178 Chapter 3 Applications of the Derivative 65, The XYZ Company manufactures wicker chairs. With itspresent machines it has & maximum vearly output of SOD units. Ie it makes x chairs, it cam set 8 price of plx) = 200 — 0.15 dollars each and. will have “a total yearly cost of C(x) = 5000 + 6x ~ 0.002%2 dollars. The company has the opportunity t0 buy a new machine for $4000 with which the company can make up to an additional 250 chairs per year. ‘The cost function for Values of x between SOD and 730 is thus C(x) = 9000 + 6x ~ 0.0022". Basing your analysis on the prosi for the next year, answer the following questions {a)_ Should the company purchase the alditional {(b) What should be the level of production? (66, Repeat Problem 65, assuming thatthe additional machine costs $3000. 167. The ZEE Company makes zingos, which it markets at 4 price of p(x) = 10 — D.00Lx datas, where x is the number produced cach month, Its total monthly cost is C{x) = 200 + 4x — Ole? AL peak production, it can S30 units What is its m production gives this pra 168. If the company of Problem 67 expands its facilities so that itean produce up to 450 units each month, its monthly cost function takes the form C(x) = 800+ 3x ~ 001x" for 300 <= 450, Find the production level that maximizes monthly profit and evaluate this profit Sketeh the graph of the ‘monthly profit function P(x) on) = x = 450. 3.5 Graphing Functions Using Calculus 69, The arithmetic mean of the numbers a and b is (a + b)/2, and the geometric mean of two positive numbers 2 and bis Vab. Suppose that a > 0 and b > 0. (a) Show that VaB = (a + 6)/2 holds by squaring both sides, and simplifying, (b) Use caleulus to show that Vab = (a + 5)/2. Hine Consider 4 1o be fixed, Square both sides of the inequality and divide through by b. Define the function F(b) = (a + b)'/4b. Show that F has its minimum at (6) The geometric mean of three positive numbers a,b, and cis, abe)". Show that the analogous inequslity holds: atbte (abe) = #2 Hint: Consider # and ¢ 10 be fixed and define F(b) = (a4 + 6)/27. Show that F has @ minimum at & (a + c)/2 and that this minimum is [(a + ©)/22. Then use the result from (b) [5 70, Show that of all three-dimensional boxes with a given surluce area, the cube has the greatest volume, Hine The surlace ais $= 2(L + Hh + Jap) and the volume is V = fash. Let = hw, b = Th, and ¢ = hur. Use the previous problem to show that (V*)"" = §/6, When does equality hold? ‘Answers to Concepts Review: L 0 SOLUTION Since f(-2 f(x), fis an odd function, and therefore its graph. is symmetric with respect to the origin. Setting f(x) = 0, we find the x-intercepts, to be Oand +203 = £2.6, We can go this far without calculus ‘When we differentiate f, we obtain xf = 60x? 1Sx%(x = 2) +2) fia) = - 32, 32Figure 2 Section 3.§ Graphing Functions Using Calculus 179 Thus, the critical points are ~2,0, and 2; we quickly discover (Figure 1) that £'(x) > 0 on (~26, 2) and (2, 00) and that f"(x) <0 on (2,0) and (0, 2). ‘These facts tell us where fis increasing and where it is decreasing; they also con- firm that f(—2) = 2 isa local maximum value and that f(2) = —2 isa local mi mum value. Differentiating again, we get pr(ay = OER = Vix + V3) ZR By studying the sign of f"(2) (Figure 2), we deduce that fis concave upward on (—V2,0) and (+2, 20) and concave downward on (20, ~V2) and (0, V2). Thus there are three points of inflection: (—V2,7V2/8) ~ (~1.4,12),(0,0).and (v2,-7V98) = (14,12) Much of this information is collected at the top of Figure 3, which we use to sketch the graph directly below it. reo ‘own po reo fro conve ef cnt ne —! sane > Ny} dwn VT 0 Lal mas 2.2) Ionetion points a) = 80032 Figure 3 . Rational Functions A rational function, being the quotient of two polynomi- al functions, is considerably more complicated to graph than a polynomial. In particular, we ean expect dramatic behavior near where the denominator would be 7210. EXAMPLE 2] Sketch the graph of f(x) = 72" 4 SOLUTION This function