ANTIBIOTIC MAJOR

CLASSES
(Summary)

June V. Sams
 I. AMINOGLYCOSIDES
DRUG NAMES PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS Gentamicin
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
• These are a group of • amikacin (Amikin) Aminoglycerides are • Poorly absorbed in the GI Contraindicated with: Indications:
Treatment of serious
powerful antibiotics • gentamicin (generic) bactericidal. tract but rapidly absorbed • Known Allergies to the
infections caused by
used to treat serious • neomycin They inhibit protein after IM injections, reaching drug susceptible bacteria
infections caused by (Mycifradin) synthesis in the peak within an hour. • Renal or Hepatic
Actions:
Gram-negative • streptomycin susceptible strains of • These drugs have an average Disease Inhibits protein synthesis
in susceptible strains of
aerobic bacilli. (generic) gram-negative 𝑇1/2 of 2-3h. • Preexisting Hearing Loss gram-negative bacteria,
• Most of these drugs • tobramycin (TOBI, bacteria. • Active infection with disrupting functional
integrity of the cell
have potentially TobrexOpthalmic) Available drug forms for: Herpes or membrane and causing
serious adverse • Amikacin: Short-term IM or IV Mycobacterial cell death.
effects. use Infections Pharmacokinetics
• Gentamicin: Ophthalmic, • Myasthenia Gravis or Route Onset Peak
IM, IV Rapid 30-90
Topical, IV, IM Parkinsonism min
• Neomycin: Topical and Oral
𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 2-3h ; metabolized
• Tobramycin: Short-term IM or in the liver and excreted in
IV Treatment the urine.

Adverse Effects: Sinusitis,

dizziness, rash, fever, risk
of nephrotoxity
II. CARBAPENEMS
GENERAL Description DRUG NAMES PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS Ertapenem
CARBAPENEMS
• These are a relatively • doripenem Carbapenems are • Rapidly absorbed if given IM Contraindicated with: Indications:
Treatment of community-
new class of broad- (Doribax) Bactericidals. and reach peak levels at the • Known allergies to the acquired pneumonia,
spectrum antibiotics • They inhibit cell end of the infusion if given IV. drug or to beta-lactams complicated GU infections,
ertapenem (Invanz)
complicated intraabdominal
effective against • imipenem-cilastin membrane synthesis in • They are excreted unchanged • Seizure disorders infections, skin and skin
structure infections, and
gram-positive and (Primaxin) susceptible bacteria, in the urine and have an acute pelvic infections.
gram-negative • meropenem leading to cell death. average 𝑇1/2 of 1-4h.
Actions:
bacteria. (Merrem IV) Inhibits protein synthesis in
susceptible strains of gram-
Available drug forms for: negative bacteria, disrupting
• Doripenem: via IV every 8hrs functional integrity of the cell
membrane and causing cell
by a 1-hr IV infusion for 5-14 death.
days Pharmacokinetics
• Ertapenem: IV or IM. Given Route Onset Peak
IM, IV Rapid 30-
once a day for 5-14 days. 120min
• Imipenem-cilastin: IM or IV
𝑻𝟏/𝟐: 4h, excreted in the
• Meropenem: via IV over 1hr, urine

