UTICAJ SASTAVA ZA[TITNOG GASA NA INTENZITET

OKSIDACIONIH REAKCIJA PRI VISOKOENERGETSKOM

MAG POSTUPKU ZAVARIVANJA
Doc. Dr. Sead Pa{i}, Univerzitet u Mostaru, Ma{inski fakultet Mostar

REZIME
IZVORNI NAU^NI RAD
Promjena sastava za{titnog gasa, u smislu promjene njegovog oksidacionog potencijala, dovodi do promjene
u intenzitetu odvijanja oksidacionih reakcija u rastopljenom metalu. Ovo za posljedicu ima promjenu
hemijskog sastava, mikrostrukture i nekih mehani~kih osobina metala zavara. U ovom radu je predstavljeno
ista`ivanje uticaja sastava za{titnog gasa tipa Ar/CO2 i Ar/O2 na promjenu hemijskog sastava metala zavara
pri visokoenergetskom Twin Arc postupku zavarivanja kutnih spojeva. Posebna pa`nja u istra`ivanjima je
poklonjena analizi koncentracije kisika u metalu zavara i njegovom vezivanju u pojedinim oksidima.

Klju~ne rije~i: za{titni gas, oksidacioni potencijal, hemijski sastav, oksidacione reakcije

AN INFLUENCE OF SHIELDING GAS COMPOSITION TO

INTENSITY OF OXYDATION REACTIONS IN HIGH POWER
GMA WELDING PROCEDURE
Sead Pa{i}, PhD., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mostar

SUMMARY
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER
The change of shielding gas composition, in terms of change of its oxydation potetntial, leads to the
change of oxydation reactions intensity in molten metal. This results in changing weld metal chemical
composition, microstructure and mechanical characteristics. This paper presents an investigation as to
influence of the shielding gas composition, type Ar/CO2 and Ar/O2, on change of weld metal
chemical compostion in high power Twin Arc welding of fillet welds. The special attention in this
research was paid to analyzing the oxygen concentration in weld metal and its connecting in
different oxides.

Key words: Shielding Gas, Oxidation Potetnial, Chemical Composition, Oxidation Reactions

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION

Zavarivanje MAG postupkom se danas uglavnom
izvodi u za{titi gasnih mje{avina na bazi argona, koje
u svom sastavu obavezno imaju odre|eni procenat
oksidiraju}ih komponenti – CO2 ili O2, koje sni`avaju
jonizacioni potencijal za{titnog gasa, pove}avaju
stabilnost luka i smanjuju prskanje. Sa druge strane,
kisik je veoma reaktivan i u stanu je da oksidi{e
rastop, prvenstveno `eljezo, zbog njegovog velikog
afiniteta prema kisiku. Da bi se ova nepo`eljna pojava
izbjegla, elektrodna `ica se obavezno legira
dezoksidantima, naj~e{}e manganom i silicijem, koji
imaju ve}i afinitet prema kisiku od `eljeza. Oksidacija
mangana i silicija u zavariva~koj kupki rezultuje
produktima kao {to su MnO, SiO2 i 2MnO x SiO2,
koji u formi {ljake isplivavaju na povr{inu zavara.
The Gas Metal Arc Welding procedure is usually
executed in the protection of gas mixtures, on the
base of argon, which in their composition obligatory
have the certain percent of the oxidation component
– CO2 or O2. They are decreasing the ionisation
potential of the shielding gas and increasing the arc
stability. In addition, they are decreasing spatter loss.
On the other hand, oxygen is very reactive and it
could oxidize the molten metal, primanly iron, due to
its huge affinity to oxygen. To avoid this undesirable
occurrence, the filler wire is obligatory alloyed with
deoxidisers, usually manganese and silicon, which
have the bigger affinity to oxygen than the iron. The
oxidation of manganese and silicon in the welding
pool results in products like MnO, SiO2 and 2MnO x
SiO2, which in the form of slag come out to the
weld surface.

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Preostali mangan i silicij ostaju ili u ~vrstom
rastvoru ili u vidu fino dispergovanih ~estica oksida
zarobljenih unutar o~vrsnutog metala zavara.
Mangan i silicij u ~vrstom rastvoru pove}avaju
tvrdo}u metala zavara, a fino dispergovane ~estice
oksida predstavljaju kristalizacione centre, koji uti~u
na kinetiku raspada austenita. Tako, promjena
hemijskog sastava metala zavara mo`e da uzrokuje
promjenu mikrostrukture i mehani~kih osobina
[1,2,3]. Uticaj oksidacionog potencijala za{titnog
gasa na promjenu hemijskog sastava metala zavara
predmet je istra`ivanja opisanih u ovome radu.
The rest of manganese and silicon stays in the weld
metal either in the form of solid solution or finely
dispersed oxide particles. Manganese and silicon in
the solid solution increased the hardness of weld
metal and finely dispersed oxide particle represent
the centres of crystallisation, which influence on the
kinetics of austenite decomposition. Therefore, the
change of weld metal chemical composition can
cause the change of the microstructure and the
mechanical characteristics [1,2,3]. The influence of
oxidation potential of shielding gas on the change of
the weld metal chemical composition has been the
main topic of research, which is presented in this
paper.

