy³ `ywU noun ev pronoun
Gi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ cÖ_g noun ev pronoun Abymv‡i verb e‡m| †hgbt

(a) The chairperson, along with the members (be) present in the meeting yesterday. (was)
(b) Anik, as well as his brothers, (be) good. (is)
(c) I and not Sadhin, (has) done it. (have)
RuIe -06
not only..... but also, or Ges nor Øviv hy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK noun/ pronounGi †ÿ‡Î me©‡kl noun/pronoun wU Abymv‡i verb e‡m| †hgbt
(a) You or he (be) present that day. (was)
(b) Neither she nor her sisters (have) done it. (have)
(c) Not only professor Anik but also his sons (be) honest. (are)

Rule – 07
GKK `~iZ¡ , cwigvY, mgq, IRb, eqm, A_© BZ¨vw` Plural n‡jI c‡ii verb wU mvaviYZ singular nq| †hgbt
(a) Fifty miles (be) a long distance. (is)
(b) Tk. 5000 (be) spent. (was)
(c) Twelve years (be) Tom's age. (was)
Rule-08

infinitive, gerund, verbal noun, clause BZ¨vw` ev‡K¨i subject-wn‡m‡e _vK‡j mvaviYZ †mB subject ‡K 3rd person singular number wn‡m‡e Mb¨
K‡i †mB Abymv‡i c‡ii verb emv‡Z n‡e| †hgb:

(a) To tell lies (be) a great sin. (is)

(b) The reading of novels (be) interesting, (is)
Kabir Ahmed, Lecturer in English, Mohammadpur Preparatory Girls’ College, Formerly, Mirzapur & Sylhet Cadet College, Contact: 01713330222, facebook.com/ka.eng.express

(c) That you fished the novels (be) known to me. (was)
Rule-09 : collective noun-Gi c‡i mvaviYZ singular verb e‡m| wKš‘ wewQbœZv ev wfbœZv †evSv‡j collective noun Gi c‡i mvaviYZ plural verb
e‡m|

(a) The jury (be) giving its verdict today. (is)

(b) The jury (be) divided into two groups. (were)
(c) The committee (be) unanimous. (is/was)
(d) The committee (be) divided into two groups. (are)
Rule- 10:
Adjective Gi c~‡e© the em‡j Zv plural noun ‡evSvq| ZLb c‡ii verb wU I plural nq| †hgbt

(a) The virtuous (be) always happy. (are)

(b) The poor (be) born to suffer. (are)
Rule -11
information, news, scenery, machinery, advice, furniture, wages, poetry, issue, brick, hair, alphabet, luggage, politics, physics,
economics, mathematics, ethics, civics, statistics, the United States of America BZ¨vvw` mvaviYZ singular wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges G‡`i c‡i
verb I singular nq| †hgbt
(a) The scenery of Cox's Bazar (be) charming. (is)
(b) The wages of sin (be) death. (is)
(c) Politics(be) something nasty. (is)

Rule- 12
Relative pronoun Gi c‡ii verb wU mvaviYZ relative pronoun Gi wVK c~‡e©i noun/pronoun A_v©r , antecedent (c~e©c`) Abymv‡i e‡m| †hgbt

(a) It is I who (be) responsible. (am)

(b) It was you who (be) to blame. (were)
(c) He is one of those who (do) not smoke. (do)
Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a relative pronoun because it relates to the
word that it modifies. Here is an example:

 The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, who:

 relates to person, which it modifies

 introduces the relative clause who phoned me last night

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that

Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. In non-
defining relative clauses, that is used for things. In defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not
simply add extra information) that can be used for things and people**.

Rule – 13
All Gi c‡i Plural Verb e‡m| Z‡e cÖev` ev‡K¨i ‡ÿ‡Î All Gi c‡i Singular Verb e‡m|
(a) They all (be) students. (are)
(b) All that (glitter) is not gold. (glitters)
(c) All (be) well that end’s well. (is)
Rule –14
Uncountable noun (‡h¸‡jv MYbv Kiv hvqbv) Ges Abstract noun (hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvqbv ) A‡_©i w`K †_‡K Plural n‡jI verb singular nq| Gai‡bi
noun ¸‡jv n‡jv - air. hair, smoke, oxygen, water, milk, ink, soup, dust, sand, rice, ,grass, salt, honesty, courage, peace, sympathy,
football, cotton, furniture, cooking, parking, training, clothing, love, advice, information, knowledge BZ¨vw`| †hgbt
(a) Gentle air (be) blowing .(is)
(b) Her hair (be) black. (is)
(c) Smoking (be) dangerous for health. (is)
(d) Water (be) a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, (is)
(e) Honesty (be) the best policy. (is)
Rule – 15
many a/an Gi c‡i noun I verb singular nq| wKš‘ many Gi c‡i noun I verb DfqB plural nq| ‡hgbt
Kabir Ahmed, Lecturer in English, Mohammadpur Preparatory Girls’ College, Formerly, Mirzapur & Sylhet Cadet College, Contact: 01713330222, facebook.com/ka.eng.express