every 8hrs for 5-14 days. Adverse Effects: Headache,

dizziness, nausea, vomiting,
pseudomembranous colitis,
rash, pain at injection site.
III. CEPHALOSPORINS
DRUG NAMES PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS Cefaclor
CEPHALOSPORINS
First Generation: • cefadroxil (generic) • Cephalosporins are The following are well absorbed Contraindicated with: Indications:
• These are effective from the GI Tract: Treatment of respiratory,
• cephalexin (Keflex) bactericidal and • Known allergies to the
against gram-positive dermatological, urinary tract,
bacteriostatic. • cefadroxil and cephalexin drug or penicillin and middle ear infections
bacteria. But they also
work against some gram- (First Gen) caused by susceptible strains
• They prevent the • Patients with hepatic or
negative bacteria. • cefaclor and cefprozil (Second of bacteria.
• Might be used to treat: bacteria from renal impairment
Gen)
Skin and soft tissue biosynthesizing the • Pregnant or lactating Actions:
infections, UTIs, strep • cefdinir, cefpodoxime and Inhibits the synthesis of
framework of their patients. bacterial cell walls, causing
throat, ear infections, ceftibuten (Third Gen)
pneumonia cell walls. cell death in susceptible
• cefditoren and cefepime
Second Generation: • cefaclor (Ceclor) bacteria.
• These also target some (Fourth Gen)
• cefoxitin (generic) Pharmacokinetics
types of gram-positive
bacteria and gram- • cefprozil (generic) The others are absorbed well after
Route Peak Duration
negative bacteria. But Oral 30- 8-10h
• cefuroxime IM injection or IV Administration.
they’re less effective 60min
against gram-positive (Zinacef) 𝑻𝟏/𝟐: 30-60min; excreted
bacteria than first gen. The cephalosporins are primarily unexchanged in the urine.
cephalosporins are. Adverse Effects: Nausea,
metabolized in the liver and
• They are often used to vomiting, diarrhea, rash,
treat Respiratory excreted in the urine. super infection, bone
Infections, such as marrow depression, risk for
Bronchitis or pneumonia. pseudomembranous colitis.
 III. CEPHALOSPORINS
DRUG NAMES CLASSIFIED PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION AS CEPHALOSPORINS THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS Cefaclor
Third Generation: • Cefdinir (generic)
• These are effective • Cefotaxime (Claforan)
against many gram-
negative bacteria and • Cefpodoxime (Vantin)
bacteria that haven’t • Ceftazidime (Ceptaz,
responded to first gen. Tazicef)
or second gen.
cephalosporins. • Ceftibuten (Cedax)
• Ceftriaxone
(Rocephin)
Fourth Generation: • cefditoren
• These are in (Spectracef)
development.
• cefepime (Maxipime)
• They are effective against
gram-negative and • ceftaroline (Teflaro)
gram-positive organisms
including cephalosporin-
resistant staphylococci
and Pseudomonas
auruginosa and is also
effective with some
methicillin-resistant
organisms
IV. FLUOROQUINOLONES
DRUG NAMES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION CLASSIFIED AS
FLUOROQUINOLONES
These are a relatively new • ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
synthetic class of antibiotics • finafloxacin (Xtoro)
with a broad spectrum of • gemifloxacin (Factive)
activity. • levofloxacin
(Levaquin)
• moxifloxaxin (Avelox)
• ofloxacin (Floxin,
Ocuflox)
PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS Ciprofloxacin
They interfere with the Fluoroquinolones are absorbed Contraindicated with: Indications:
from the GI tract, metabolized in Treatment of respiratory,
action of DNA enzymes • Known allergies to
the liver, and excreted in the dermatological, urinary tract, ear,
necessary for the growth the drug eye, bone, and joint infections;
urine and feces.
treatment after anthrax exposure,
and reproduction of the • Pregnant and typhoid fever.
bacteria. Available Drug forms for: lactating patients
• Ciprofloxacin: Injectable, Actions:
• Presence of renal Interferes with DNA replication in
Topical, and Oral forms
• Gemifloxacin, lomefloxacin, dysfunction susceptible gram-negative bacteria,
preventing cell reproduction.
and moxifloxacin: Oral agents
• Levofloxacin: Oral and IV Pharmacokinetics
• Ofloxacin: IV or Oral, Route Onset Peak Dura-
Ophthalmic tion
• Finafloxacin: otic drops for Oral Varies 60- 4-5 h
topical treatment. 90min
IV 10min 30min 4-5 h
𝑻𝟏/𝟐: 3.5-4h; metabolized in the
liver, excreted in bile and urine.
Adverse Effects: Headache,
Dizziness, Hypotension, Nausea,
Vomiting, Diarrhea, Fever, Rash
 V. PENICILLIN AND PENICILLINASE-RESISTANT ANTIBIOTICS
DRUG NAMES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATION PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
PENICILLIN Amoxicillin
• First antibiotic Penicillin: Penicillins and • These are rapidly Contraindicated Indications:
introduced for clinical • penicillin G Penicillinase-resistant absorbed from the GI with: Treatment of infections caused by
use benzathine (Bicillin, antibiotics prevent the tract, reaching peak levels • Known allergies susceptible strains of bacteria,