2. POSTAVKA EKSPERIMENTA 2. PROPOSITION OF THE EXPERIMENT

Uticaj sastava za{titnog gasa na promjenu
hemijskog sastava metala zavara istra`ivan je na
eksperimentalnim uzorcima koji su zavareni u
za{titnoj atmosferi sedam razli~itih gasnih
mje{avina: pet Ar/CO2 mje{avina, sa koncentracijom
od 8, 12, 18, 22 i 30 % CO2, te dvije gasne
mje{avine tipa Ar/O2 sa koncentracijama od 12 i
14 % O2. Za izradu eksperimentalnih uzoraka
odabrani su kutni spojevi, formirani iz plo~evina
debljne 12 mm za horizontalnu plo~u i 10 mm za
vertikalnu plo~u, od ugljeni~nog konstrukcionog
~elika klase St 45, prema DIN 1779. Na osnovu
kvaliteta osnovnog materijala odabran je dodatni
materijal: elektrodna `ica oznake SG 3, prema DIN
8559. Hemijski sastav osnovnog i dodatnog
materijala dati su u tabeli 1.
The influence of the shielding gas composition on
the change of the weld metal chemical composition
has been researched on experimental samples,
which were welded in the shielding atmosphere of
seven different gas mixtures. Out of those, five are
Ar/CO2 gas mixtures, with concentration of 8, 12,
18, 22, and 30 % CO2, two are gas mixtures of
Ar/O2 type with concentration of 12 and 14 % O2.
The fillet welds have been chosen as the
experimental samples. They were made from 12 mm
thick plates for horizontal and 10 mm thick ones for
vertical plate. The plates are made of low carbon
construction steel St 45, as per DIN 1779. The filler
material has been chosen on the basis of parent
material: the wire SG 3, Ø 1,2 mm, pursuant to DIN
8559. The chemical composition of the parent and
filler material is shown in table 1.

Tabela 1.- Hemijski sastav osnovnog i dodatnog materijala

Table 1. Chemical composition of parent and filler material
Hemijski sastav – Chemical composition
Osnovni materijal: C [%] Mn [%] Si [%] P [%] S [%] O2 [ppm]
Parent material
St 45 0,12 0,60 0,18 0,013 0,016 129
Dodatni materijal: C [%] Mn [%] Si [%] P [%] S [%] O2 [ppm]
Filler material
SG 3 - ∅ 1,2 mm 0,10 1,70 1,00 < 0,025 < 0,025 --

Zavarivanje eksperimentalnih uzoraka je izvr{eno Welding procedure of the experimental samples

primjenom visokoenergetskog MAG postupka
zavarivanja sa dvije elektrodne `ice, po Twin Arc
sistemu. Parametri zavarivanja, prikazani u tabeli 2,
odabrani su na takav na~in da omogu}e stabilan
proces zavarivanja sa svakom od navedenih gasnih
mje{avina, pri velikim brzinama zavarivanja i sa
visokim u~inkom topljenja dodatnog materijala od
16,5 kg/h.
have been done by usage of high power Gas Metal
Arc Welding process with two electrode wires –
Twin Arc system. The welding parameters (shown in
the table 2) were this chosen to enable a stable
welding process with usage of all above mentioned
gas mixtures, at high welding speed and high
melting rate of filler material, 16,5 kg/h.

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Tabela 2.- Parametri zavarivanja eksperimentalnih uzoraka [4]
Table 2. Chemical composition of parent and filler material
Parametri zavarivanja – Welding parameters
Napon luka: U = 32V Brzina zavarivanja:
vZ = 160 cm/min
Arc voltage Welding speed
Struja glavne `ice: IM = 270 A
Master wire amperage Slobodni kraj el. `ice:
l = 30 mm
Brzina dotura `ice: vM = 13 m/min Free end:
Feed wire speed
Struja druge `ice: IS = 320 A
Slave wire amperage Protok za{titnog gasa:
Q = 32 l/min
Brzina dotura `ice: vS = 18,2 m/min Shielding gas flow
Feed wire speed

Sastav za{titnog gasa je bio jedina promjenjiva The composition of shielding gas has been the
veli~ina tokom eksperimenta. Svi drugi parametri only one variable dimension during experiment. All
zavarivanja su zadr`avani na konstantnim other welding parameters were kept on constant
vrijednostima, kako bi se na jednozna~an na~in values. In this way it was possible to find how the
moglo utvrditi kako sastav za{tinog gasa, kod composition of shielding gas, (by Twin Arc Welding
visokoenergetskog Twin Arc zavarivanja, direktno procedure), directly influence on intensity of
uti~e na odvijanja oksidacionih reakcija u oxidation reactions in the molten metal, and
rastopljenom metalu zavara, odnosno promjenu change of the chemical composition.
hemijskog sastava.

