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System Curves PDF
System Curves PDF
SYSTEM CURVES
by Steve Wilson
WHITE PAPER
250
200
150
TDH (ft.)
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Gallons per Minute (gpm)
Now that we have two given points plotted, we We can now fill out a simple table to express
need to plot how the fluid and system behave at at least three (3) other points on the curve. The
other points as they flow through the piping. flows used can be completely arbitrary (we are
plotting a curve) or may be expected alternate
PLOTTING THE FRICTION LOSS PORTION points of operation. The results will be the same.
OF THE SYSTEM CURVE One of the three points should also be a point
beyond the design point, or the curve plot will
Both D’Arcy or Hazen Williams may be used to
end at design (Table 1).
plotting the other points. Arbitrary flows can
be selected and their corresponding heads then It becomes easy to calculate the heads at those
calculated. However, this is cumbersome and alternate flows, as shown in Table 2. Remember
seldom necessary. that the independent head must be subtracted
from the design head prior to the calculation
Since friction coefficients, roughness of pipe,
and then added back in. These points can then
etc., have already been used in determining the
be plotted on the curve as illustrated in Figure 3.
design point, they do not have to be used again.
From there, it’s just a matter of connecting the
Eliminating them from Hazen Williams would
dots (Figure 4).
yield the result that head changes to the 1.85
power of a change in flow.
But this is also not accurate. Profiles of flow in GPM TDH
the piping and other factors must be taken into
account, and it is commonly acceptable to state 1000 110 Design
that head will change as the square of a change 0 10 No Flow
in flow: 1500 (1.5 x Design)
(H1/H2 ) = (Q1 /Q2 ) 2
500 (.5 x Design)
750 (.75 x Design)
This is the formula for calculating the friction loss
portion of a system curve. Table 1. Alternate Flows
Now that we have a system curve plotted, then will operate along its curve at the intersection
what? One of the fundamental rules of pump with the real system curve (Figure 6). As illustrat-
performance is that at any given speed and ed in Figure 6, the flow is greater than predicted,
impeller diameter, a pump will perform along its the head lower (reflected by pressure guages,
characteristic curve from shutoff to run-out, but and the power requirement would no doubt be
only at the intersection of the pump curve and higher than planned.
system curve. This point is illustrated in Figure 5. Also of note is that “partial loading” of a system
Given the facts presented earlier in the paper, we through either sequencing pumps on and off or
can conclude that numerous factors may cause via the use of Variable Speed Drives (VSD) will
the system curve to be different than proposed. impact the point of operation. Increasing or de-
Those factors include creasing the number of stages of impellers in the
• differences or changes in suction head, series also has an impact.
• reduced or increased friction as a result of In all of these cases, the system curve will remain
piping “C” factor, constant (with the exception of those deviations
already noted and assuming the system curve is
• the friction coefficient changes deviations from not changed through the opening and closing of
that expected, valves, diverting fluid, etc.), but the pump curve
• changes in losses resulting from differences in will change. Therefore, the point of operation
equipment, and will change to the point of a new intersection
between the pump and the system curves.
• safety factors.
We may end up with an actual system curve that
is different to the predicted one, and the pump
CONCLUSION
Since a pump is only one component in the
system, it’s important to understand and predict
how the two relate to each other. While many
manufacturers now have software programs to
assist in those predictions, understanding the ba-
sics is valuable in the case where access to such
programs is not available and knowing those fac-
tors which must go into the calculations.
With this understanding, we are better prepared
to ensure the most proper intersection between
the pump and system curves. Understanding sys-
tem curves is key in properly evaluating energy
savings in most pump selections as well as in
pump maintenance, repair, and replacement in
order to assure that duplications of poor selec-
tions are not arbitrarily made.