• Were developed to Permapen) bacteria from in 1hr. to the drug and postexposure prophylaxis for
decrease the adverse • penicillin G biosynthesizing the • These are sensitive to cephalosporins anthrax, treatment of Helicobacter
effects of the drug and potassium framework of the cell gastric acid levels in the or other infections as part of combination
to modify it to act on (Pfizerpen) wall, and the bacteria stomach and should be allergens therapy.
resistant bacteria • penicillin G procaine with weakened cell taken on an empty
• Penicillinase-resistant (Wycillin) walls swell and then stomach to ensure Actions:
antibiotics were • penicillin V (generic) burst from osmotic adequate absorption. Inhibits synthesis of the cell wall in
developed to Extended-Spectrum pressure within the cell. • Penicillins are excreted in susceptible bacteria, causing cell
counteract bacteria Penicillin: the urine, making renal death.
that are now resistant • amoxicillin (Amoxil, function an important
to the penicillins. Trimox) factor in safe use of the Pharmacokinetics
• ampicillin drug. Route Onset Peak Duration
(Principen) Oral Varies 1h 6-8h
Penicillinase-Resistant 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 1-4 h; excreted unchanged in
Antibiotics: the urine.
• nafcillin
• oxacillin Adverse Effects: Nausea, Vomiting,
Diarrhea, Glossitis, Stomatitis,
Bone marrow Suppression, Rash,
Fever, Superinfections, Lethargy
VI. SULFONAMIDES
DRUG NAMES
GENERAL CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATION PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
DESCRIPTION SULFONAMIDES ACTION Cotrimoxazole
Sulfonamides, or sulfa • sulfadiazine It competitively • These are Teratogenic; Contraindicated with: Indications:
Treatment of UTI, acute otitis
drugs are drugs that (generic) blocks para- they are distributed into • Any Known allergies
media in children, exacerbations
inhibit folic acid • sulfasalazine aminobenzoic acid to breastmilk. to any sulfonamide, of chronic bronchitis in adults,
traveler’s diarrhea in adults, and
synthesis. (Alzulfidine) prevent the synthesis • These drugs are absorbed sulfonylureas,
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
• cotrimoxazole of folic acid in from the GI tract, thiazide diuretics when caused by susceptible
strains of bacteria.
(Septra, Bactrim) susceptible bacteria metabolized in the liver • During pregnancy
that synthesize their and excreted in the urine. and lactation Actions:
Blocks two consecutive steps in
own folates for the • Time of peak level and 𝑇1/2
protein and nucleic acid
production of RNA and may vary. production, leading to inability for
cells to multiply.
DNA.
Pharmacokinetics
Route Onset Peak
Oral Rapid 1-4 h
𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 8-10h; excreted in urine
Adverse Effects:
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
hepatocellular necrosis,
hematuria, bone marrow
suppression, Stevens-Johnson
Syndrome, rash, urticaria,
photophobia, fever, chills
 VII. TETRACYCLINES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION DRUG NAMES CLASSIFIED
AS TRETACYCLINES THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
Tetracycline
• These were developed • demeclocycline They Inhibit protein • Tetracyclines are Contraindicated with: Indications:
absorbed adequately, Treatment of various infections
as semisynthetic (generic) synthesis of a wide range • Known allergies to
but not completely caused by susceptible strains of
antibiotics based on • doxycycline (Dorix, of bacteria, leading to the from the GI tract. Their the drug or to bacteria; acne; when penicillin
absorption is affected is contraindicated for
the structure of a Vibramycin) inability of the bacteria to tartrazine
by food, iron, calcium, eradication of susceptible
common soil mold. • minocycline (Arestin, multiply. and other drugs in the • During pregnancy organisms.
stomach.
• These increase Minocin) and lactation
• These are Actions:
absorption and tissue • tetracycline (generic) concentrated in the • Presence of fungal, Inhibits protein synthesis in
liver and excreted susceptible bacteria,
penetration. mycobacterial, or
unchanged in the preventing cell replication.
urine, with 𝑇1/2 ranging viral ocular
from 12-25 h. Pharmacokinetics
infections (for Route Onset Peak
Available drug forms for: ophthalmic Oral Varies 2-4h
• Tetracycline: Oral and preparations)
Topical Minimal
topical, and absorption
Ophthalmic occurs
• Demecycline: Oral
• Doxycycline and 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 6-12h; excreted
Minocycline: IV and unchanged in the urine.
Oral
Adverse Effects: Nausea,
Vomiting, Diarrhea, glossitis,
discoloring and inadequate
calcification of primary teeth of
fetus when used in pregnant
women or of secondary teeth
when used in children, bone
marrow suppression,
photosensitivity, rash, local
irritation with topical forms.
 VIII. LEPROSTATIC DRUGS
DRUGN NAMES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
LEPROSTATIC DRUGS Isoniazid