3. HEMIJSKI SASTAV METALA 3. THE WELD METAL CHEMICAL

ZAVARA U ZAVISNOSTI OD COMPOSITION IN DEPENDENCE
OKSIDACIONOG POTENCIJALA OF THE SHIELDING GAS
ZA[TITNOG GASA OXIDATION POTENTIAL

U cilju decidnog konstatovanja promjena hemijskog
sastava metala zavara u zavisnosti od sastava
za{titnog gasa, izvr{eno je ispitivanja hemijskog
sastava metala zavara svih uzoraka. Da bi rezultati
istra`ivanja bili pouzdani, vr{ena su ponavljanja, pa
su tako sa svakom od navedenih gasnih mje{avina
zavarena po tri uzorka. S obzirom da su kao
osnovni i dodatni materijali kori{teni ugljeni~ni
konstrukcioni ~elik u kombinaciji sa odgovaraju}om
`icom, ispitivan je sadr`aj osnovnih elemenata:
ugljika, mangana i silicija. Drugi legiraju}i elementi
nisu tretirani s obzirom da se nalaze samo u
tragovima. Sa posebnom pa`njom je izvr{eno
ispitivanje sadr`aja kisika u metalu zavara, kao i
detaljna analiza distribucije kisika prisutnog u
metalu zavara. Rezultati ispitivanja hemijskog
sastava metala zavara prikazani su u tabeli 3.
In the aim of finding the changes of the weld
metal chemical composition in dependence of
shielding gas composition, the chemical analysis of
all the welded metal samples has been done. To
ensure that the research results are reliable,
analyses were repeated. Thus three samples were
welded with each of gas mixture mentioned.
Considering that low carbon steel in combination
with corresponding wire was used for the both
parent and filler material the contents of basic
elements; carbon, manganese and silicon were
examined. The other alloy elements were not
treated because they are present only in the
traces. Special attention was paid to the analyses
of oxygen content in the weld metal and analyses
of oxygen distribution, in the weld metal. The
results of analyses of weld metal chemical
composition are given in Table 3.

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Tabela 3.- Rezultati analize hemijskog sastava metala zavara [4]
Table 3. Results of analyses on weld metal chemical composition
Redni Sastav gasne Hemijski sastav metala zavara
broj mje{avine Welding metal chemical composition
No. Shielding gas
C [%] Si [%] Mn [%] O2 [ppm] N2 [ppm]
composition
0,154 0,354 1,106 370,1 47,2
1. Ar + 8%CO2 0,150 0,370 1,008 368,0 53,3
0,151 0,376 1,013 359,7 55,5
0,132 0,339 1,131 341,2 43,3
2. Ar + 12%CO2 0,126 0,315 1,125 352,7 50,1
0,124 0,316 1,124 349,6 45,8
0,161 0,302 1,003 368,3 38,6
3. Ar + 18%CO2 0,156 0,312 0,924 407,9 30,2
0,153 0,290 0,920 411,2 30,1
0,093 0,286 1,045 439,3 36,7
4. Ar + 22%CO2 0,102 0,279 0,998 420,8 48,1
0,094 0,288 1,092 431,3 43,9
0,112 0,303 0,956 400,9 39,0
5. Ar + 30%CO2 0,122 0,288 0,958 371,3 43,3
0,126 0,283 0,947 388,5 42,6
0,144 0,180 0,805 493,3 40,3
6. Ar + 12%O2 0,151 0,186 0,820 489,9 39,6
0,138 0,192 0,824 462,7 33,8
0,231 0,242 0,895 524,9 49,4
7. Ar + 14%O2 0,229 0,257 0,909 538,1 52,2
0,211 0,256 0,923 484,3 48,7

Porede}i prezentovane podatke o sadr`aju ugljika,
mangana i silicija u metalu zavara sa podacima o
hemijskom sastavu osnovnog i dodatnog materijala,
tabela 1, mo`e se konstatovati da se nivo ugljika u
metalu zavara zadr`ao na pribli`no istom nivou kao
za osnovni materijal, dok se vrijednosti za mangan
i silicij nalaze u granicama izme|u sadr`aja ovih
elementa u osnovnom i dodatnom materijalu:
OM = 0,60 % Mn < M[ = 0,80 - 1,12 % Mn <
DM = 1,70 % Mn,
OM = 0,18 % Si < M[ = 0,18 - 0,37 % Si <
DM = 1,0 % Si.
Comparing the presented facts on content of carbon,
manganese and silicon in weld metal with data of
chemical composition of parent and filler material,
Table 1, it could be stated that the level of carbon in
the weld metal remained on the same level like in the
parent material. The value for the manganese and
silicon are in the limit between content of those
elements in the parent and filler material:
PM = 0,60% Mn < WM = 0,80 – 1,12%Mn <
FM = 1,70%Mn
PM = 0,18% Si < WM = 0,18 – 0,37% Si < FM
= 1,0% Si

