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    Williams Imperial Anticolonialism PDF

    Uploaded by

    Laura Pastrán

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    é © carpet @) STURA yao @ THE TRAGEDY OF AMERICAN DIPLOMACY William Appleman Williams A SPCOND REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION + DELTA BOOK CHAPTER ONE, |. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE EXPANSIONIST OUTLOOK ur people ae decided inthe opinion thet iis necesery for ‘ws totale «sire nthe sceupotion of the oes © td that lin of policy Be parmed shih weil nner thew of tba ee ‘ment a5 gress posable 1 thom. lat whe al be the Cemsequence? Fregune sr etoit daub. - Our com ‘merce on the oceen andi other countries mast be pa for by regu a, ‘oss JEEPEAON TO JOHN Jay 1785 A continuance of the prevent anarchy. of our commerce wil ‘bea continuance of the unfeorabebalace oni ssicb by ‘aiming sof our meal (ol bring tr rat}. fn ace ‘mort of eur goa els may Be raced upto our commer fone, and mac of our moral to ou pote. JANE MADOW TO THOMAS JEFrENOS, 1786 he ueton eter lo xe rep re more Inset the clecson of rope guna of te pale ‘weal; and it is clearly decided in favor of the latter. al IMPERIAL ANTIGOLONIALISM Ow acer fiber «nese proof ofthe falebood of Mon esque doctrine bar «republic can be preereed ony i « mal territory. The revere he tt ; We be us commenced esortng, yet the Bome mare tuin rs comply ged i my aril We all Se competion proucon wes ori mar tes cm Yond ac anne, 143 Wein the Wert. we she words ee market, Twice OF MBL, 145 Ini car te ac the mos pore factor maining the commercil propery of the Onted Sate og ibe toot art br besa dary fete lew Tar Se commerce! prporty of he county i be n= {ed in efecto to fad broad 8 market ors episode eae Me ts ‘eorrowiaL. ts Bradstreet’, 1884 » he Trasedy of Americes Disomacy We oe rapialyuitcng the oboe of aur continent erry. Weare crm ur yes abroad oF they al sm look Brand spon dicoment, EPRESREATIVE Jon ADAAC KASSON We ems on he heb, my judgment of deep tnt ecard ef cont fr efron commer 0 ‘world. ti coma Aa iler andor, 100, would askew the trating enter of a he siverating counties of the col, and aber covet, ontsin fr more thon on-bal of the word's popation, "WILLAN JENNINGS A, 195 Ames rains view of inland che word i composed ‘of cue bse em, or images. One mani thatthe Ute Sates was line uel ord power was “thru upon i? Fist wo help Cuba, hen ewie to sre the world for deoctuy, fd finaly to pecvene he Sovce Union and thee Communit regina from overhlning the world, Another bol te xcept fr «bref and rpily dpled aberration a he tum fof the eenrry, America har been annette drougout is hinoy. A ied swers thats nique Combination of eco nomic power, intelectual ni paced genius and moc gor ‘ble Aeris to check the Enemies of pace and progres fd build a bewat worlwithoue ering an enpe the ‘Nec een Joaph ean msinained that Americ’ seco in ‘work af was exacy the reverse of ths common view, a oe Amecicise to do r0 would be to mizake 4 candid and Seuching seexaminton of thir own myshalogy fora trade of tiles sdamnaton, The casa iene aboot America foreign polly sre no ll wrong: the Uaied Sse dd come ‘ofl, ctv involvement in iterations ais by depres peri Aion ” fd pis br comely scmtwledged vos ln ot those tay do eof much nigh ino, 0 mh {Grsgnsaioms eb more acre and ore nina eee ee ees eee In tie foneded wits ight» ge sip of el coe Sue one eee Reson eres a ace eee eel See PGR ete eh ite Ras dees bm ‘Suro sate 7 ey, LIKE Sal Rh Feta) Bro “he ee en eee eae ieee) pe eae en Set eel » The Tragedy of Ameicn Dilomsey However nacaral,attrstve, and extlarating, sich » com- rmimene to enpire neverthcles pow serious lemma for the Founding Fathers. Polial ory ofthat age sere the imposibiliy of reconeling democratic repableaiam with lage site. Upto the te ofthe Aaveicnt