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2015-09-14 Damage Defects PDF
2015-09-14 Damage Defects PDF
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
2
Course outline
Deterioration Chemical
Initiating Physical
Process Biological
Cracking
Scaling Visible
Spalling
Popouts Damage
Delamination
etc.
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
3
Outlines
• Concrete Defects and Damage
– Load-induced Defects
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Concrete Defects and Damage
https://www.concreterepairsite.co.uk/DamageNProblems.html
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Concrete Damage due to Reinforcement Corrosion
https://www.concreterepairsite.co.uk/DamageNProblems.html
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Recognizing defects and probable causes
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44562/State_Study_169_-
_Diagnostic_Evaluation_and_Repair_of_Deteriorated_Concrete_Bridges.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
7
Typical times of appearance of defects
Continue …….
http://www.nachi.org/visual-inspection-concrete.htm
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
8
Typical times of appearance of defects
http://www.nachi.org/visual-inspection-concrete.htm
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
9
Common causes of cracking in concrete structures
Types of cracks
Freeze-thaw cycling
Premature freezing
Plastic settlement
Design/subgrade
Drying shrinkage
Thermal change
Plastic shrinkage
Steel corrosion
Scaling, crazing
load/overload
AAR/ASR/DEF
Autonomous
Framework
movement
movement
shrinkage
Subgrade
Fatigue
Design
Creep
Control of Cracking in Concrete: State of the Art
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec107.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Intrinsic cracks in hypothetical structure
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Crack sizes
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Construction defects
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44562/State_Study_169_-
_Diagnostic_Evaluation_and_Repair_of_Deteriorated_Concrete_Bridges.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
14
Construction defects
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44562/State_Study_169_-
_Diagnostic_Evaluation_and_Repair_of_Deteriorated_Concrete_Bridges.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
15
Construction defects
Definition:
• Defects in concrete structures can be
due to poor construction practices i.e.
poor construction quality control at site
or due to poor structural design and
detailing.
• After construction at site, the common
types of defects in concrete structures
are:
– Honeycombing and rock pockets,
– form failure or misalignment of
formwork,
– dimensional errors,
– rock pockets and finishing errors.
http://theconstructor.org/concrete/construction-defects-in-concrete-structures/8472/
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
16
Plastic Shrinkage
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
17
Plastic Settlement
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
18
Autogenous Shrinkage
http://www.nachi.org/visual-inspection-concrete.htm
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
19
Crazing
Definition:
• Pattern cracking, also called map
cracking and craze cracking, appears
as a network of random cracking on the
concrete’s surface.
• The cracking is usually shallow (less
than 3 mm deep) and not a structural
issue.
• It’s seldom a durability problem but
more of a cosmetic one.
• The area enclosed by pattern cracking
may be anywhere from 1.25 cm to 20 Crazing cracks caused by premature
cm across. drying
http://www.nachi.org/visual-inspection-concrete.htm
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
20
Crazing
http://www.nachi.org/visual-inspection-concrete.htm
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
21
Drying Shrinkage
http://www.nachi.org/visual-inspection-concrete.htm
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
22
Cracking examples
http://www.nrmca.org/aboutconcrete/cips/04p.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Load-induced Defects
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Structural cracks
Structural cracks
– are caused by both dead and live
load stresses, which can lead to
eventual failure of the structure.
– Flexure structural cracks are
vertical and begin in areas of
maximum tension or moment. Flexure structural cracks
– Shear structural cracks are
diagonal and are usually found in
the web of a member. They may
begin at the bottom and move
diagonally toward the center of the
member.
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44562/State_Study_169_-
_Diagnostic_Evaluation_and_Repair_of_Deteriorated_Concrete_Bridges.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
25
Structural cracks
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Fatigue
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Defects related
environmental factors and
material properties
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Weathering
http://www.concreteconstruction.net/Images/Weathering%20of%20
Concrete_tcm45-342061.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
29
Mold and moisture damage
• http://www.epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldguide.pdf
• http://www.epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldremediation.pdf
• http://www.nj.gov/health/eohap/mold/documents/mold
_guidelines.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
30
Mold and moisture damage
• Some molds may appear circular in • Molds may grow unnoticed, above
growth while others may grow and ceilings, behind walls, in attics and
spread to cover an area. basements or in crawl spaces.
• Molds may appear brown, yellow, • Molds can cause staining of walls and
green or black in color. ceilings and can begin to break down the
studs and joists of buildings causing
• The appearance depends on the extensive property damage.
species of mold present.
• Excessive moisture is a key ingredient
Understanding Molds which causes molds to grow.