• Dapsone is the • dapsone (generic) • Similar to • Antimycobacterial Contraindicated with: Indications:

antibiotic used to sulfonamides, it agents are generally • Any known allergies Treatment of tuberculosis as part of
treat leprosy. inhibits its folate well absorbed from to the drug combination therapy; prophylactic
• In addition, it is used synthesis in the GI Tract. • Severe Hepatic or treatment of household members of
to treat susceptible bacteria. • These drugs, given renal failure recently diagnosed tuberculars
Pneumocystic • They act on the DNA orally, are metabolized • Severe CNS
jiroveci pneumonia and/or RNA of the in the liver and Dysfunction Actions:
in AIDS patients and bacteria, leading to excreted in the urine. • During pregnancy Interferes with lipid and nucleic acid
for a variety of a lack of growth and synthesis in actively growing tubercle
infections caused by eventually to bacilli.
susceptible bacteria. bacterial death.
Pharmacokinetics
Route Onset Peak Duration
Oral Varies 1-2h 24 h
𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 1-4h; metabolized in the liver,
excreted in the urine.

Adverse Effects: Peripheral neuropathies,

nausea, vomiting, hepatitis, bone marrow
suppression, fever, local irritation at
injection sites, gynecomastia, lupus
syndrome
IX. KETOLIDES
DRUG NAMES
GENERAL CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
DESCRIPTION KETOLIDES ACTION Telithromycin
• These were • telithromycin • They block • Telithromycin is Contraindicated with: Indication:
first (Ketek) protein synthesis available as an oral • Known allergies to Treatment of community-acquired
introduced in within susceptible drug only. the drug or to pneumonia caused by susceptible
bacteria.
2004. bacteria, leading • It is rapidly macrolide
• Now (2016), to cell death, absorbed through antibiotics. Actions:
telithromycin which makes the GI tract, • Known congenital Binds bacterial ribosomes, altering
(Ketek) is the them structurally reaching peak prolonged QT protein function and leading to
only approved related to the levels in 1hr. interval, bacterial cell death.
drug in the macrolide • It is metabolized in bradycardia, or any
antibiotics. Pharmacokinetics
class. the liver with proarrythmic
Route Onset Peak
𝑇1/2of 10h. It is condition such as
Oral Rapid 0.5-4h
excreted in the hypokalemia.
𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 10h; metabolized in the liver
urine. • Concurrent use of and excreted in the feces and urine.
pimozide, cardiac
antiarrythmics, Adverse Effects: Headache,
simvastatin, dizziness, nausea, vomiting,
atorvastatin, or pseudomembranous colitis,
superinfections
lovastatin
• Myasthenia gravis
 X. LINCOSAMIDES
GENERAL DRUG NAMES
DECRIPTION CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATIONS PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
LINCOSAMIDES ACTION Clindamycin
These are • Clindamycin Lincosamides react at • These are rapidly Contraindicated with: Indication:
absorbed from the GI Treatment of serious infections caused by
similar to (Cleocin) almost the same site • Hepatic or renal
tract or from IM susceptible strains of bacteria, including some
macrolides but • Lincomycin in bacterial protein injections and are impairment anaerobes; useful in septicemia and chronic bone
metabolized in the and joint infections.
are more toxic (Lincocin) synthesis and are
liver and excreted in
effective against the the urine and feces. Actions:
Inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria
same strains of
Available drug forms for: causing cell death.
bacteria. • Clindamycin:
parenteral, oral, Pharmacokinetics
