IAMSAR Manual INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND MARITIME SEARCH AND RESCUE MANUAL Volume III MOBILE FACILITIES IMO IMO/ICAO, London/Montreal, 1998 ( Foreword ‘The primary purpose of the thee volumes of the Intemational ‘Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual to assist States in meeting theie own search and rescue (SAR) needs, and. the obligations they accepted under the Convention on Intemational Ci Avation, the Intemational Convention on Matiime Search and Rescue, snd the International Convention forthe Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) ‘These volumes proside guidelines or 2 common aviation and mariime approach to organizing and. providing SAR services, States are fencouraged to develop and improve thee SAR sewices, co-operate ‘with neighbouring States, and to consider their SAR services to be part (of a global SAR system Each JAMSAR Manual volume is writen with speci SAR system dies in mind, and can be used asa standalone document, or, in conjunction withthe other two volumes, asa means to aan a full view ofthe SAR systom ' The Organization ane! Management volume (volume I) dscusses the lobal SAR system concept, establishment and improvement of ational and regional SAR s¥stems, and co-operation wth neighbour ing Slates to provide effective and economical SAR services * The Mission Coordination volume (volume i assists personnel who plan and co-ordinate SAR operations and exercises; and 1 The Mobile Facies volume (volume Il} s intended to be catred aboard rescue unit, arr, and vessels to help with performance of 2 search, rescue, or nnscene co-ordinator function, andl with aspects OF SAR that pertain fo their own emergencies, This Manual is published jointly by the International Chil Aviation Organization and the International Martine Organization,Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms. Glossary Section 1: Overview. Section 2: Rendering Assistance Section 3: On Scene Co-ordination Section 4: On-Board Emergencies. Appendices ‘Appendix A: Regulation V/10 ofthe Intemational Convention for the Saety of Lite at Sea, 1974, Appendix B: Search Acton Message. Appendix C: Factors Affecting Observer Efectiveness, Appendix D:_ Standard format fr Search and Rescue Stuation Report (STREP) Appendix E: SAR Brien and Debriefing Form 2 uM 4 at Ba a 4 et Abbreviations and Acronyms A NC Aco. aM AMVER atc ATS ces cir crs, cis cs csc csp oF poe. pe psc eur PIRB. ETA NW ™M f ces, search atea aircraft aiteralt co-ordinator amplitude modulation Automated Mutuatassitance Vessel Rescue ait wate contol ali ae services coast eath station {Gente Internazionale RadoMedico ‘coast ado station callsign ‘creeping ine seatch _ecceping line search, couudinated be prepared to provide inital medical treatment '* Fora fice or extremely heavy weather, oF where i fs impossible for the rescue ship to come alengside, then 2 feboat or lierat may be towed to 2 closer positon ‘= In heavy weather, the use of oil for reducing the effect of the sea shoul! be consideced 1 experience has shown that vegetable os and animal ol, incluing tis ols are most suitable for quelling waves lubricating ois may be used 1 flo should not be used, except asa last resort, 35 its harmful to persons in the water ) lubricating oli less harmful and tests have shown that 200 fires dlscharged slowly through a rubber hose with an outlet just above the sea, while the ship proceeds at slow speed, can effectively ‘quell a sea area of some 5,000 square metres 1 in heavy weather, a ship witha low freeboard may be better suited to effect rescue, ‘A boarding siaton may be rigged by mooring a Heraft alongside ‘tis paticulay useful when lifeboats are used 1 survivors can be quickly unloaded into the boarding station, releasing the boat for another tip. The direction of approach to the dstessed craft (or survivors} wil ‘depend upon circumstances, sone emergencies, such asa ship on fie, may have to be fpproached from windward and > others, such as eras, rom leeward, 1 the two key factors are = whether a leeside protection is necessary during the rescue ‘operation and the comparative rates of et of the distressed craft and the rescuing ship. 1 time permits, assess the relative rates of dit. 1 this precaution may preven sevious mishaps during the rescue ‘operations aaSection 2 - Rendering Assistance 1 in genera, survivors in the water are best approached frm the leeward side, © 1 practicable, arrange for injured personnel requitng the attention of medical officer to be transferred o a ship carrying ane. Ocean incident 1 if there i no ship available with a medical acer onboard, the rescue facility should request the OSC, i assigned, or the SMC to Conse vansmting an urgency mesa equesing sich 3 sip 2 i necessary, a CRS may be contacted for ship porting systems information on the avalbility of ships with a medical oficer. Coastal incident © the SMC should arrange for medical assistance to be sent rom shore 1 the local CRS may act as an intermedia. 