Diagram (a) shows a car and a lorry stopping at a red traffic light.

When the traffic light turns green

as in Diagram (b), the car is found to move ahead of the lorry.

Diagram (a) Diagram (a)

(a) What is meant by mass?
[ 1 mark]
(b) Based on diagram (a) and diagram (b), compare the masses of the vehicles and their ability
to speed ahead. Relate the mass of the vehicle and the way it can start moving from rest to
deduce a concept in physics with regard to the motion of objects.
State the physics concept.
[ 5 marks]
(c) Based on the physics concept stated in (b),
(i) Explain why a driver lurch forwards when a car he is driving comes to a sudden
stop.

(ii) Describe and explain a method which can overcome the situation in (c)(i).
[ 4 marks]

(d) Diagram shows a water rocket made from an empty 1.5 liter plastic soft drink bottle by
adding water and pressurizing it with air for launching.
The objective is to keep the rocket in the air as long as possible. Using the appropriate
physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable designs based on the characteristics of

(i) the acceleration

(ii) the shape
(iii) the structure
(iv) the buoyant force (upthrust)
(v) the stability of the motion,

to improve the water rocket.

[10 marks]