Revolution stay ‘ue tbe Baitsh eoeld rein ignorant lor evade thet fis Sel-governing Englishmen never had to cope with the problem of integrating their contest into ther domenic Social an polis! economy. Amerians were not so formats, for any expansion they wnderook immediatly enlarged he ‘modhercomnry Led by James Madison, they sought ele the conadieven berween thir dive for spite and tet pols by developing » theory oftheir own which asered tha democrace republican could be inproved and sa ‘sine by jse seh an inperil foreign pli ‘Probably taking bis cue from David Hume, an Englishman ‘who aracked Monteuicus argument che democracy wast systum that could work only in smal site, at from Brat nmeremtes such 8 Frais Bacon, Thoma Man, and Jemer Steury Medison asserted eat expansion was they to pe ‘venting fctions—zhemslvsprimariy the esl of econo onfcts—from disrupting he fabric of society. Instutoal checks and balance could help, and were thercloe necesary, bur they were no enaugh a and of tems. Expansion ss ssemilfo migete ccnomic ashes by providing an empire for exploitation and developnen, and to inerpse lng ir tunes (and thos diets and” delys in satoising ied !magonsns) between one fae andthe rest of the nation td the government el ‘Madison thus proposed, wa eto policy and ation in bis ‘oun time, the sane kind of an argument thie the orion Frederick Jackson “Turner formulated 3 century ater whea he advanced fis frontier thes which explained. Arete’ democracy and promperity at dh cel of such expanion Madion® theory’ was shared (or borrowed) by many. other American Indes of his tine. Thomas Jefferson's thes that lanocray and prosperity cependd pon society of land WA Wiles The Cowon of Amram, Hise (Chagos (Qin ens oe and he da oT Me te ‘Bp New Yrs andor Ha) Imperato a Se a apa cae asia tis SS ere he ree ae a near eee ren bee! ane aes ei eee pel pena cy Se eae ate eae Sota Sed ya nde een S See RET aor es Pata lve as Keane For ae Gof Fe atari cote oe pe ee ee re ee eee ee ee ee ee ar Scenery = Se errata "A Ue or ily i (Sapetip ues oeety cera ae ee ace eaten tan ee a ara ase Pere eee ae qian ph mg ee ee ee ee ae ers ae outset, for example, colonial Americans had viewed ee eee ae = Se ae ara as eres ee ete ee eave, fees rs Se eee ee a ee cere Cetera geeci sare Se ee ere a eae ne ee See are een re ES eee SS eae ee Se ae Bp partie alien tee BP WE eR ate Wohi Rad Plows, poe The Tragedy of America Diplomacy Otters, ehogh sey were ager opens alo relied an the damesie consumer, Bu tbsteo nd comon famers need foregn markes frm the oust snd che number of food rode whose srplser wen shoadierned sly afer {he turn ofthe uncut Cry. By the lee 130m not ene, a decening umber of farmers knew who realy boaghe shir surplar production. T ah go wr he alot town et and be comme y his rend Bee might js veal be sipped to larger trading center. Yet soul a file ballot cover ae tack go io the pipe uf smcne in sot! county. The American agricultural bsinesnan war being evee mar Fly inepated into the wold capi market, sl he sce reed tat he nd to sll ote abv! the a going to roger. “The grt of fmm export Benet the tars nd ship pe who tnd always been dsp inveled in markt expos So, and who lad acer heated to prise te govern far seve assape and protesion. By th end of the Ci Was, hae wo groupe hi developed an even greater terest in orerens mutes forage surpass, Thee concert ‘was soon supplemeated by she sma involvement of the Frocenor of trade fonts se deco ofthe booming fll ad te thane who deve sng eter tex indy. "The reasons were np: the expote prow sf cmmerch! agcuae In the meh a er coed Surpas of maze proportions. Beef od pork ay wel ws west We ating om nel ea ‘hwy sng vr of export Aad the recovery of etn prodveon fe-crestel that tena surpls at 2 ime when ew competitor: had entered the manerpact, As for the fala they ewe the export tnde as