• Even though molds are everywhere, • Sources of excess moisture may be
they may become a problem when plumbing leaks, leaking roofs or windows,
they begin to grow inside homes and high humidity, flooding, or condensation
buildings. inside walls due to poor insulation.
• http://www.epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldguide.pdf
• http://www.epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldremediation.pdf
• http://www.nj.gov/health/eohap/mold/documents/mold
_guidelines.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
31
Mold and moisture damage
• http://www.epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldguide.pdf
• http://www.epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldremediation.pdf
• http://www.nj.gov/health/eohap/mold/documents/mold
_guidelines.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
32
Mold and moisture damage
• http://www.epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldguide.pdf
• http://www.epa.gov/mold/pdfs/moldremediation.pdf
• http://www.nj.gov/health/eohap/mold/documents/mold
_guidelines.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
33
Thermal expansion
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44562/State_Study_169_-
_Diagnostic_Evaluation_and_Repair_of_Deteriorated_Concrete_Bridges.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
34
Scaling
http://www.armca.ca/uploads/files/Tech%20Tips/CTT2-Scaling%20Concrete%20Surfaces.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
35
Scaling
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Popouts
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Delamination
Definition:
• Delamination is the separating of
concrete layers at or near the
outermost layer of reinforcing steel.
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44562/State_Study_169_-
_Diagnostic_Evaluation_and_Repair_of_Deteriorated_Concrete_Bridges.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
38
Spalling
Definition:
• Spalling is a deep surface defect, often
appearing as circular or oval
depressions on surfaces or as
elongated cavities along joints.
• Spalls may be 25 mm or more in depth
and 150 mm or more in diameter,
although smaller spalls also occur.
• http://www.sydneyengineers.com/articles/66-concrete-spalling
• http://www.cement.org/docs/default-source/fc_concrete_technology/durability/is177-
concrete-slab-surface-defects-causes-prevention-repair.pdf?sfvrsn=4
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
39
Efflorescence
Definition:
• Efflorescence is a crystaline deposit on Brick
surfaces of masonry, stucco or
Efflorescence
concrete. It is whitish in appearance,
and is sometimes referred to as
"whiskers".
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44500/44562/State_Study_169_-
_Diagnostic_Evaluation_and_Repair_of_Deteriorated_Concrete_Bridges.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
40
Steel Corrosion
http://www.nachi.org/visual-inspection-concrete.htm
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
41
Other defects
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
42
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
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Delayed ettringite formation (DEF)
http://www.whd.co.uk/Concrete/concretebysem.html
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
44
Other damage: Fire damage
http://www.buildsmartercolorado.org/documents/Evaluating%20Fire%20
Damage%20to%20Concrete%20Structures_tcm45-343618.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
45
Other damage: Fire damage
http://www.brandforsk.se/MediaBinaryLoader.axd?MediaArchive_FileID=43f89b58-b5fa-45ae-
a60f-56ba9b14d57b&FileName=BF_306_071_Rapport.pdf&MediaArchive_ForceDownload=true
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
46
Possible Sources and Effects of Masonry Distress
http://www.gobrick.com/portals/25/docs/technical%20notes/tn46.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
47
Possible Sources and Effects of Masonry Distress
Masonry
– Cracked Units
– Loose Units
Cracking
– Spalled Units
modes
– Hairline Cracks in Mortar
– Deteriorated Mortar Joints
– Missing or Clogged Weeps
– Plant Growth
– Deteriorated/Torn Sealants
– Out-of-Plumb
– Efflorescence
– Stains
– Water Penetration
http://www.gobrick.com/portals/25/docs/technical%20notes/tn46.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
48
Brick Efflorescence
http://www.masonryworktools.com/brickefflorescence.html
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
49
Eroded Mortar Joint
Probable Causes:
• Erosion due to wind or frost cycles.
• Disaggregating of lime component of
the binder.
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
50
Classification of the defects in wall renderings
Colour
Carbonation Scratches / grooves
change/discolouration
http://ijce.iust.ac.ir/files/site1/user_files_6k93w6/eng/jorgedebrito-A-10-1399-1-8b1ef1b.pdf
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
51
Examples of rendering defects
Efflorescence to Corrosion stains Adherence
wall rendering coming through loss/detachment
painted render
Render cracking
Moisture
problems
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
52
Examples of rendering defects
Cohesion
loss/crumbling Map cracking
Render cracking
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015
53
Summary
Rak-43.3301 Repair Methods of Structures I (4 cr), Fahim Al-Neshawy & Esko Sistonen, Autumn 2015