is neither even nor odd, so we do not have any of the usual symmetries, There are no x-intercepts, since the solutions to x= 2x +4 = 0 are not real numbers. The y-intercept is 2. We anticipate a vertical asymptote at x = 2, In fact, and180 Chapter 3 Applications of the Derivative Differentiation twice gives 24 8 x)= and $3) = roto P= Gog ‘The stationary points are therefore x = O and x = 4. ‘Thus, f'(x) > 0 on (—20,0) U(4, 9) and f"(x) < 0 on (0,2) U (2, 4). (Re- member, f'(x) does not exist when x ) Also, f*(x) > 0 on (2,06) and f"(x) < 0 on (—9%, 2), Since f*(x) is never 0, there are no inflection points. On. the other hand, f(0) = —2 and f(4) = 6 give local maximum and minimum val- es respectively Itis a good idea to check on the behavior of f(x) for large |x|. Since -med 4 gen tga F(x) the graph of y = f(x) gets closer and closer to the line y = as |x| gets larger and larger. We call the line y ~ xan oblique asymptote for the graph of f (see Problem 49 of Section 15). With all this information, we are able to sketch a rather accurate graph (Figure 4), fs f'<0 foo ap SOT pg ce 0 2 Figure 4 . Functions Involving Roots There isan endless variety of functions involy- ing roots. Here is one example. EXAMPLE 3] Analyze the function _ Vale 5° Fy and sketch its graph.Section 3.$ Graphing Functions Using Calculus 181 SOLUTION ‘The domain of Fis (0, ) and the range is [0, -©), so the graph of F is confined to the first quadrant and the positive coordinate axes. The x- intercepts are 0 and 5; the y-intercept is 0, From S(x = = 5) FQ) = = @) 8VE wwe find the stationary points 1 and S.Since F’(xr) > 0 on (0, 1) and (5, 20), while F(x) <0 on (1, 5), We conclude that F(1) = 4 is a local maximum value and F(S) = 0s a local minimum value. So far, it has been clear sailing, But on calculating the second derivative, we obtain x>0 2 6x —5) lor F(x) which is quite complicated, However, 3x” ~ 6x 5 = 0 has one solution in (0,50), namely 1 + 20/3 ~ 26, Using the test points 1 and 3, we conclude that f"(x) <0 on (0,1 + 2V6/3 and f"(x) > 0 on (1 + 2V/6/3, 2). It then follows that the pint (1 + 26/3, F(L + 2V6/3)), whch is approximately (2.6.23) an infection point Asx grows large, FG) grows without bound and much faster than any linear function: there are no asymprotes The grap is sketched in Figure 5, = Summary of the Method In graphing functions, there is no substitute for common sense. However the following procedure will be helpful in most cases. Step 1: Precalculus analysis, (@) Check the domain and range of the function to see itany regions of the plane are excluded. (b) Test for symmeiry with respect to the y-axis and the origin. (Is the function even or add?) (©) Find the imercepis, Svep 2: Caleulus analysis, (a) Use the first derivative to find the eritical points and to find out where the raph is increasing and decreasing. (b) Test the crtieal points for focal maxima and minima. (©) Use the second derivative to find out where the graph is concave upward and concave downward and to locate inflection points. (@) Find the asymptowes. Step 3: Plota few points (including all ritical points and inflection points). Step 4: Sketch the graph EXAMPLE 4] Sketch the graphs of f(x) = x! and g(x) = x2 and their derivatives, SOLUTION The domain for both functions is (—c0, 2), (Remember, the cube root exists for every real number.) The range for f(x) is (—90, ce) since every real number is the cube root of some other number. Writing g(x) as g(x) = x8 = (x!) we see that g(x) must be nonnegative; it's range is [0, °°) Since f(—x) = (—2)!° = —x!