Ovakvo pona{anje se mo`e smatrati potpuno
o~ekivanim, kako s obzirom na neminovno mije{anje
osnovnog i dodatnog materijala pri formiranju
zavarenog spoja, tako i s obzirom na ulogu mangana
i silicija kao glavnih dezoksidatora metala zavara.
Konstatovane razlike u sadr`aju pojedinih elemenata u
metalu zavara razli~itih uzoraka mogu se dovesti u
vezu i sa promjenama u sastavu za{titnog gasa,
odnosno sa promjenom njegovog oksidacionog
potencijala. Na slici 1 dat je grafi~ki prikaz uticaja
sastava za{titnog gasa, izra`en preko njegovog
oksidacionog potencijala, na promjenu hemijskog
sastava metala zavara [4,5].
This behaviour is fully expected as the mixture of
the parent and filler material in forming welds is
inevitable and concerning the role of the
manganese and silicon as the main deoxidisers of
the weld metal. The differences in the content of
some elements in the weld metal of different
samples can be put in the connection with
changes in the shielding gas composition or its
oxidation potential. The figure 1 provides the
graphical presentation of the influence of shielding
gas composition, which is expressed through its
oxidation potential, on changing the weld metal
chemical composition [4,5].

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 Content of Mn and Si in weld metal in %
2,0 500
O2

sadržaj Mn i Si u metalu zavara u %

Content of O2 in weld metal in ppm

sadržaj O2 u metalu zavara u ppm
1,6 400

1,2 300
Mn

0,8 200

0,4 Si 100

0,0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
oksidacioni potencijal zaštitnog gasa OP = O 2 + 0,45 (CO2)0,92
Slika 1.- Uticaj sastava za{titnog gasa, izra`enog preko oksidacionog potencijala, na promjene hemijskog
sastava metala zavara [4]
Figure 1. Influence of shielding gas, expressed by oxidation potential, on changes of weld metal chemical
composition

Sa dijagrama se mo`e uo~iti da sa pove}anjem From the diagram, it is visible that the increase in
koncentracije oksidiraju}ih komponenti u za{titnom concentration of oxidation component in the shielding
gasu (CO2 ili O2), dakle sa pove}anjem gas (CO2 or O2) i.e. increase in the shielding gas
oksidacionog potencijala za{titnog gasa, dolazi do oxidation potential, leads increases to in the content
pove}anja sadr`aja kisika u metalu zavara. Ve}a of oxygen in the weld metal. The bigger
koncentracija kisika pove}ava intenzitet oksidacionih concentration of the oxygen enlarges the intensity of
reakcija, pa kao posljedica toga dolazi do pada the oxidation reactions. As the consequence of that
koncentracije ugljika, mangana i silicija. Ovakve the concentration of the carbon, manganese and
promjene su o~ekivane i u potpunoj su saglasnosti silicon is decreasing. Those changes are expected
sa teorijom. and they are in the ful compliance with theory.

4. ANALIZA DISTRIBUCIJE KISIKA PO 4. THE ANALYSE OF THE OXYGEN

OKSIDIMA DISTRIBUTION ON THE OXIDES

Pove}anjem sadr`aja oksidiraju}ih komponenti u Increase of the content of oxidation components in the
za{titnom gasu pove}ava se sadr`aj kisika u metalu shielding gas leads to increase of the oxygen content
zavara. Kisik, u svakom slu~aju, predstavlja vrlo in the weld metal. The oxygen, in any case, presents
{tetnu i nepo`eljnu primjesu u ~eliku, koja smanjuje an undesirable constituent in the steel, which reduces
mehani~ke osobine i naru{ava homogenost. Da bi mechanical characteristics and interrupts the
se smanjila koncentracija i izbjegli nepo`eljni efekti homogeneity. To reduce the oxygen concentration and
kisika, koji u metal zavara pri MAG zavarivanju to avoid undesirable effects of the oxygen, which
dospjeva iz za{titne atmosfere, elektrodna `ica se comes to weld metal from shielding atmosphere,
obavezno legira sa manganom i silicijem. Ovi electrode wire is obligatory alloyed with manganese
elementi imaju veliki afinitet prema kisiku, vezuju ga and silicon. Those elements have the bigger affinity
za sebe i u vidu {ljake odstranjuju iz metala zavara. toward oxygen, connect it to themselves and remove
Ipak, odre|eni dio kisika ostaje u metalu zavara i to the oxygen from the weld metal in the form of slag.
vezan u razli~itim oksidima. @eljezo sa kisikom gradi In spite of that, certain part of the oxygen remains in
tri oksida: Fe2O3 (`eljezo-oksid), Fe3O4 (`eljezo the weld metal connected in different oxides. The iron
oksidul - oksid) i FeO (`eljezni oksidul). Prva dva and oxygen make three types of oxides: Fe2O3 (iron-
oksida se ne rastvaraju u `eljezu i u metalu zavara oxide), Fe3O4 (iron oxidul -oxide) and FeO (iron-oxidul).
se mogu nalaziti samo kao uklju~ci. @eljezni oksidul The first two oxides are not dissolved in the iron and
FeO najvi{e mo`e da uti~e na osobine ~elika, a they can be in the weld metal only like includes. The
kao mikrokonstituent u strukturi ~elika nosi naziv iron oxidul, FeO, can substantially influence the
vustit. Njegova ta~ka topljenja, u zavisnosti od characteristics of the steel. Like microconstituent in the
sadr`aja kisika, se kre}e od 1370 do 1430 oC, a u structure of the steel, it is known under the term
strukturi se nalazi u obliku si}u{nih globula. vustit. Its melting point varies between 1370 and 1430
OC, depending on the oxygen content, and in the

structure it is found in the form of small globules.