topical or vaginal. Route Onset Peak Duration
𝑇1/2 of 2-3 h Oral Varies 1-2 h 8-12 h
• Lincomycin: Oral, IM, IM 20-30min 1-3 h 8 -12 h
or IV. 𝑇1/2 of 5h IV Immediate Minutes 8-12 h
Topical Minimal
Absorption
𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 2-3 h; metabolized in the liver, excreted in
the urine and feces.

Adverse Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,

pseudomembranous colitis, bone marrow
suppression.
 XI. LIPOGLYCOPEPTIDES
GENERAL DRUG NAMES
DECRIPTION CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATION PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
LIPOGLYCOPEPTIDES Televancin
• These were first • dalbavancin • These are • These are only Contraindicated with: Indications:
semisynthetic Treatment of complicated
introduced in (Dalvance) available as IV • Known allergies to
derivatives of skin and skin structure
2010. • oritavancin drugs only. the drug infections caused by
vancomycin
susceptible bacteria.
• Only approved use (Orbitiv) • They inhibit • They are rapidly • During pregnancy
of these drugs is • telavancin bacterial cell wall absorbed with peak or who might be Actions:
synthesis by Affects bacterial cell wall
treating (Vibative) levels occurring at pregnant. synthesis leading to
interfering with the
complicated skin polymerization and the end of the disruption of cell
membrane function and
and skin cross-linking of infusion. bacterial cell death.
peptidoglycans.
structures in • 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 ranges from 4-
• They bind to the Pharmacokinetics
adults bacterial 8 or 9 h. It is Route Onset Peak
membrane barrier excreted in the IV Rapid End of
and disrupt the Infusion
urine. 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 8-9.5 h; site of
membrane
function causing metabolism unknown;
excreted in the urine.
bacterial cell
death.
Adverse Effects: Nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, taste
alterations, QT
prolongation,
nephrotoxicity, foamy
uring
 XII. MACROLIDES
DRUG NAMES
GENERAL CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATION PROTOTYPE
DESCRIPTION MACROLIDES SUMMARY:
Erythormycin
These are antibiotics • Azithromycin • May be Bactericidal • Macrolides are Contraindication with: Indications:
or bacteriostatic. widely distributed Treatment of
that bind to the (Zithromax) • Known allergy to
• They bind to the throughout the respiratory,
subunit within the • Clarithromycim body the drug. dermatological, urinary
ribosomes within
• Absorbed in the GI tract, and
bacterial cell and (Biaxin) the cell and • Viral, fungal, or gastrointestinal
tract.
interfere with protein • Erythromycin (Ery- changing protein mycobacterial infections caused by
synthesis. Erythromicin is susceptible strains of
synthesis in susceptible Tab, Eryc) infections of the
• They may be used metabolized in the bacteria.
bacteria. as prophylaxis for liver, with excretion eyes (for Ocular
mainly in the bile to Actions:
endocarditis before Preparations)
feces. 𝑇1/2 is 1.6 h. Binds to ribosomes
dental procedures within the bacterial
in high-risk patients Azithromycin and cell, causing a change
with valvular heart Clarithromycin are in protein synthesis
disease who are mainly excreted and cell death, can be
allergic to penicillin. unchanged in the bacteriostatic or
urine. Azithromycin bactericidal.
𝑇1/2 is 68 h.
Clarithromycin 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 is
3-7 h
Pharmacokinetics
Route Onset Peak
Oral 1-2 h 1-4 h
IV Rapid 1 h
𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 3-5 h;
metabolized in the
liver, excreted in the
bile and urine.