1 Assistance to Ditching Aircraft 1 -Acraft usualy sik quickly, within minutes. Vessel wil often be the reseve tacit 1 When an aircraft decides to dich in the vicinity of a ship, the ship shoul transmit homing bearings tothe sirrat transmit signals enabling the aieratt 10 take is own beatings by day, make black smoke: 1 by night ect a searchlight vertically and turn om all eck Highs (are must be taken NOT to diect a searchlight towards the ira which may adversely affect the o's vision). ' A ship which knows that an accra intends to ltch should prepare 1o give the plo the oloing information: wind direction and force, 1 direction, height, and length of primary and secondary swell current state of the sea, current state ofthe weather, 1 The pilot of an arrat wil choose his own etching healing 2ae ‘Section 2 ~ Rendering Assistance © IF this & known bby the ship, it should set course parallel to the sliching heading © Otherwise, the ship should set course parallel t0 the main swell stem and into the wind component as shown in the figure below: Rescue by Aircraft 1 Sighting and Subsequent Procedures {© When the search object has been located, the search facty shoul thea in mind that the resee of suvivors may be even mote dificult and hzardous than the search ‘© licate to survivors that they have bee following methods: 1 flashing a signaling lamp or searchlight; oF fring two, preferably green, signal Maes 2 few seconds apar. 1 The pilot may be able to fy low over the search object with landing Fights on or rocking the wings. sighted by any one ofthe 1 unable to effect an immediate rescues ‘consider dropping communication and survival equipment 1 keep the dstess scene i sight 1 thoroughly survey the seene and accurately pt is locationSection 2 - Rendering Assistance mark it with a dye mathe, smoke float, or Boating radio beacons report the sighting tothe SMC, stating as far as possible: = ime of sighting - time zone to be specified = postion ofthe search abject © description of the distros scene = number of sighted survivors and their apparent condiion| ~ apparent condiion of distressed craft Supplies and survival equipment requited by survivors (ey ‘general Supply of water should take priority over that of food) = all messages, including radio transmissions, received from ~ weather and, i applicable, sea conditions type and location of nearby suttace craft ~ action taken or assistance akeady phen and future actions required ~ remaining fel and onscene endurance of search craft making the report and ~ apparent risks involved inthe cescue, including hazardous material The pilot should endeavour to: establish the location ofswetches of and or water suitable fr use by aircraft pararescuers, or paramedics oF the best route for use by land party 1 cect rescue facility and other craft ta the distress scene 1 take photographs ofthe dstessed craft rom normal search heights and dictions, rom a lw level and fram an ale, aking jn prominent lamar, poseble 10 remain at scene until releved by the SMC oF another rescue facity, forced to return to base, or rescue has been elected, 1 Fixed.Wing Aircraft '© May drop equipment to survivors andl deect resee faites. They can mark the postion, so long as they can 1 remain onscene, by serving asa radio and radar beacon 1 show fights 1 drop ares and 1 prove raio signals for DF and homing by oer rescue facts Section 2 - Rendering Assistance 1 Helicopters © Can be used 10 reseue sunivors by winching or by landing on a Stile platform or vessel as eiscussed earlier inthis Section. 1 Water landings are ao possible by using amphibious helicoptes 1 ue to their versatility, helicopters should be used whenever pos sible, 1 They ate suitable for rescues in heavy seas or in locations where surface aces are unable To operate 1 Scaplanes and Amphibians '¢ Under favourable conditions, these itcraft can be used for rescue ‘operations in inland! seas, large lakes, bays, or coastal areas. © Openses operations should only be contemplate ith ampibians and seaplanes designed for that purpose. Rescue by Land Facilites 1 The duties of a land facty at a distress scene include: 1 giving inal medical treatment 5 collecting and presersing medical and technical data for investigatory purposes 1 making a preliminary examination of the wreckage 1 reporting to the SMC, and 1 evacuating survivors by whatever means are avaiable 1 Airralt crash sites have special requicements for military aircraft, extrome care shoul be taken to avoid hazardous materials or tagering the ejection seat the activating handles are normally coloured red or vellow-anclack) © do not elsturb aitcraft wreckage except to assis in recovery of 1 excent for compelling reasons, bodies or human remains should not be moved without authorization fom the SMC. Care of Survivors 1 Immediate Care of Survivors Altera rescue, survivors may require hospital teatment. 