coc © ee a “The mos perceptive economic and pla lenders ofthe _nezopoline ie August Bement, Sear James Gilpie Bhan andthe eto of Key buines and fiscal jours prompely recognized the inplcadons of thse development {They rene ta he far bacnomnen (and Une fneey who were becoming such eatreprenors)consieed me Jaro the plitely sere popalocon “hac mane ews alto povde market for uch seer sup i ey were to minoet alone comotidane—the power of the Ieopoti They so undeod tht such exports payed Ml prin the Fonctnig of he meopottan canoe 5 (Wel in the eof the india farmer. The wrenching Specie ne dem hse pn nd sake tier mevopotian leaders vo the asi af new ay: the Suv eb of he econmeny won soon ned ch feign trues forts own prose Noe nly did some fie like ‘Racefeller hunch campaigns o petsrte work! makes, but gett exports were cul athe recovery of the yt ifom the depesion ‘Sich serene was nse hy dhe neten performance of the concny ding shee (nd the dieeton ths fowrsed song fam busncnen) and by the atin of Show cery Batopesn vation cone he impact f American ‘Poca epson ts ow economy (Sot 5 TED) The agers demsodel vgoroes governments ‘Stance to leep old martes open andto find md penerate ew aaskes, They agate fot the regulation of raronds in Breer co aeain more ofthe market pce as prose They t= tacked als and other forges who. owned lod te UUnted Sones developing their own gram sows Yeon of the trguner ce the ede wa ey opp and wee fat lng before Profesor Taree offered hin more sopisi- cate vetsion of tha heme. ind Gey became ere mite vcifroey inion, nd emotenaly sou, co farce mexpolan leer #0 emo (ise prot inn carne en Ta cn ‘hey mineeed, woul open the marke of Latin Americ Sodan che Chins woud te covered fom eet whet), derem Great Brits dominance of word tee (in gem: {fu wll in west and eon), and prove an flee demonstration of Americas power and sigh lad dh word From the point of view ofthe metopo, the thre fom the provincer td she needs of owa economy tegu t con ferge, A grest many fam bustesmen wer in rsbl, and Wy SES gether they cold cool atopy "Tere wm i thy ses afore the Ci of the pe Te ven pemly domed by he shllege ost by the aga ‘SiFoojnky eo the mcuplin tinge ance and * The Tree of Arco Dimacy ticins—and he ales inthe provinces—who had genet- {iy ron the coum ce te Cd Whe Ano Been the seve of urgency, more snd mare sta mewopeion baesnen were ang for ovens Conon expan. Such coronas unset» sap pola for (cron in ces that do not nanine polis in some form of repressive goverment), and te proce began co develop in the United Sera te end of th 6bon Fim busiesmen trned snore porpstully and enced to pola arion The talk sbor # tid party aot mem best ofthe Norther sn Stern Alaa ewe thc slider Paro of Hesbandey, le on ote enpatzato af fe Peoples Pope Party. Otho ped by such en Wiliam Jensings Bryan, chose to site for Conrl of the Democratic Pay. The ook ofthe esa lenders of that oguniaton ypfed by dhe arly meceplean one look of President Cover lesan, wo ecu the ea eng Many, perape mor, of ces ‘met aceped he snevablty 6 ovens econasc expeson, bu ey were ‘strongly ined to pproach i coset asa need of he Imag india ptof the economy the weal be met 2 pur of 4 maul proce which twa oni to Ftc, ‘Tar opened the ay for the apicul expaions within be Democratic Pay tn tie the ave Replicas ke Hikine and Benjemia Huron ‘scoped the ouling danger chee postion if they could sr divide dhe fa buuesie, then te metropaie Soal! ln is power and stuhorgy. Those me, snd ochers within the Repebcan Pay, ‘ho bekered inthe neceity of ovenens scons expanse forte indnsl racial seco ofthe polis Conon. Ad £0 they bolly whacked the fare ont atom They ised ® desrocie gh within the purty, andthe lw of upcoming lection eo cammie the Repub to poly of Seumiog ‘That wos thar regy: opal For prompe vcr, ly forskimate econ “Their approach provides «god example ofthe