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Smanjenje prisustva nepo`eljnog FeO u strukturi
metala zavara se posti`e dezoksidacijom sa
manganom ili silicijem. Procesi redukcije se
odvijaju prema sljede}im reakcijama:
Mn + FeO → Fe + MnO
Si + 2FeO → 2Fe + SiO2.
Nastali MnO se odstranjuje u vidu {ljake, a zaostali
dio mangan-oksida u strukturi metala zavara je
znatno manje {tetan od FeO. Udio mangana koji
ne u~estvuje u oksidacionim reakcijama se rastvara
u feritu, {to izaziva pove}anje svojstava ~vrsto}e.
Silicijum-dioksid SiO2 se, tako|e, u najve}oj mjeri
odstranjuje u vidu {ljake, a zaostali udio se u
strukturi metala zavara naj~e{}e ne javlja
samostalno, kao silicijum-dioksid, ve} u obliku
razli~itih slo`enih silikatnih uklju~aka: (FeO)2 x SiO2;
(MnO)2 x SiO2; MnO x SiO2; MnO x FeO x
SiO2, koji su po pravilu vrlo tvrdi i krti. Udio
sadr`aja silicija koji ne u~estvuje u reakcijama
oksidacije rastvara se u feritu grade}i ~vrsti rastvor
- siliko ferit, koji povoljno uti~e na elasti~na
svojstva i pove}ava svojstva ~vrsto}e [6,7,8].
S obzirom da prisustvo kisika, odnosno nekih
njegovih oksida u metalu zavara, u zna~ajnoj mjeri
mo`e da uti~e na promjenu mikrostrukture i
kona~ne osobine spoja, to je pored standardnog
odre|ivanja procentualnog u~e{}a kisika u metalu
zavara, izvr{ena i detaljna analiza njegovog
vezivanja u pojedinim oksidima (FeO, Fe2O3,
Fe3O4, MnO, SiO2). Ispitivanje je izvr{eno prema
standardu ISO 4491/3, a uzorci za ispitivanje
sadr`aja kisika u metalu zavara su bili posebno
pripremljeni valj~i}i dimenzija ∅ 3 x 4 mm, izrezani
iz sredi{njeg dijela metala zavara.
Analiza distribucije kisika po oksidima izvr{ena je
na osnovu grafi~kog prikaza raspada pojedinih
oksida prisutnih u svakom tretiranom uzorku, slika
2. Koli~ina kisika vezanog u odre|enom oksidu
ekvivalentna je povr{ini ispod svakog od pikova
predstavljenih na dijagramu (plava linija), a iz
tabela uz dijagrame mogu se dobiti i podaci o
procentualnom u~e{}u kisika vezanog za neki od
prisutnih oksida. Sa druge strane, vrsta svakog
pojedinog oksida, prisutnog u metalu zavara, se
odre|uje na osnovu njegove temperature topljenja
(crvena linija na dijagramu) i poznatih temperatura
topljenja pojedinih vrsta oksida, tabela 4.
- 212 -
Reduction inpresence of undesirable FeO in
structure of the weld metal is achieved by
deoxydation with manganese and silicon. The
reduction processes are developed as per the
following reactions:
The formed MnO is mainly removed as slag, and
the remaining manganese-oxide in the weld metal
structure is less harmful than FeO. A share of
manganese that does not participate in the
oxidation reactions is dissolved in the ferrite, which
provides enlargement of hardness. The silicon
dioxide, SiO2, is in its biggest part removed as
slag, whilst the remainder in the weld metal
structure most often doesn’t come like silicon
dioxide. But in the form of the different complex
silicates: (FeO)2 x SiO2; (MnO)2 x SiO2; MnO x
SiO2; MnO x FeO x SiO2, which are, by a rule,
very hard and brittle. A part of the silicon, which
does not participate in oxidation reactions, is
dissolved in ferrite, making a solid solution -
silicon ferrite, which favourably influence on the
elastic properties and increase strength [6,7,8].
The presence of the oxygen or some of its oxides
in weld metal can largely influence the change of
microstructure and final characteristics of welded
joints. Therefore, besides the standard analyses on
oxygen percentage participation of oxygen in weld
metal, a detailed analysis as to has been carried
out its connections in certain oxides (FeO, Fe2O3,
Fe3O4, MnO, SiO2). The analysis has been done
pursuant to standard ISO 4491/3. The samples for
the analysis on oxygen content in weld metal were
specially prepared cylinders of dimension Ø 3 x 4
mm, cut from the middle part of the weld metal.
Analysis on the oxygen distribution per oxides is
made on the basis of graphics which represent
decomposition of some oxides present in every
treated sample, figure 2. The quantity of oxygen
connected in certain oxide is equivalent to the
surface under each of culminating point, represented
on the diagram (blue line). Besides, it is possible to
get data on percentage of oxygen tied in some of
oxides present. On the other side, type of each
oxide, present in the weld metal, is determined on
the basis of his melting temperature (red line on the
diagram) and well-known melting temperature of
some oxide types, table 4.
ID CODE: a-2 wt = 0,2502 g 09:26 15-Oct
Oxygen = 0,03680 % Nitrogen = 0,00533 %
Oxygen Area 1 0-19 sec 0,00000 %
Oxygen Area 2 19-59 sec 0,00321 %
Oxygen Area 3 59-99 sec 0,00165 %
Oxygen Area 4 99-171 sec 0,00938 %
Oxygen Area 5 171-182 sec 0,00083 %
Oxygen Area 6 182-238 sec 0,00820 %
Oxygen Area 7 238-252 sec 0,00099 %
Oxygen Area 8 252-316 sec 0,00928 %
Oxygen Area 9 316-395 sec 0,00325 %
Oxygen = 0,03680 %