(a) Many a rich man (live) here. (lives)

(b) Many a boy (play) now. (is playing)
(c) Many poor men (live) in this town.(live)
Rule – 16

Passive voice Gi sentence ¸‡jv‡Z g~j -verb Gi Past participle nq Ges Gi c~‡e© subject I tense Abyhvqx verb 'to be' Gi GKwU form e¨eüZ
nq| †hgYt

(a) Music was (to hear) by him all around. (heard)

(b) Rome was not (to build) in a day.(built)
Rule -17
Let Gi c‡i verb Gi Present indefinite tense nq|
(a) Let the other boys (to use) skates. (use)
(b) My doctor would not let me (to drink) anything but champagne.(drink)

Rule-18
die, occur, belong, issue, continue, appear, disappear, wonder, despair, consist, ensue BZ¨vw` verb ¸‡jv intransitive wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq |
d‡j G‡`i passive voice nqbv| †hgbt

(a) His father (die) last year. (died)

(b) The fog (disperse). (dispersed)
(c) The book (belong) to me. (belongs)
(d) A quarrel (ensue) at this. (ensued) '
(e) Our family (consist) of five members. (consists)
Rule -19

Modal auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to) have to, had to, cannot but, could not but, let,
make, used to, do/does/did + nothing but, would rather, had better/best, am/is/are/was/were + to, be + going to, do/does/did, infinitive
'to' BZ¨vw`i c‡i verb wUi base form e‡m| †hgbt

(a) Would you (mind) singing a song? (mind)

(b) You had better (leave) the place. (leave)
(c) He used to (read) the Daily Ittefaq. (read)
(d) He did nothing but (sing). (sing)
(e) It took me half an hour to (reach) the station. (reach)
(f) The albatross made the wind (blow). (blow)
(g) He was let (to go). (go)
Rule – 20
see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel BZ¨vw` transitive verb Gi c‡i DwjøwLZ verb wUi - base form ev ing form e‡m| Passive ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î verb
wUi base fromGi c~‡e© to e‡m| †hgbt
(a) I saw him (to go). (go/going)
(b) She was heard (sing) a song, (to sing)

Rule - 21
avoid, finish, prefer, enjoy, mind, object, practise, remember, feel, like, busy, worth, with a view to, look forward to. resort to,
devoted to, addicted to, be/get + used to, accustomed to, injured to, habituated to, it is no use/ good, can/could not help, can/could
not bear BZ¨vw`i c‡i verbGi m‡½ ing e‡m| †hgbt
(a) I feel like (cry). (crying)
(b) I could not help (laugh) at this. (laughing)
(c) He is used to (gamble). (gambling)
Rule-22

'to' preposition wUi ci verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nqbv | Z‡e to ‡Kvb Phrase Gi Ask wn‡m‡e sentence G e¨eüZ n‡j cieZ©x verb Gi mv‡_ 'ing' hy³
nq| G ai‡bi phrase ¸‡jv n‡jv- look forward to, with a view to, addicted to, used to, prefer to, object to, confess to BZ¨vw`| †hgb t

(a) The virtuous look forward to (receive) reward in the next world. (receiving)
(b) I went there with a view to (see) him. (seeing)
(c) The old sailor prayed utmost with a view to (get) relief. (getting)
Rule- 23
subject + get/have/want + object- Gi c‡i verb-Gi past participle form e‡m|
(a) They had the house (paint). (painted)
(b) I have got my hair (cut). (cut)
(c) He wanted the work (do). (done)
(d) We got our car (repair). (repaired)
Kabir Ahmed, Lecturer in English, Mohammadpur Preparatory Girls’ College, Formerly, Mirzapur & Sylhet Cadet College, Contact: 01713330222, facebook.com/ka.eng.express

Rule –24
being, having, to be, get, remain, become, have, has, had BZ¨vw`i c‡i verb _vK‡j Zvi past participle form e‡m|
(a) Being (displease), he left the place. (displeased)
(b) The boy went to play cricket having (learn) his lessons. (learnt/learned)
(c) The principal wanted the notice to be (hang). (hung)
Rule –25
have, has, had, shall have, will have, should have, would have, could have, might have, must have BZ¨vw`i c‡ii verb wUi participle
form e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt
a) Have you (have) your meal? (had)
b) We should have (study) well. (studied)
(c) They must have (hear) the name of Shakespeare. (heard)
(d) I could/ might have (do) the work yesterday. (done)

