Juan García Menéndez

The work of Emmy Noether was very important for the development of science physics. She discovered the link
among symmetries and conservation laws. This fact is very useful to solve a lot of problems.

So we have an idea of what symmetries are. Some examples are:

- The Canadian flag has a vertical axis of symmetry

- The British flag has various axis of symmetry along the red bands
- The Japanese flag has infinite axis of symmetry because you can turn it and get the same picture

Some situations in which we find magnitudes conserved and symmetries are:

- In Pendulum oscillating in vacuum there is a time translation symmetry and the energy is conserved. This
is in this way because we can’t differentiate an oscillation from others.
- We can see birds on a wire and birds on the ground at the same situation: they don’t get fried. The reason
is there are infinite potentials for an electric and magnetic field.
- Gauge symmetry keeps the charge in electroweak interactions.

The laws of physics don’t depend on the direction at you are pointing so physics laws are rotational symmetric. It
is consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. This can be watched when ice skaters pull their arms
and speed up their spin. In the solar system a consequence of the angular momentum is that the speed of the
planets is faster near the Sun.

In Cambridge women could study from about the mid-19th century but they were not awarded degrees until
1948. She didn’t get paid because probably hadn’t thought about women being professors and teaching. She
changed the world and change for the better and for all of us.