ID CODE: a-4 wt = 0,2697 g 09:46 15-Oct.

Oxygen = 0,03496 % Nitrogen = 0,00458 %
Oxygen Area 1 0-20 sec 0,00004 %
Oxygen Area 2 20-64 sec 0,00329 %
Oxygen Area 3 64-97 sec 0,00131 %
Oxygen Area 4 97-161 sec 0,00712 %
Oxygen Area 5 161-180 sec 0,00147 %
Oxygen Area 6 180-229 sec 0,00695 %
Oxygen Area 7 229-245 sec 0,00110 %
Oxygen Area 8 245-325 sec 0,00857 %
Oxygen Area 9 325-395 sec 0,00511 %
Oxygen = 0,03496 %

ID CODE: a-6 wt = 0,2695 g 10:06 15-Oct.

Oxygen = 0,04079 % Nitrogen = 0,00302 %
Oxygen Area 1 0-21 sec 0,00005 %
Oxygen Area 2 21-56 sec 0,00211 %
Oxygen Area 3 56-110 sec 0,00180 %
Oxygen Area 4 110-165 sec 0,00822 %
Oxygen Area 5 165-166 sec 0,00007 %
Oxygen Area 6 166-230 sec 0,01375 %
Oxygen Area 7 230-310 sec 0,01123 %
Oxygen Area 8 310-395 sec 0,00355 %
Oxygen = 0,04079 %

ID CODE: a-8 wt = 0,2563 g 10:25 15-Oct.

Oxygen = 0,04313 % Nitrogen = 0,00439 %
Oxygen Area 1 0-16 sec 0,00000 %
Oxygen Area 2 16-64 sec 0,00388 %
Oxygen Area 3 64-139 sec 0,00865 %
Oxygen Area 4 139-208 sec 0,01586 %
Oxygen Area 5 208-272 sec 0,00673 %
Oxygen Area 6 272-352 sec 0,00653 %
Oxygen Area 7 352-395 sec 0,00148 %
Oxygen = 0,04313 %

Slika 2.- Distribucija kisika u metalu zavara za eksperimentalne uzorke

zavarene u za{titi Ar/CO2 gasnih mje{avina sa 8, 12 i 18 % CO2 [4]
Figure 2.: Oxygen distribution in the weld metal of experimental samples welded in the protection of Ar/CO2
gas mixtures with 8, 12 and 18 % CO2

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ID CODE: a-11 wt = 0,2968 g 10:44 15-Oct
Oxygen = 0,03885 % Nitrogen = 0,00426 %
Oxygen Area 1 0-16 sec 0,00000 %
Oxygen Area 2 16-64 sec 0,00290 %
Oxygen Area 3 64-180 sec 0,01738 %
Oxygen Area 4 180-236 sec 0,00595 %
Oxygen Area 5 236-236 sec 0,00005 %
Oxygen Area 6 236-300 sec 0,00502 %
Oxygen Area 7 300-364 sec 0,00615 %
Oxygen Area 8 364-395 sec 0,00146 %
Oxygen = 0,03885 %

ID CODE: e-4 wt = 0,2590 g 11:03 15-Oct

Oxygen = 0,04899 % Nitrogen = 0,00396 %
Oxygen Area 1 0-19 sec 0,00000 %
Oxygen Area 2 19-67 sec 0,00318 %
Oxygen Area 3 67-161 sec 0,01346 %
Oxygen Area 4 161-249 sec 0,01564 %
Oxygen Area 5 249-301 sec 0,00643 %
Oxygen Area 6 301-381 sec 0,00958 %
Oxygen Area 7 381-395 sec 0,00070 %
Oxygen = 0,04899 %