relevance of sey ol how dm cm pif se a el of eng view: of he! ota the free of et in and of bos tp acto onde ad dice shat omentum The pu et ta their aswer igh for or GI er atc ad evloped hve! perpen th informed te wader | teri Anticon 2 sang of Se mete ey, ad a hy wee nt rr of by the pouty of shor-tnm defeat. ane id ion teal comand te mop can Republican lender to foreign policy of ovenexs cor temic expansion. That apres, nth view, would win the ibn tunes, bls acl segment af nore an Inidweernagrclaalbasnesmen, a adape the trading ‘Kmericn outlook to ew crcunstnes. “They wa in the ‘Soreran—the Cleon of 888. They low the nex founds the eeedons of 9 and gs. And they won i he long-run pe debion for enperil expansion dering the Css of the ‘eyon the cletns of 1896 ton, 90, and che tol ommisnes of he Denocee Pay water Woadrow Wion to poly of global expuson. 1, THE CRISIS OF THE 1890s AND THE ‘TURN 70 IMPERIALISM. A ow maracning capaci lege exes the was of Ime Consption etal ber Ret curt he rome by Ibuntg op pe mony essen re tal Boe 20 frets es Sate ough export f oe rom Age, «877 Aten mre becomes rend mare resem. 1am m exporter, sot the ror ‘per sxmcerhy 1850 1 bee, gentomen, thet these be coms forthe United Sone are lomo takes ace a ome of te fret commercial nation ofthe worl OPULET JERRY AIMION, 19 1 Cab sore foe se soa po undo Americ rade i iene People's Pry Peper, 896 * The Trey of dei Dipomey West ow on marks for or mamas and are. tte roduc sc tam orgy make or ay pat odes We wom vecpocy bh gear for Sie marc or ls pron es ht Sh pm ar kf force far tee prance od Produce and which we do not. a a ee PIN MINH, Jamo ys Americ maling mre the America pl ‘er do rb me hin Oh coe fe, fess roy oor oleh for en ae hat ‘world muse and shall be overs. cu Te ‘Lue? J. avemnce, AMAL 857 ‘scm tb cere ths every year esl be confronted ‘with a ioresing plus of maafecared goad or lei forcign marks: American operatses ond eran reo be ‘spt enployed the year around. The engemet of foreign onnonption ofthe products of our male and orkshops bs, share acme ere proton of omen a IMME OF SATE, APL 1698 In the feld of rate and comoerce, se tal beth keen com: ‘petiors of the riches and yreater powers and they need no ‘warning 10 be eznoed tht bn tat rugs, ce sal Bring the ‘Reet 9 thie one StoRETARY OF STATE JRO 4, 1859 {ven protection organs ee for freeads Ching, here frslom or te bcs of moan metjacrts. Bava ‘sper alent on poral poey Eh conto fit mo conqust bet hereof cmonee Condon Tine, 1950 ‘The is of the 1850s was major tring point in Amer ca sary. emackd he clos ofthe age of falsovian Laas Now Fate, and provided the sting forthe denh scene of Ici Atrio ” she indvdoa ensepeenens 1s the Ayam igure in Amerie {Se Econ ie Ae the me tine mare the pt ‘ta new aytem bused upon, charred by, and conoled By the corporstion and simar lange and highly organized {ope cevighout Aerian sy Ince! by. che flores of the Phladhlphin and Reading Raion, andthe Nasional Cordage Company, lyin the year, and symbolized by Indus Black ay of May 5, The an of +893 quickly develope im a severe and double tyes depesion Ube ted nl "Never before” ded 2 Contre! and Erencil Chromic Rogar 89, ae there bon ocho suena ttlang eeaon of ads istry. = Mil fcr, furaes, mines my every- ice dowo in age names and Readeeds ‘Boctmds of men [wee] town oot of employment” Dy the endef theft year, sore goo bans and 500 bs set ad fe One ower explained very lay "You ve done buses for nuthin and sil hare hat bea 80 inse" As forthe farmers nd magne Juss) Hl ported onthe bass of survey trowghout hs empl at ‘lay few of the fumets have any snoney, and the lal tans ae unable to hep them” In midumine, 9. there ‘wee qe unemployed. andthe eine of Fatbond Age imicldthee “never was human Iie held ao cheap." Thoogh the pathetic march of Cones Army, and the biter falar of the Pullman Ske, became the synbub