aTM LINTVERSITY GwabioR+mP- ZyDIA SUBSECT — PATHOLOGY TOPIC > vrnnocment OF ATHEROSCLERDSSS —_—*- ANNGEMENT OF ATHEROSCLERDS Sviowirtted wo: Submitted by + Me. Ravindra Singh jadon Mossaibs mabtag, Ainiea® tutor BSNHINSI4037. oo _— SONS oad Sem =ATHEROSCLEROSIS Atvercsetercsis is an abonermat aceumtation of the pid on fatty substances and filrevs tissve in yerse® wake, Trese deposits, cated atheremas or plaques, protaude inte the Suomen of the vesse®, narrowing it and cbataveting or reducing eed glow +e the wyecardivm Tre Ying of the artery and artericte watts become thickened and hardened and Rese ekasticity. Aateriosctercsis 1s referred te as hardening of the arteries, Athercsctenosis, a type of arteriosclerosis, is the foamation of plaque within the arterial war. Aaterioscteresis and athercscleresis are conditions that deveep over a Rong period. Aateriosckercais and atherosctenssis umay ccerr together, RISK FACTORS 1 High Weed chetesterc® Lever 1, Cigarette symeking, tebacee vse, 3. Hypeatension, 4 Diabetes meXti-tus. w + Prysica® inactivity. b. Ovesity. 2, Stress and Type A porsonatity % ERevated servi hemecys-teine. a Laek of estregen in ween| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS I. Inadequate wood auppty to beart wuscte cots, L, Chest pain 3, Inadequate eardiae eotpoe 4 Olaphoresis 5. Dyspnea b. Changes on the eleetascardiogram 2, High Revers of cardiae emeyme &, Oysebythwnias a, Angina peetoris, myreardia® infarction or congestive heart gaittae to. Sudden cardiac death OZAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION Compete medica bistory and prysica® examination L. Eeetsecardicgram An ECG records electrical signa®s as they trave® through heart. 3, An ECG can often reveat evidence of a previovrs leant attack on one that's in progress, Tf signs and symptoms eceun meat often during exercise, deeter may ask to walk on a trcadmi&® on aide a stationary bike during an ECG, 4 Blood tests: Lab tests can detect increased Revels of chotesterc®, eed sugar and ether substances that may merease the risk of athercsclerosis, 5. Doppler traseund: Deeton may use a specia® Utrasound device te measure bood pressure at various points a®eng arm er eg, These measurements caniekp deeton gauge the deqree of any bockages, as wR as the speed ef Leod Sow in arteries. &. Anite-vaachia® index: Oeetor may compare the Wood pressure in ane with the wood pressure in arm Tris 1 known as the ank&e-brachia® index, An abnerma difference may indicate peripheral vasertar disease, which 1% vdvary caused by athesrescke reais, 2, Angieqram To vetter view peed stew thacugh heart, doctor may inject a specia® dye inte arteries before a chest Kray, This is knewn as an angiegram The dye cuttines narrow pets and veeckages on the K-aay iwnage.s. & Other imaging testa: Doctor may vse rtraseond, CT Bean on magnetic resonance angiogram MRA) +e study arteries, These tests can often show hardening and naraewing of Paage arteries, as wek® as anevagems and carelumn deposits in the artery walls, a, Exercise. thation test: Foa the test, radieactive thattiun 18 injeeted inte the boodstream and pictures are taken with a seaming camera, The test revears lew adequate the veod flow is through the coronary arteries of the heart. Test reatts show that the Wood Plow to the heart muscle is either norma, Ywmited, on wecked.4+ MEOICAL MANAGEMENT Nen-prarmacetogic Interventions A. Modification of Risk Factors 1 Step smexing 1A healthy diet Cow in chetesterst and fat 3 Physica® exercise B. Oxygen Administration Ongen therapy is usvatty witiated at the onset of chest pain in an attempt te inerease the ameunt of oxygen detivered te the myecardiom and te decrease pain Prarmacedesic Interventions L Nitaates - Nitaogyeerin 1, Betaecrers auch as proprancted, me-toproree and atencteR 3, Angietensin-convercting enayme 'ACE! inhibitors 4 Cateiun channe® veeckers such as awtodipine, verapami®, and dietiasem 5. Antiglatetet and Anticeagtant Medications aveh as Asginin, TieRopidine and Heparin b. Chetestere® Rowering agents seh as statins. a Other medications: Doctor may sugest ceatain wedications te contael apocigie risk factors for atheroseterosis, such as diabetes. Sometimes medications to treat symptoms of atherosclerosis, such as Reg pain during exercise, are prescribed,SURGICAL MANAGEMENT © Conenary angioprasty 2. Coronary artery bypass surgery 3, Atheseetemy 4 Corenary stent 5. Surgica® Revarertarization of affected artery a. EmbeRectemy - Removal of wood kot Grom artery wv Trarembeetomy - Remover of thsrembus foam the artery &. Endarterectomy - Remova® of atherosclerotic Pragve Jaren the arteryT hon Yo du