ID CODE: e-5 wt = 0,2773 g 11:23 15-Oct

Oxygen = 0,05249 % Nitrogen = 0,00494 %
Oxygen Area 1 0-16 sec 0,00000 %
Oxygen Area 2 16-64 sec 0,00208 %
Oxygen Area 3 64-156 sec 0,01505 %
Oxygen Area 4 156-261 sec 0,02038 %
Oxygen Area 5 161-329 sec 0,00820 %
Oxygen Area 6 329-390 sec 0,00632 %
Oxygen Area 7 390-395 sec 0,00047 %
Oxygen = 0,05249 %

Slika 2./nastavak/ - Distribucija kisika u metalu zavara, za uzorke zavarene u za{titi Ar/CO2 mje{avina, sa 22
i 30 % CO2 i uzorke zavarene u za{titi Ar/O2 mje{avina sa 12 i14 % O2 [4]
Figure 2./continuation/- Oxygen distribution in the weld metal of experimental samples welded in the
protection of Ar/CO2 gas mixtures with 22 and 30 % CO2, and samples welded in the protection of Ar/O2
gas mixtures with 12 and 14 % O2,

Tabela 4.- Temperature topljenja pojedinih oksida, prisutnih u metalu zavara

Tabel 4. Melting temperature of particular oxides, present in the weld metal
Vrsta oksida
Cu2O FeO Fe3O4 Fe2O3 MnO SiO2
Type of oxide
Temperatura topljenja
1235 oC 1420 oC 1538 oC 1595 oC 1650 oC 1710 oC
Temperature of melting

Analiza distribucije kisika po oksidima, ura|ena u
okviru ovoga rada, na sedam karakteristi~nih
uzoraka, zavarenih u razli~itim Ar/CO2 i Ar/O2
gasnim mje{avinama pokazala je, u ve}oj ili manjoj
mjeri, prisustvo svih naprijed navedenih oksida u
metalu zavara. Procentualno u~e{}e kisika vezanog
u pojedinim oksidima u strukturi metala zavara
navedeno je u tabelama uz dijagrame, slika 2.
Analysis of the oxygen distribution per oxides, carried
out in this paper, on seven characteristic samples
welded in the different Ar/CO2 and Ar/O2 gas
mixtures has shown to some extent presence of all
above mentioned oxides in weld metal. Percentage
participation of oxygen connected in particular oxides
in the structure of the weld metal is shown in the
tables along with diagrams, figure 2.

- 214 -
Prema ovim podacima, koli~ine kisika vezanog za Pursuant these data the quantity of oxygen
`eljezni oksid (FeO), koji je vrlo va`an za osobine connected in iron oxide (FeO), which is very
metala zavara, kre}u se od 0,00712% do important for the characteristics of weld metal,
0,01738%, kisika vezanog u mangan-oksid (MnO) - varies from 0,00712% to 0,01738%; of oxygen
od 0,00615% do 0,01123%, a koli~ine kisika connected in manganese oxide (MnO) varies from
vezanog za silicijum-dioksid (SiO2) su u granicama 0,00615% to 0,01123%; and of oxygen connected
od 0,00070% do 0,00511%. Distribucija kisika in silicon dioxide (SiO2) - from 0,00070% to
prisutnog u metalu zavara eksperimentalnih uzoraka 0,00511%. The distribution of oxygen present in the
na pomenuta tri oksida mo`e se predstaviti i weld metal, of experimental samples on three
grafi~ki, slika 3. mentioned oxides can be presented graphically,
figure 3.

0,020
Quantity of oxygen connected in oxides in %

količina kisika vezanog u oksidima u %

0,015
FeO

0,010

0,005 MnO
SiO2

0,000
0,035 0,040 0,045 0,050
sadržaj kisika u metalu zavara u %
Oxygen content in weld metal in %

Slika 3.- Zavisnost koli~ine kisika vezanog u pojedinim oksidima

(FeO, MnO, SiO2) od sadr`aja kisika u metalu zavara [4]
Figure 3.- Dependence of oxygen quantity connected to particular oxides (FeO, MnO, SiO2) on oxygen
content in the weld metal

Analiziraju}i dijagram mo`e se zaklju~iti da sa By analysing the diagram, it could be concluded