° = —f(x), we see that f is an odd funetion, Similarly, since g(—x) = (=x)? = ((—x)*)" = (x2)" = g(x), we see that g is an even function. The first derivatives are 1 “se (2) and182 Chapter 3 Applications of the Derivative ge) = Bree 3, and the second derivatives are : 2 rays se and 7 se) = -§r=- ie For both functions the only critical point, in this case a point where the derivative doesn’t exis, is x = 0. Note that f"(x) > 0 for all x, except x = 0, Thus, fis increasing on (—9°, 0] and also on (0, °©), but because fis continuous on (—90, 20), we ean conclude that fis always increasing. Consequently, has no local maxima or minima. Since f(x) ositive when x is negative and negative when x is positive (and undefined when x = 0),we conclude that fis concave up on (—20, 0) and concave down on (0, 2). The point (0,0) is an inflection point because that is where the concavity changes Now consider g(x). Note that g(x) is negative when x is negative and positive when x is positive. Since g is decreasing on (—00,0] and increasing on [0, 2), (0) = 0 is a local mimimum. Note also that g"(x) is negative as long as x # 0. Thus g is concave down on (—29, 0) and coneave down on (0, 29), $0 (0,0) is not s an inflection point. The graphs of f(x). /"(x), g(x) and g'(x) are shown in Fig- ures 6 and 7. . Note that in the above example both functions had one critical point, x = 0, where the derivative was undefined, Yet the graphs of the functions are fundamen- tally different. The graph of y = f(x) has a tangent line at all points, but itis verti- cal when x = 0. (If the tangent line is vertical, then the derivative doesn’t exist at that point.) The graph of y = g(x) has a sharp point, called a eusp, at x = 0, Using the Derivative’s Graph to Graph a Function Knowing just a function’s derivative can tell us a lot about the function itself and what its graph looks like. EXAMPLE 5) Figure 8 shows a plot of y = f"(x). Find all local extrema and Points of inflection of f on the interval [~1,3}. Given that f(1) = 0, sketch the raph of y = f(x) Figuro 7 a J increasing decreasing "is inceasing conditcup [eoncive dowel Fi8eoncave up oom Sa) <0- sipco ates zoe [Fisdsereasing|——fivdecteasing | fsincreasing sarin Figure 8Section 3.$ Graphing Functions Using Calculus 183 SOLUTION The derivative is negative on the intervals (—1, 0) and (0, 2), and positive on the interval (2,3). Thus, fis decreasing on [~1, 0] and on [0,2] so there isa local maximum at the left end point x = ~1. Since /"(x) is positive on (2,3). is increasing on [2, 3] so there is a local maximum at the right end point x = 3, Since fis decreasing on [~1, 2] and increasing on [2,3], there isa local minimum at a) Local maximum x = 2. Figure 9 summarizes this information. i) Local ini Inflection points tor f occur when the concavity of f changes. Since f" is 1) Local maxinu creasing on (—1,0) and on (1.3).fis concave up on (1,0) and on (1,3)-Since f (0,0) ——_Tafestion pint is decreasing on (0, 1), fis concave down on (0, 1). Thus, f changes concavity at fw) Inflection point O and x = 1. The inflection points are therefore (0, f(0)) and (1. (1). The information given above, together with the fact that f(1L) ~ 0, can be used to sketch the graph of y = f(x) (The sketch cannot be too precise because we sil have limited information about f.) A sketch is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 . Concepts Review 1. ‘The graph of Fis symmetric with respect to the axis if 3, The graph of f(x) = x/[Cx + I)lx — 2)(x — 3)] has as yn) for every asthe graph is symmetric with respeet vertical asymptotes the lines and asa horizontal asymptote to the origin f(-x) = for every x. the in 2 LW /"(x) < Oand f*(x) > 0 forall xin an interval F.then A. We call f(x) = 3x5 — 2x7 +6 a(n) ___funetion, and the graph offs both" and_on we call g(2) = (34° — 24? + 6)/(2? — 4) af) uetion, Problem Set 3.5 In Problems 1-27, make an analysis as suggested in the summary ‘above and then sketch the graph. 18. FO) A f(s) -3e+5 2 fle) =20— 35-10 ax! = Ba Ie + 1 atx) = Gy 8. Gl) = (1)! soy lel Hine tLe) = 2 ee -1) 1 fla) = Lal Hine galel =] S384 36410 19, (2) = lel 29. Ha) = @lal 4s! — 86-12 aL pte —— at) Goa - 2. 10, g(0) == 2 hs) (+6) @ 23, fsx) = lsin al 24. f(x) = Vane an 25, h{e) = cos*s 26, (0) = tan? M P(x) = 21x) = 7.126% — 3.141 wat184 Chapter 3 Applications of the Derivative 28, Sketch the graph of a function f that has the following, properties a) fiseverywhere continuous; (0) fisan even function: (e) I(x) > Ofor x > 0. 