Rule -26
always, daily, every + time (everyday, every week, every year etc), generally, never, normally, (very) often, ordinarily,
regularly, now and then, occasionally, sometimes, usually BZ¨vw` _vK‡j evK¨wU mvaviYZ present indefinite tense nq| Z‡e past habit (AZxZ
Af¨vm) ‡evSv‡j evK¨wU past indefinite n‡e| †hgbt
(a) My brother (read) the New Age everyday. (reads)
(b) I (not take) exercise regularly. (do not take)
(c) When you usually (come) to college? (do you usually come)
(d) They always (bathe) in the river. (bathed)
(e) I (be) never absent from school. (was)
Rule – 27
universal truth (wPišÍb mZ¨) Ges habitual fact (Af¨vmMZ ev¯ÍeZv )eySv‡j evK¨wU present indefinite tense-G nq|
(a) The sun (set) in the west. (sets)
(b) Light (remove) darkness. (removes)
(c) Everybody (fear) death. (fears)
(d) III news (run) fast. (runs)
Rule – 28

‡Kvb Sentence-G mvaviYZ now, at this moment, at this time, day by day, day after day, gradually, increasingly BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Present
continuous tense nq| †hgbt
(a) Our population (increase) day by day. ( is increasing )
(b) I (go) to school now. ( is going )
Rule -29
‡Kvb sentence –G just, just/'now, ever, never, yet, not yet, still, lately, already, recently, in the meantime BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _vK‡j Sentence
wUi perfect tense nq| 'Just' kãvwU has ev have Ges verb Gi Past participle Gi gv‡S e‡m|‡hgbt
(a) I just (to receive) your letter. ( have just received )
(b) He already (reach) here, (has already reached)
Rule -30

for/since + mgq _vK‡j A_ev †Kvb KvR `xN© mgq/wbw`©ó mgq hveZ msNwUZ nIqv †evSv‡j evK¨wU mvavibZ present perfect continuous tense G nq| Z‡i
past/ future perfect continuous tense-I n‡Z cv‡i|
(a) They (live) here for a long time. (have been living)
(b) He (read) in this college since 2007. (has been reading)
(c) Shamima (wait) for you for an hour. (has been/had been/will have been waiting)
Rule-31

yesterday, past + mgq/ last + mgq (last .night, last week etc.) etc), ago, long ago, long since, before, back, in the past, in those BZ¨vw`
AZxZ wb‡`©kK kã _vK‡j ev GgbwK AZxZKv‡ji †Kvb mvj D‡jøL _vK‡jI evK¨wU past indefinite tense G nq|

(a) He (leave) the room ten minutes ago. (left)

(b) 1 (visit) the zoo last week.. (visited)
(c) In those days, people (be) nomads. (were)
Rule – 32
AZxZKv‡j †Kvb KvR PjwQj Giƒc eySv‡j, mvaviYZ evK¨ past continuous tense G nq| G‡ÿ‡Î, ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ - then, at that time BZ¨vw` _vK‡Z cv‡i|
†hgbt

(a) Then I (write) a letter. (was writing)

(b) At that time I (sleep) in my room. (was sleeping)
Rule – 33

while c‡i verb _vK‡j verb wUi m‡½ ing hy³ nq| wKš‘ while + subjectGi c‡i verb _vK‡j past continuous tense-G n‡e|
(a) While (go) to college, I saw a dead cow. (going)
Kabir Ahmed, Lecturer in English, Mohammadpur Preparatory Girls’ College, Formerly, Mirzapur & Sylhet Cadet College, Contact: 01713330222, facebook.com/ka.eng.express

(b) While he (walk) along the road, a snake bit him. (was walking)
(c) Don't gossip while (read). (reading)
Rule - 34 By. this time/By +mgq (by morning, by Sunday etc) _vK‡j evK¨wU mvaviYZ future perfect tense-G nq| †hgbt

(a) They (reach) by this time/by afternoon, (will have reached)

(b) He (return) by Monday next. (will have returned)
(c) I (finish) the book by June/2007. (will have finished)

Rule -35
SinceGi c~‡e©i clause-wU present tense n‡j c‡ii clause-wU past indefinite tense-G nh| Avevi , SinceGi c~‡e©i clause-wU past tense n‡j c‡ii
clause-wU past perfect tense- G nh|

(a) It is three years since we (pass) the SSC exam. (passed)