of the resting wrest tod lens there were yo ee aor seem progres the tne ofthe more fama aad ris in Chicago, een of is despa sad extensive nature, he Cis of tte rigs cae in any soso of American oie the ‘Piet Chaos an revatio: Conzraties and elormes Saco than th sme coin tha someting dra had ST dane, nor only tose the immed problem, but to fren th rsurene of sich eter That an expansionist Tercgn policy would prove uch relief and prevenion rap- iy bechme an iegrl andl port of ll Duc an inno ial segment of the repo to te general cr The ive thuc i's few year devloped ino what inthe rose would have been ealed's Great Bebte concerned not whethet si scl be purse, bu athe what Kindo epson Boul be enderaten re » The Tragedy of American Ditty hic brand support for expen, and paticlatiy over- sex economic expomion, ested upon agreement among on. Servatives and liber (ren many radical joined infor sf ean) a Demet at Reps al ton nd iroup af she county. A rong majority speed that foreign oly cond and shold play a iporsae=at not era fart la recovering fom the depron of the 18nd in Foresling ere dicts. "This consensus ws bed on two ies. The ist, Bell by smanafsrrers, farmers merchants and more other emrepee- eur groupe inthe economy, explinel the depresion 0d {ci uiret w the sole of nor Raving enough makes for their specie pradct—be fe tel, shoe o sows. Hebe ch {r0up looked se foreign poy a2 means of obaining marke Ions merehande of services Theta, andthe reing agli for vigorous scion, was apprene during the dpe it ceggstgs with Gres Briain ovr the bouncy between Venentela snd Bish Guinn. “The aultane stand taken by President Grover Cleveland and Scresy of Sate Richa Oley dd pect bankers in ‘New York (long with some in Boston), but mos insta tnd commercial leaders crowghoot she country Baked the Aseton of American predominance in she Wesern Hem Sphere And abi ext, ins ler wellknown episode, bus Assen such as Will Rockefeller of Samdsrd Oil ad Urged dhe Cleveland Administration to ftervene boldly inthe Brriin Revolution of 10. Determined go prose and ex and che wade with Bran cat war heging t0 develo, Gevclnd deployed sip ofthe United Stars Navy in away Ui led defeat che rebels who were oppo othe pte ‘of tal economic eelations wih Ameren, Inbuth aes Clevelnd’ action ‘verfed the siking pre “ction made in 19 bythe eons of the Onnhs ee Nee ‘Commenting yon his itaogutato, they had weeomedClee- Jandy one who cold be rebed up “to promote far 2x pomble the Manifes: Destiny? deci.” leven’ handing St the Amerien-conecved and exeued revolution apt ‘Queen Liflooalan in Hw (193) fllowed che ame p tem. While he withdrew the proposed testy of tnnesston from consideration by the Sense he id nt ce though an rotring che Queen to power Tnsesd, be recugazed the Inert Ancooiston ” “Amazon dominated Republic of Hat ht ws eb aerJay 4 io. and tied. Ameen ral ores in he ana Dspis the narrower and sore ocodox oun he had revealed doing the toy therfore, even bee Sigi- Shy more Spey expense ding Ri second erm = froin, Sever focor help espn ht icresed vigor He Fl ataye sted abou te desrbity of Inger makes (and ener acco to aw materia) for the metropl and ie apenig comonic tbl undobiey made hin more Wiig ct decay a foretly n sper af tt py [knd aug he war acopomsive to most agrarian reform jroposay be nw he ads growing revo a he De ike Payal he cal tardy have med the ppd ofthe Repos comp fr markt exon. al, he Was 9 Song though so ing, non” Tren the tne be eed he Wale Hou i 8p, Cee- land wos sje ts ing clamor for vigorous overseas conomic exputon, snd to eee more toubcone polite problems, Agesing with bor leader Senel Gompers tht He pe stn gine she cing am leet “Sockea Jery Spon argue thw he “urls ‘ak tocige waite! Moke mills oped a he wel trols the lage indi! lenders who oraz he ‘Nien ASsociton of Manfecraes in 9 and spokesmen for te Nation Live Sock