BIOLOGY: Genetics Sex-linked Inheritance fey Sex-linked traits are controlled by genes that are found on the X chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome in humans. The X chromosome is larger and has more genes than the ¥ chromosome. This complicates the inheritance of traits on the X chromosome since we expect that a normal diploid cell will have two alleles for any gene. Such is not he case for males since they are XY and will only have one copy of the genes that are located on the X chromosome. Females (XX) will have two alleles for a gene located on the X chromosome, Males (XY) will only have one allele for that trait. Thus, females with one dominant and one recessive allele for a gene on the X chromosome would display the dominant phenotype, However, a male will always display the phenotype of the one allele that they have for the trait that is carried on the X chromosome. Anew way of writing alleles: X®—normal eyesight X'—colorblind Genotypes: X*X* -X®X'xX*Y xx’ XY Phenotypes: Normal Eyesight and Colorblind ¥ Remember to follow the same steps in order to solve problems 1 letters fo represent the genes ne the parental phenotypes and genotypes. Prediet the outcome of a cross between the possible gametes from the two parents. State phenotypic and genotypic ratios present in the offspring. Don't forget to answer the question within the problem. Example 1: In fiuit flies, the gene for red eyes is dominant over the gene for white eyes. The trait is sex-linked on the X chromosome. Cross a homozygous, red-eyed female with a white-eyed male, What is the genotypic ‘and phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Step 1: X"—~ Red Eyes ‘_ White Eyes Step 2: Parents’ phenotype: Red-eyed female x White Eyed Male Parents’ genotype: X®x® eeceameee Step 3: a ee Step4 Genotypic | Phenotypic Ratio Ratio rye] xBxe eee % XEXT | Vo redeyed female Ys XPY | 12 redeyedmate ee ea ray Step 5: See the ratios in the table in step 4.Example 2: Using the information above, cross a heterozygous female with a white-eyed male, What is the probability of getting red-eyed males? (You must include the probability of getting males AND red eyes). Step 1: X"~ Red Eyes X'— White Eyes Step 2: Red-eyed female x White-eyed male X*x! x xy Step 4: Genotypic | Phenotypic Ratio Ratio Yu XEXT ‘4 red-eyed female va X°X" | 4 white-eyed female ’% xty ‘YAred-eyed male %X'Y | ‘%4white-eyed male Step 5: One out of four (25% of) offspring will be both male, and have red eyes. ¥ Example 3: Steps 1 and 4 are given to you- check to see if you get the right ratio. “Bent” is @ dominant X-linked gene in mice. It results in a short, crooked tail. It’s a recessive allele that produces normal tails. Ifa normal-tailed female is mated to a bent-tailed male, what are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios for the next generation of baby mice? Step 1 X®= Bent X= Normal Normal « : Step 2: Parents: Ngmmate x Tale exe x Xby Step 3: . Seep 4 id xX a Genotypic | Phenotypic So Bb exe Ratio Ratio o 6 %x!xt | A Bent tail xy |X Y’XY female I 4 normal tal male Step 5) See rahos in table In Shep 4.BIOLOGY: Genetics Name: Sex-linked Inheritance Practice 1 Date 1. In humans the gene for normal blood clotting is dominant to the gene for hemophilia. This gene is on the X chromosome. A woman heterozygous for the tat (a cartier) marries a man with hemophilia, What isthe probability of the couple having: 770% 15% Pek a. anormal (non cérrier) daughter? b. a norinal son? c. a hemophilie son’? X= neemar bleed cleting X"* hemephitia 4 | > 7 x N yn poe *X 1 oe A We ee [Ya carrier daughter X PRL XX f Mx Xe [A hemophitie daeghrer Yu norma) sen vn XY OY EXT Laxey |i hemopbine sen 2. Suppose that a normal woman marries a man with hemophilia. What is the probability of the couple having a hemophilic son, and a hemophilic daughter? 