(b) It was long since I (see) her last. (had seen)
Rule –36

I wish, I like, if, would that, o that, oh that BZ¨vw` Øviv AvKv•Lv cÖKvk Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î G‡`i cieZx© subjectGi c‡ii verb-wU 'be' verb n‡j
were/could be e‡m; 'be' verb bv n‡q Ab¨ †Kvb verb n‡j †m verb wUi past form/could + present form e‡m| †hgbt
(a) I wish I (be) a king. (were/could be)
(b) If we (know) his telephone number ! (knew/could know)
(c) I like I (play) with the children, (played/ could play)
Rule – 37

I fancy, it is time, it is proper time, it is high time BZ¨vw`i c‡i subject _vK‡j Zvi c‡ii verb-wU past form A_v©r . past indefinite tense nq|
Z‡e, it is time Gi c‡i subject bv †_‡K, mivmwi verb _vK‡j †mB verbwUi c~‡e© to e‡m| A_v©Z verb wU infinitive nq| ‡hgbt
(a) I fancy I (turn) a trifle pale. (turned)
(b) It is high time you (study) hard. (studied)
(c) It is time we (go) to college. (went)
(d) It is time (go) to college. (to go)

Rule - 38
as if/as thoughGi c~‡e©i clause wU present tense G n‡j c‡ii clause-wU mvaviYZ past indefinite tense G nq| G †ÿ‡Î past indefinite tenseG
'be' verb wU memgq were nq| †hgbt

(a) You talk as if you (know) everything. (knew)

(b) The man acts as though he (be) a fool. (were)
Avevi, as if/as though Gi c~‡e©i clause-wU past tense-G _vK‡j c‡ii clause-wU past perfect tense nq|
(c) You talked as if you (know) everything (had known)
(d) The man acted as though he (be) a fool. (had been)

Rule – 39
If clause wU present indefinite tenseG _vK‡j, Aci clausewU mvaviYZ future indefinite tense nq| Avevi present indefinite tense I n‡Z
cv‡i| †hgbt
(a) If we read more, we (learn) more. (will learn)
(b) If you don't work hard, you (fail). (will fail)
(d) If it rains, I (not go) out. (do/shall not go)

Rate - 40
If clause- wU past indefinite tcnse-G _vK‡j Aci clause wU subject+ would/ could / might + verbGi base form nq| ‡hgbt

If we studied well, we (pass). (might/could/would pass)

If you worked hard, you (not fail). (would/might not fail)
If I were rich, I (help) the poor. (would/could help)
If I had a lot of money, I (help) the poor. (would help)

Note: Subject c‡i Aew¯’Z were/had ‡K subject Gi c~‡e© if Gi ¯’v‡b (ifGi cwie‡Z© ) emv‡jI GKB A_© cÖKvk K‡i| †m †ÿ‡Î c‡ii clausewU wbw`©ó
wbq‡gB n‡e| ‡hgbt

(„a) Were I rich, I (help) the poor. (would/could/would help).

(b) Had I the wings of a bird, I (fly) in the sky. (would/could/would fly)
Rule-41
If hy³ clause wU hw` Past perfect tense n‡j , cieZx© clause Gi ci subject Gi ci would have /might have ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq Ges c‡i g~j verb Gi
Past participle nq|
Kabir Ahmed, Lecturer in English, Mohammadpur Preparatory Girls’ College, Formerly, Mirzapur & Sylhet Cadet College, Contact: 01713330222, facebook.com/ka.eng.express

(a) If he had been a king, he (to help) the poor. (would/could/would have helped)
(b) If he had been here, I (to meet) him. (could /might have met)
Rule-42
and Øviv hy³ subject ¸‡jvi c~‡e© each, every, no BZ¨vw` _vK‡j verb me©`v singularnq| †hgbt

(a) Each boy and each girl (be) active. (was/is)