porastom sadr`aja oksidiraju}ih komponenti u that increase in contents of oxide components in
za{titnom gasu, odnosno sa porastom oksidacionog the shielding gas, in other words increase of the
potencijala za{titnog gasa, raste sadr`aj kisika u oxygen potential of shielding gas, leads to increase
metalu zavara. Istovremeno, dolazi i do pove}anja of the oxygen content in the weld metal. At the
sadr`aja nepo`eljnog `eljeznog oksida (FeO). same time content of undesirable iron oxide (FeO)
Sadr`aj mangana i silicija u metalu zavara se increases. The contents of the manganese and the
smanjuje, slika 1, {to dovodi i do smanjenja silicon in the weld metal is decreasing figure 1,
ukupnog u~e{}a njihovih oksida u strukturi metala which leads to lessening in total participation of
zavara. Ovakav trend porasta koncentracije their oxides in weld metal structure. This trend in
`eljeznog oksida FeO u strukturi metala zavara je increase of the iron oxide concentration FeO in
nepovoljan i mo`e negativno da se odrazi na weld metal structure is unfavourable and can
kona~ne osobine zavarenog spoja. Da bi se on negatively reflect on the final characteristics of
ograni~io potrebno je ili upotrebljavati za{titne welded joints. To limit its influence it is necessary
gasove sa relativno ni`im oksidacionim potencijalom to use shielding gases with relatively smaller
ili pove}ati sadr`aj dezoksidatora - mangana i oxidation potential or to enlarge the content of the
silicija u elektrodnoj `ici. Na taj na~in bi se deoxidisers - manganese and silicon in the filler
pove}ao intenzitet dezoksidacije i smanjio nivo wire. In that way, the intensity of the deoxydation
prisustva nepo`eljnog `eljeznog oksida u strukturi would be bigger and the level of undesirable iron
metala zavara. oxide in the weld metal structure would be
reduced.

- 215 -
5. ZAKLJU^AK
Na kraju, kao zaklju~ak, mo`e se konstatovati da je
provedena analiza pokazala da sa promjenom
sastava za{titnog gasa, odnosno promjenom
koncentracije oksidiraju}ih komponenti u za{titnom
gasu (CO2 ili O2), dolazi do promjene hemijskog
sastava metala zavara. Porastom oksidacionog
potencijala za{titnog gasa sadr`aj kisika u metalu
zavara raste sadr`aj mangana i silicija opada, dok
se koncentracija ugljika i azota mijenja neznatno.
Pove}ana koncentracija kisika u metalu zavara
uzrokuje pove}anje koncentracije nepo`eljnog
`eljeznog oksida FeO, {to se mo`e negativno
odraziti i na mikrostrukturu metala zavara i na
mehani~ke osobine zavarenog spoja. Zbog toga je
pri izboru za{titnog gasa optimalnog sastava
potrebno voditi ra~una o njegovom oksidacionom
potencijalu, ne samo sa aspekta stabilnog
odr`avanja elektri~nog luka i smanjenja koli~ine
prskanja, nego se u vidu mora imati i intenzitet
odvijanja oksidacionih reakcija u rastopljenom
osnovnom i dodatnom metalu i za{titni gas birati
tako da njegov oksidacioni potencijal bude
uskla|en sa hemijskim sastavom odabranog
dodatnog materijala.
6. LITERATURA - REFERENCES
[1] Onsoien M.I., Liu S., Olson D.L.: “Shielding Gas
Oxygen Equivalent in Weld Metal Microstructure
Optimization”, Welding Journal, July 1996.,
[2] Luijendik T.: “Influence of Shielding Gas
Composition on Features of the GMA
Welding Process”, IIW Dok. XII-1343-93,
[3] Ushio M., Ikeuchi K., Tanaka M., Seto T.:
“Effects of Shielding Gas Composition on
Metal Transfer Phenomena in High Current
GMA Welding”, Trans. of JWRI, Vol.22, No.1,
August 1993,
[4] Pa{i} S.: “Doprinos ista`ivanju uticaja
za{titnog gasa na proces zavarivanja
MIG/MAG postupkom u visokom re`imu
- 216 -
5. CONCLUSION
In the end, it could be stated as a conclusion, that
the implemented analysis has shown that changing
of the shielding gas composition, in other words
changing of concentration of oxidation component in
the shielding gas (CO2 or O2), leads to changing of
weld metal chemical composition. Increasing the
shielding gas oxidation potential, contents of the
oxygen in the weld metal is bigger, contents of the
manganese and silicon declines and the
concentration of carbon and nitrogen varies, but
very slightly. Increased concentration of the oxygen
in the weld metal causes increase in concentration
of undesirable iron oxide, FeO, which can negatively
influence the microstructure of weld metal and
mechanical characteristics of welded joints.
Therefore when choosing the shielding gas with
optimal composition, it is very important to consider
its oxidation potential, not only from perspective of a
stable maintenance of electric arc and loss spatter
reduction but it is necessary to take in account the
intensity of oxidation reactions in the molten metal.
Thus shielding gas must be chosen in that way that
oxidation potential of shielding gas is harmonized
with chemical composition of the chosen filler wire.
parametara zavarivanja”, Doktorska disertacija,
Sarajevo, Decmebar 1999.
[5] Stenbacka N., Persson K.A.: “Shielding
Gases for Gas Metal Arc Welding”, Welding
Journal, November 1989.,
[6] Lucas W.: “Shielding Gases for Arc Welding”,
Welding & Metal Fabrication, June 1992,
[7] Schuman H.: “Metalografija”, Leipzig, 1962,
[8] Jonnson P.G., Murphy A.B., Szekely J.: “The
Influence of Oxygen Addtions on Argon-
Shielded Gas Metal Arc Welding Processes”,
Welding Research Supplement, Feb.1995.,