4 fe ae x oa] x 3 le? : x" Doe | . } ‘p xrx" carrier daughter WKY ly normas 500 n LX 3. A certain form of muscular dystrophy is inherited as a sex-linked, recessive gene. Jack has muscular dystrophy. (Neither of his parents has this disease.) Jane, Jack’s wife, does not have muscular dystrophy, but her father does. What fraction of their daughters would you expect to have muscular dystrophy? What fraction of their sons would you expect to have muscular dystrophy? —> \/>, Ly Sah of his da X42 wormar Xs muscular dystmphy (mp) ck = OY xe 3 7 Jane - | there 1 MD. female STane’s dad - — x lyn X' | Ke Ya XX" I carnier femafe ney | i! x hyry ey riers: 4 Normal maleBIOLOGY: Genetics Sex-linked Inheritance Practice 2 1. In humans, the gene for normal blood clotting is dominant to the gene for hemophilia, Persons with hemophilia do not have the correct blood proteins for the normal clotting of blood. This gene is on the X chromosome, Suppose that a woman heterozygous for the trait (but with normal blood clotting) marries a man with normal blood clotting. Determine the following probabilities: YN= normal Kn = hemephilie yy Sohn x xy Xx! x 0 Xe G le | It XNXN | "4 normal £ Ya XN xe [4 Carer 9 xy ‘Ny xs y 4 normal © Ty yo y Iq herrophiic 2) The probability of geting a hemophile child_ AD. 1. 2b) The probability of geting a “carer” heterozygous) child_A i. ¢) The probability of getting » normal (nether hemophilic nor caries child 0 /, 4) The probability of having a son that is normal_AD’/, ). The probability of having a son that is hemophilie_ AD ‘/, f) The probability of having a son that is a cacrier__()"/ Fyr ge means terule OF means male2. Clouded leopards are a medium sized, endangered species of cat, living in the very wet cloud forests of Central America. Assume that the normal spots, pictured here, are a dominant, sex-linked trait and that dark spots are recessive. What would be the genotypic ratio if Normal male leopard was crossed with a dark spotted SSH omale leopard? YN normal X"= dark spots normal male & dark. female ey xen xn Gp solyeryer hyn eee x? \ | wry ‘he ey Y, dark Spotted 7 3. Using the information in the question above, suppose a male and female leopard have four cubs and, conveniently, two are male and two female. One each of the male and female cubs has normal spots and one each has dark spots. What is the genotype and phenotypes of the leopard parents? Babies : ad: Mom : normal male = xey xy xMyen normal female=xNx! dark peel dark male= x°y spot. Spore dare females <0 X" If you are ready, you may now take the Quiz over Sex-Linked Inheritance, Ifyou are not ready, go on to practiceBIOLOGY: Genetics Name: Sex-linked Inheritance Practice 3 Date 1. The bison herd on Konea Prairie has begun to show a genetic defect. Some of the males have a condition known as "rabbit hock" in which the knee of the back leg is ‘malformed slightly. Assume the genes controlling this trait are sex-linked and that the “rabbit hock” is recessive. Now, suppose that the herd bull is normal and mates with a cow that isa cartier for rabbit hock, What are the chances of producing a normal son” P Ya normal female "4 carrier fermale Yp normal mile eg rabbib-hock. male 2. If this bull mates with this cow o a ‘what percehtage of their daughters will have normal knees? 0'/. 3. What percentage of their daughters will be carriers of rabbit hock? 50 7 Normal bull x Carrier Cow yyy x"xe 4. A rancher owns a bull with many desirable characteristics. Unfortunately, he also has a sex-linked trait that in the recessive form leads to no pigment formation in the iris of the eye. This makes the bull very sensitive to sunlight and could lead to blindness. The rancher wishes to breed him to a cow that will minimize the chances of any offspring showing this trait. She would especially like to produce another bull with most of his sire's desirable qualities but without the nonpigmented eye. " mene B® bull= x? a) Two cows with the dominant normal colored eyes Ge) are available that have been genetically typed for this particular trait. Cow 1 bas a genotype of X" X" and cow 2 is X“X". Which of these two cows should the rancher choose as a mate to her bull if she wishes to minimize the occurrence of the nonpigmented eye in his offspring? xX" cow xy XN blepeyy | ex yn wel x'y te X%y Pp Carner @male A normal make 'b) What percentage of the male offspring from the preferred cross will have nonpigmented eyes? (- i Ifyou are ready, you may now take the Quiz. over Sex-Linked Inheritance. If you are not ready, go on to practice 4,BIOLOGY: Geneties Name: KEY _ Sex-linked Inheritance Practice 4 Date. Hr 1, Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders that involve muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue that get worse over time, Muscular dystrophy is expressed in the recessive with the dominant gene being “normal” or without ‘muscular dystrophy. A normal man who has a brother with M.D, marries a homozygous normal woman. What isthe probability that any of their children willhave MD? YXN= Formal y= musclular normal male Lox oly shophy xvy N homozy gous womary Nl go P xe x Y | PXX" onormal Lmao ye pee’ Ky bXNY | % normal mate 2. A heterozygous female has children with a male who has M.D, What are the odds that they will have a child who is both male AND has MD2_>, 365.7 nekrozy gous kmate XM YX mati with Hp xay xn Payehey) aia a = Ga aaa Ya enxe | yp camer Aemale oe ty yoy | yg Female with HD n 1yex? tye Me XX x Y xvy Yu. normal nale Sed yg male with ML 3. A homozygous female with MD and her husband, also with MD, want to know if their children will be affected. Write a detailed explanation to them of how sex-linked traits work and what phenotypic ratios they can ae 7 \ Sex-linked Harts are rale with HD - XM Xn carnitd on He X chromosone husband wilh MD ~ “ every X chromosome genre e that cockes for ene soe a fox’ oe te Roalewith np Mueeele. eel CY DY FY |e mate wit te gran” on - codes for Hd If you are ready, you may now take the Quiz over Sex-Linked Inheritance. A// of If you are not ready, go on to practice 5, pherki ds will hare HD.BIOLOGY: Geni Sex-linked Inher Name:_Ky nce Practice 5 Date Ar. On this sheet you'll find a higher density of problems for you to practice with, You'll likely need to use your ‘own paper to work them out. Write step five below the questions. Don't forget to use all five steps and to show your work so you can practice getting all the points on your quiz! oO 1. Ina cross between a white-eved female fruit fly and red-eved male, what perce oft the female offspring will have white eyes? (White eyes arf X-linked, recessive) | yr yn a XY cred. Ny yeni: vane at : yeti? en nite ney ey | my} geht 2. Jn a cross between a pure bred, red-eyed female fruit fly and a dy ie-eyed male, what percent of the male offspring will have white eyes? NN ae » 5 eg MCHC] XK? (y redeyed males 4 Cy ty Jc xy elke red eyed males -yed female fruit fly is crossed with a red-eyed ‘male. What are the expected genotypes and yes of fhe offspring? T n yn ye yy yo |Yeredeyer Pmales th xny | white eyed mas ‘gous for the recessive, sex-linked trait causing red-green color “al, blindness marvies a normal male. What proportion of their male children will have red-green color blindness? -> Menor Qf Ms normal yeuyn x" 0 Texel | Wp Rovaral feat iggy nermat mate He xndy | Yr Colorblind mate. 5. A human female “carrier” who is heterozygous for the recessive, Sex-linked trait red color blindness, macries anormal male. What “| the odds that they would have female offspring that will show the trait? xp eslorblind NY 3 eT fe xixn |e carrier Bmate eal fe y a xy xx oO” xr tea os. | -‘Try these for some more challenging problems! overall understanding. You may need to refer toi these questions. hese are more difficult questions that will test your formation within problems 1-5 in order to answer 6. A female Drosophila of unknown genotype was crossed with a white-eyed male fly. Half of the male and half of te TensleoTsiriog were ed-eyed, and half of te male and bal offie Teale offspring were white eyed. What was the genotype of the female fly? m yx? 7. Women have sex chromosomes of XX, and men have sex chromosomes of XY, Which of a man’s grandparents could not be the source of any of the genes on his Y-chromosome? his grandmothers are not the source of his Y chronesonr ? chromosome js the same as tr fact, his y ; his father's fathers Y Chromosome. 8. Which of a woman’s grandparents could not be the source of any of the genes on either of her X- chromosomes? a woman could have receed her X chromosomes from any of her grand parents 9. A boy, whose parents and grandparents had normal vision, is color-blind, What are the genotypes for his mother and his maternal grandparents? Normal OG xy a AY Grandpave “ee NS yrnye wy i a4 Coloreine Bxy- X°Y ‘You must now take the Quiz over Sex-Linked Inheritance, ye eye