(b) No man and woman (be) there. (was)
Rule-43

UvKvi cwigvY (measurements of money), mgq (time) Ges `~iZ¡ (distance) Gi †ÿ‡Î verb singular nq| †hgbt
(a) One hundred dollars (to be) a lot of money for a bottle of wine. (is)
(b) Two hours (to be) a long time to wait to see a doctor. (is)
(c) 93,000.00 miles (to be) the distance from the sun to the earth. (is)
Rule-44
cattle, people, public, peasantry (K…lK m¤cÖ`vq), police, dozen, poultry, gentry, mankind (gvbeRvwZ) BZ¨vw` subject ¸‡jv †`L‡Z singular
n‡jI G‡`i c‡i verb plural nq| †hgbt
(a) Cattle (be) grazing in the field. (are)
(b) Three dozen (make) thirty six. (make)
(c) The peasantry in Bangladesh (be) poor. (are)
Rule-45
‡`‡ki bvg, eB Gi bvg †`L‡Z plural n‡jI G‡`i c‡i verb singular nq|
(a) The United States of America (be) a rich country. (is)
(b) Gulliver’s Travels (be) an interesting book. (is)
(c) The Arabian Nights (be) still very favourite. (is)
Rule-46
All, both, few, many, several and some me©`v verb Gi plural iƒc MÖnY K‡i| †hgbt
(a) Some people in my office (to be) very annoying. (are)
(b) Few mountain climbers (to have) successfully reached the peak of Mt. Everest. (have)
(c) Both (to be) happy. (are)
(d) All five men (to be) hard workers. (are)
(e) Many people (to be) not hard workers (are)
Rule -47
one of Gi c‡i noun wU plural n‡jI verb singular nq| †hgbt
(a) One of the boys (be) absent. (is)
(b) One of the boys (be) failed. (has)
Ruie-48
msL¨v †evSv‡Z verb plural nq| †hgbt
(a) Two-thirds of the students (to be) present. (were/are)
(b) Three-fourths of the road (to be) pitched. (were/are)

Rule-49
one and a half, plural noun wKš‘ verb singular n‡e| †hgbt
One and a half mangoes (be) enough. (is/was)
Rule –50
More than one ‡ÿ‡Î singular verb wKš‘ More than two/ three cªf„wZi †ÿ‡Î plural verb nq| †hgbt
(a) More than a boy (be) present there. (is/was)
(b) More than two boys (be) present. (are/were)
Rule-51
A number Gi ci Verb plural Ges the number Gi ci verb singular nq| †hgbt
(a) A number of persons (be) killed in the accident. (were)
(b) The number of students in this class (be) eighty. (is)
Rule-52
Either Í or A_ev neither ÍÍ nor Øviv MwVZ ev‡K¨ verb w`Zxq subject Abyhvqx nq| †hgbt

(a) Either Rahim or his brother (be) present. (is/was )

(b) Neither he nor his sons (be) present. .(are/ were )
Rule -53

‡Kvb conjunction Qvov hLb GKwU sentence G `ywU verb _v‡K ZLb mvaviYZ wØZxqwU ev mg ¸iZ¡c~b©wUi Present participle nq A_v©r verb Gi mv‡_
'ing' hy³ nq| †hgbt
(a) I saw him (to go) up the hills. (going)
(b) I found them (to live) in a cabin. (living)
(e) They saw a plane (fly) in the sky.(flying)
Rule-54
Kabir Ahmed, Lecturer in English, Mohammadpur Preparatory Girls’ College, Formerly, Mirzapur & Sylhet Cadet College, Contact: 01713330222, facebook.com/ka.eng.express

cannot help, cannot bear, feel, like, worth, prefer BZ¨vw`i ci verb Gi †k‡l ing ‡hvM nq| †hgbt
(a) I cannot help (laugh). (laughing)
(b) I cannot bear (suffer), (suffering)
(c) The book is worth (read). (reading)
(d) I feel like (dance). (dancing)
(e) I prefer (dance) to playing, (dancing)
Rule-55

Had better, would rather, had rather, would better, need, must cÖf„wZi c‡i verb Gi present form nq|
(a) you had better( to go) home. (go)
Rule-56
as soon as Øviv †Kvb complex sentence Avi¤¢ n‡j sentence wUi Dfq clauseB Past indefinite ev Simple past tense nq| †hgbt

* As soon as I (think) about her, she (call) me. (thought, called)

Rule-57 No sooner Í- than, Scarcely Í when, Hardly Í when / before) cÖf„wZ correlative Øviv hy³ ev‡K¨ than, when, before Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ
Past perfect tense c‡i Past indefinite tense e‡m| No sooner, Scarcely, hardly cÖf„wZ ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g e‡m Ges c‡i had + subject + verb Gi
Past participle form e‡m| †hgbt

(a) No sooner Della (see) it than she (buy) it. (seen, bought)
(b) Hardly had he (reach) school when the bell (ring). (reached, rang)
58. Singular Collective Noun Gi mv‡_ Plural modification hy³ n‡jI Collective Noun wU Singular B _v‡K Ges Singular verb MÖnb K‡i| †hgb-
(a) Here (be) a bunch of keys. (is)
(b) The bunch of keys (belong) to Mrs Rashida. (belongs)
(c) All on a sudden, there (come) down a flock of birds. (comes)
(d) The flock of birds (look) so beautiful. (looks)

********