1 They must be deivered toa place of safety as quickly as posible 2asSection 2 - Rendering Assistance Section 2 ~ Rendering Assistance 1 The SME should he advised if ambulances are needed ( (= Debriefing of Survivors ‘+ SAR personel should be alert and ensure tha er escue, survivors * Survivors should be questioned about the distressed cralt as s000 a8 are not to be left alone, parla injured or showing sans of possible. Their input may be able to further assist in the SAR Physical or mental exhaustion Speaton, fture SAR operations, or the prevention of incidents in theatre. The riomaton shoudl be reayed tote SMe «en suns ave dvr to a host the person in hare of - the devrng chy shou pe eration om al tal mica Questions atk ince he followin: treatment gen ote sunivre > What asthe ime and date ofthe indent? ‘© Sunivor infomation should include: 1 Did you bail out or was the sizcratt ditched? 1 how the injury occured the history of the most serious injury may sve valuable insight ino the nate and exten of ren which may not be ntced © What flotation gear had they? otherse 1 What was the total umber of persons aboard the aca prior to past medial history the accident chides previous surgery 12 What caused the emergency? ~ congenial defects 5 What wa he oa number af persons on board the vessel? = ese, lenges 15 What as the last known poston? medication taken 10 Were any ofthe persons able to leave by Meat or rat 1 esas ofa il secondary assessment, inching 1 Hw long asthe suv inthe wate? = ia sens 1 Were search craft seen before the sunvor were located and if = other sans ( ( Zo, what were the dates and ines of the sightings! = sympioms 1 Were any signals or devies used tot to atact the attention of 1 eaten en Search raft io, what were they and when were They used? paricully morphine ad similar narcotic dogs + Surivots shoul ako be questioned about thie medica history ~ amounts aa ines administered Pg ee 1 times when touriques, spins, or compres handages were 1 heart trouble phe © diabetes 1 for stretcher cases, this information should be noted al placed 1 eplepsy 2 walerproo’ pouch and securely attached to the sunivoe : 1 oneltons from which they may sur 1 This information should be noted, together with any. medical atlention give, for future attending physicians 1 medical recouls pertaining othe survivor should be delivered to ( the hospal as soon as possible 26 aa‘Section 2 ~ Rendering Assistance 1 Questioning survivors has many purposes. © to ensure that all survivors are rescued 12 to attend tothe physical welfae ofeach survivor {tw obtain information which may assist and improve SAR services, Care must be taken to avoid worsening a suvvor’s condition by excessive interrogation, © lithe survivors frightencdl or excited, the questioner should assess these statements careful Note: Questions should be asked ia a calm voice and the questioner should avoid suggesting answers to the sumvvar. Explain that he information requied s fr the success ofthe SAR operation an may be of great value Tor future SAR operations Handling of Deceased Persons ‘Searching for and recovering bodies snot normaly considered to be part of SAR operations. However, handling of human remains may at times be necessary ‘© Human remains at an aitcraft crash ste should not be disturbed or removed without authorzaion fam the SMC except fr compeling © Without exposing rescuers to danger, an attempt should be made to identify deceased persons. lates removed from or found nea each body must he kept separate, preferaly in a container 30 labeled thatitean be correlate later with the body. ll these articles ‘should be handed over to the proper authority a8 soon as posse, ‘When human remains ae recovered during a SAR operation, oF ‘when a death occurs on board a SAR facity, a waybil should be ‘nade out for each deceased person. It should contain the fall name an age ofthe deceased ir known), as well a the place, date ie, and cause of death (if posible). Ths wayhil should! he made out in the national anguage ofthe SAR facility and, wherever possible, in Englsh 28 Section 2 - Rendering Assistance (& Considerations fr the tansport of human rem inde: ‘on vessels, body bags or sacoth for human remains should be faried [human remains are kept on board for any length of time, they should be properly wrapped and putin a suitable place fn the vessel) SAR aitcraft do not normally transport human remains (However, SAR aircraft may have to cary human remains ifm other means are ready avaiable.) 1 immediately after return ta base specified by the RCC, the remains must be handed over tothe appropriate authorities, ( Accompanied by the waybil 1p fits known oF suspected that a deceased person had an infectious disease, al material and objects which have been in tdiect contact sith the deceased person must be cleaned and tsietected or destroyed. Cana wth he Media Se rt a al on ee Se a a aacoy he topmrbiay ol Fecieranierd «Toman ray be atrg nen he onc tr hse Sr erase wrtcts tka seteponon sald (Meare coal cla ore od as | 2 personal judgement or demeaning norman othe cea re nating she pthread a dete apron coco he SAR opto pee cea aie i fey Sree pce aan o aecinersa aerate a er caeSection tendering Asstance 1 Biving the name ofthe operator ofthe wwner ofthe atral ship, brother erat before they have been informed 1 revealing names of persons who have given information related to the case Other Assistance 1 SAR faces may be required to pesform operations other than Search and rescue, which i pot cared out could result in a SAR incident Assist a craft that sina serious or potently serious situation ad in danger of becoming a SAR incident, such a 3 = collision at sea ~ loss of propulsion = fe = grounding ~ vessel aking on water ~ lnsufcent remaining fue Provide medial assistance. ‘Alert appropeate authorities of unful acts being commited against an acral oF vessel cate attack ~ hiiacking atempt 1 Assis after the vessel or atcraft has been abandoned to minimize future hazards Intercept and Escort Service = General © The purpose ofthis service i to minimize day in reaching the scene (of adsiess and to eiminate a lengthy search for survivors, Escort service for both aircraft and vessels wil normally be provided 0 the nearest adequate aerodrome or nearest safe haven, 240 ( MSCICire. 