29, Sketch the graph of a function f that has the following properties: {a) fiseverywhere continuous; (6) f(2) (0) PQ) = O.F'(x) > Ofor x # 2,66) = 3 (a) $"(6) = 0.f"(x) > Ofor2 6, 3M, Sketch the graph of a function g that has the following, properties: {a) gis everywhere smooth (continuous with a continuous frst derivative) tb) g(0) = 0; (©) 8'(x) < Oorall (@) g(x) < Ofor x Ofor x > 0. 31. Sketch the graph of a function f that has the following properties (a) fis everywhere continuous; tb) (3) = 15 (9) #2) <0 for x lors ¥ -3. (b) (0) = 0. F(1) = (@) f(x) > Ofor x > 0; ~3,4(6) = 1: 3, fx) 20 for x > 3, /"(x) <0 32, Sketch the graph of a function f that has the following properties: {a)_fiseverywhere continuows ©) FH) = 3.70) = 0.) = 2 (©) £4) = O.F'G) = OF) >0 for x< 4") >0 for 4 < x <3, $'(x) < for x > 3: (8) PA) = FO) = 0.f"(x) <0 for x < ~4, 9%) > 0 for —4'< x <0, f"(x) < Ofor x > 0. 33, Sketch the graph of «function fthat (8) has continuous first derivative {b) is decreasing and concave up for x < 3, {©) hasan extremum at (31) {@) isinereasing and concave up for3 6, Linear approximations provide particularly good approxima ‘ions near point of inflection. Using a graphing calelatr, inst sate this behavior is Problems 34-36, SM. Graph y = sin and its Hinear approximation L(x) = x atx. 35. Graph y = cone and its LO) et wate = 9/2 36, Find the linear approximation tothe curve (x= 1)" © 3 atts point of in‘letion. Graph both the funetion and is linear approximation in the neighborhood of the inflee- tion point. 37. Suppose f(x) = (s ~ 2) 8)(s~ 4) and £2) ‘ketch graph of y= f(x). 38. Suppose f"(2) = (x ~ 3)(x~ 2)" ~ 1) and f(2) = 0 ‘ketch graph of y = f(x. linear approximation 39. Suppose M(x) = (x = 1)x - 2) Sketch a graph of y = A(x), 40. Consider a general quadratic curve y Show that sucha curve has no inflection points. and A(0) 24 beste AL. Show that the curve y = ar) + bx? + ex +d where ‘4 # 0,has exactly one intlection point 42. Consider a general quartic curve y = ax! + bx} + ex? + dx + e,where a # 0, What isthe maximum number of in- feetion points that such a curve ean have? EE CS tn Problems 43-47, the graph of y = f(x) depends on «a parameter c. Using a CAS, investigate how the extremum and in fection points depend on the value of c. Identify the values of ¢ at Which the basie shape of the curve changes. ° 410" a 1 1 * aap ed © IO" Taree 4. fla) = 6 + sinex 48. What conclusions can you draw about from the informa: tion that f'(c) = f"(c) = Oand f"(c) > 02 49. Let p(«) be a functios fies the following properties: @ a =1 (b) g(x) > O forall #1; (©) is concave down for all x <1 and concave up for all (@) FO = g(x): Sketch a possible graph of f(x) and justify your answer. that has two devivatives and satis ‘50, Lot H(x) have three continuous derivatives, and he such that H(1) = H'(1) = H"(1) = 0, but H™(1) # 0. Does Hx) have a local maximum, local minimum, of a point of inflection at x = 1? Justify your answer. [51 In each case, i it possible for a function F with vo con- tinuous derivatives to sitisfy the following properties? If so sketch such a function. I not, justify your answer. (a) F(x) > 0, F(x) > 0, while F(x) < O forall x (b) F(x) <0, while F(x) > 0. (©) F¥(2) <0, while F'(x) > 0. ‘152, Use a graphing calculator or a CAS to plot the graphs of ‘each of the following functions on the inclicated interval, Deter: ‘mine the coordinates of any of the global extrema and any inflec- tion points. You should be able to give answers that are accurate to at least one decimal place. Restriet the y-axis window to @ #0) = etn (-Z, (b) #0) = tan » ( (© f(x) = 244 sins @ fe) SB an wl 53, Fach of the following functions is perio. Use a graph 12 calulatr oF CAS to plot the graph of each ofthe tllow- ing functions over one full period with the centr of the interval located at the origin. Determine the coordinates of any of the