Adverse Effects:
Abdominal cramping,
vomiting, diarrhea,
rash, superinfection,
liver toxicity, risk for
pseudomembranous
colitis, potential for
hearing loss.
 XIII. OXAZOLIDINONES
DRUG NAMES
GENERAL CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATION PROTOTYPE
DESCRIPTION OXAZOLIDINONES SUMMARY:
Linezolid
• There are currently • linezolid (Zyvox) • They interfere with Available drug forms Contraindicated with: Indications:
two antibiotics • tedizolid (Sivextro) protein synthesis for: • Known allergy to Treatment of infections
available in this on the bacterial the drug. caused by resistant
class. ribosome, within • Tedizolid: Oral or • Phenylketonuria strains, pneumonias,
• They are effective the bacterial cell. IV. It is rapidly • Patients taking skin and skin structure
against • They also act as absorbed, has a MAO inhibitors infections, diabetic foot
vancomycin- MAO (monoamine 𝑇1/2 of 12h, • Breastfeeding infections.
resistant strains of oxidase) inhibitors. metabolized in the women.
enterococci (VRE), liver, excreted in Actions:
staphylococcus and the urine and feces. Binds to ribosomes
methicillin-resistant • Linezolid: Oral or within the bacterial cell,
Staphylococcus IV. It is rapidly causing a change in
aureus (MRSA), and absorbed, has a protein function and
penicillin-resistant 𝑇1/2 of 5h, cell death in susceptible
pneumococci and S. metabolized in the strains of bacteria.
aureus liver, excreted in
the urine. Pharmacokinetics
Route Onset Peak
Oral Rapid 1-2h
IV Rapid 90min
𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 5h, metabolized
in the liver, excreted in
the urine.

Adverse Effects:
Headache, dizziness,
vomiting, diarrhea,
thrombocytopenia, risk
for pseudomembranous
colitis
 XIV. MONOBACTAM ANTIBIOTIC
DRUG NAMES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC PROTOTYPE SUMMARY:
MONOBACTAM ACTION PHARMACOKINETICS CONTRAINDICATION Aztreonam
ANTIBIOTICS
• Its structure is • Aztreonam Azactam disrupts • Azactam is available Contraindicated with: Indications:
unique and little (Azactam) bacterial cell wall for IV or IM use only • Known allergies to Treatment of lower respiratory, dermatological,
cross-resistance synthesis, which and reaches peak the drug. urinary tract, intra-abdominal, and
occurs. promotes leakage of effect levels in 1 – gynecological infections caused by susceptible
• It is effective against cellular contents and 1.5h. 𝑇1/2 is 1.5-2h. strains of gram-negative bacteria.
gram-negative cell death in • The drug is excreted
bacteria susceptible bacteria. unchanged in the Actions:
enterobacteria and urine. Interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis,
has no effect to causing cell death in susceptible gram-negative
gram-positive bacteria; is not effective against gram-positive
anaerobic bacteria. or anaerobic bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics
Route Onset Peak D
Oral Varies 60- 6-8h
90min
IV Immediate 30min 6-8h

𝑻𝟏/𝟐 : 1.5-2h; excreted unchanged in the urine.

Adverse Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,

rash, superinfection, anaphylaxis, local
discomfort at injection sites.