1068 ANNEX AMENDMENTS TO THE IAMSAR MANUAL SECTION | Volume 111 ~ Media Relations 5 : : f s Z ies, seagch rationale or sensitive matersto te appropriate RCC andlor ‘The rescue facility spokesperson should refer any request for personal opinions, comments con deparmental po higher authony."SETROMSC\LO$4. Gog Section 2 ~ Rendering Assistance ‘= otercent procedures apply to both vessels and arrat. However, the higher rate of speed of aircraft often requires a more rapid cakulation of the intercept couse and speed «The following assistance can be prosed by an escomt: » provide moral support to the persons on board the distressed crat 5 assume the navigation and communication funetions ofthe tdsiessed cra, thereby permting its eew to concentrate on ‘coping with the emergency visually inspecting the exterior ofthe distressed craft 1 advise on procedures fr: = ditching an airrait = abandoning a vessel ~ beaching a vessel © provide illumination during 2S irerat ching = vessel abandonment 1 asst in the approach procedure at he destination 1 revision of emergency and survival equipment, catied by the fescor faclty and 1 direct reseue facilis tthe distress scene ‘The SMC may alect SAR facltes capable of providing an escort faci, and dgpatch an escort facility when appropriate Aircraft intercepts ‘© When visual contact has been made, the intercepting acai will normaly take up a positon slighty above, bebind and tothe let of the distessed craft = Direct Intercepts © Tivee types of direct intercept are possible. They are the heac-on, ‘overtaking, and offet or bear-on intercepts. Foe diect intercept, it i usually assumed thatthe SAR Tacity’s speed is preater than that of the dates craft 24Section 2 ~ Rendering Assistance © A lstesse aircraft should not be asked to change is heading fora ‘ect intercept unless the aerate Bis lost requires minor heading changes to corect for navigation ere 5 is in imminent danger and cannot reach safety The beacon direc intrcpt solton: plo the taneous pon of SAR and tesa the SAR arate a ecocal tack otal bang own by the disvessed ora © compe the dance between the dmlaneous postion pos and the rate of closure : a © divide the distance separating the two arcrat by rate of closure to termine the time of interception (Or (graphical sli: Plot the eative postions ofboth the distressed craft (A) andthe intercepting SAR fact (8) for that time a which the intercepting SAR acy is ready to proceed 1 join the two postions with a line (AB) layoff ane at 90° to the distressed crafts course made good and project ita easonahie distance (AC) 1 along ths ine, measure of the distance it wil cover in one hour, iased on the speed iis making good, and mark the postion vith anx Lay off a line a 90° tothe intercepting SAR faity’s course made ‘00d on the opposite side of AB an project ta reasonable ddstance (8D) © along this ine, measure off the distance the intercepting SAR faclity will cover in one hour, based on the speed can make 000 along. its intended course, and mark the poston witha Y 5 Join the postions X and ¥ with ne, Where it cus the course ine 5 the intercept postion, P {0 find the time for this intercept, measure the dlstance fom the inal positon of eth erat tothe postion of intercept an divide this estance by the speed ofthe chosen cat ( Section 2 ~ Rendering Assistance Speed 12 knots "rack 260° Speed 8 knots “Track 080" and/8.25NM apart at 0900 Hoad.on method The overtaking direct intercent solution: 1 plot the simultaneous postion of SAR facility and distressed craft 1 the SAR facty moves along the same tack to that of the distressed cra ‘compute the distance between the simultaneous postion plots fnd the rate of closure 1 divide the cstance separating the wo craft by rate of closure to Udotermine the time of interception (Or (arapbical solution): 1 plot the relative positions of both the dstessed erat (A) and the Intercepting rat (8) for that time at which the intercepting SAR facility ready to proceed 5 join the two postions with a line and project ita reasonable tdstance (BC). This line fs the course made good of both craft lay off aline at 90° to the intercepting SAR facit’s course and project ia reasonable distance (BD) tong this line, measure off the distance the inercepting SAR. faclty will cover none hour, based on the speed it can make ‘good along intended course, anel mark the postion wth an X © lay off ane at 90° tothe distressed craft's course and project ita reasonable dstance (AE] on the same side as BD