Exchange. Editor a aes ‘cemif dmercey, giving Magen, and Tron Age eppored these aon, Ard the Ute Star Imertor ‘Shuced that “un uct for surplus stocks becomes an i pure neces” Sach apacon sn pros dl become 0 Fenenlandisene byte en of 197d the Deparment SF'Sate tegen tw pre aad tes come eprts Athieh deseibed a bing propre "Yor the benef of Aer “nindusies cling foreign cus" aly sched “The second ide cout xpusion ws mach Dron and took eroun of the porta oofook of a spec iter peat arpa ete dees, oa ie ers tees eer etme TEPER ca iy » Te Trgady of America Diplomacy Te expited Amerie’ democracy and propery in che pte ss the ea of expansion sro he cote aod to» ct Aegee,ovenens io the markets of the wold iter bm ply or eaplicdy, depending on che frm in which was Freented, the ide poited to she prt concsion. at ‘xpanon yas the way 0 sie une prscve democecy, an estore property ‘The generation sot che reltionship berween expan sion, derocrcy, and prosperity cane most wellimowh the frontier thes advtnent by the Rasta Frederik Jock sn, Turner, Tomes fie proened isegumen foal ape before the Amesan Hisorcal Awocaion in Decenr et oy, en tgs he pblaied sven of his incpe- ‘ston forthe genera pli in the nic Monthly. or really thre entrits the dominant fat of Ameen ie has teen expo” he caplanedy and then went on to 5 ‘hat “the demand fr 4 vigrows foreign plicy for an Ree ‘oceanic cial, for a revival of oct power up te sexy and forth excson of Aneto ence ong ony ng ons thatthe mover ‘Although Tamers formation ofthe agunen tha pros perty and representative goreminent were ted cally to pasion became the maw gezealy known, veon, the ental ie was pr frward wath bs minor vans by toany other melee dariog the same. yeas One sich Sure wat Aled hye Nn eo bee he saree asa moval scat with antvexpasone idea He fl va expansion wuld ed conned govcoament sd huge armaments which wosld in tm pone ats ‘Spreson, and smal fevoluon, Bu his eg inter. ints thoaght of the tveterth and ightrenth Senarcy fd the economic dink snd pia ures nt Uaied Sais after 1886, combined to change hs ind. coming = vigoroes expinsonis, he championed big: ary on the {unde that the Unted Ste ato more ccward “tse the wel of the conty" And theugh be often lated ht angus in he tsar of Chrsinty 2nd the White Mans Borie, Mahan esetaly derived is propose um sat Be termed “the imporance of dian market and the Telaon to them of our own immense powers of praaction Imperial Atco » Sill another such expansionist ogi was Brooks Adams braher of the more fous Henry Adans and lose frend of such political lenders Theodore Rowevel, Henry {Caor Lodge, snd Joba Hay. Reasoning in terms that por ported co Be vat forall known chlitions Adan ised Je expnson was the ey to weak and welfare and con tte tae the United Stes would stagoae if ic ai no Eons positon in Lain Ameria and pus srs the Pcie fo mle Ass an cman clin. And Say Shek expunsonign ws ab plc inte wings of Wilians Sinha Sameer an economia secllogie who beer Sime fail in the vor and big of the old order ier aie india. “Thowe ta iless soot expason evoked responses from diferent tGflogeal and poe! groups in the canny. ‘Tamer statment of te fener th, for enample, appealed tore wing ofthe reform movement wich vol ws a= frst Live and plea reforms to proerve democracy and prosperity." Adan, on the other Rand, fad his Lge flow Fngamong other reformers who accepted the lage corporation and che gant banks bue wanted the pation government 10 fegaiteS control she in bef ofthe gem welfare Simmer’ role more dale co judge. For on thing, hs ininence wr conmeted with it of Heber Spence, the Tesh pilnpber of ince faze. For athe, and cntike Term Un Ran, Suo a owl ne ron foreign poy Bit one of Kx cet ess are Tare cht open of the pew cae and Ge ret ‘Socovencl_and ventions which have male this moder Seen The ee sonre of new power, however, bas been FE dpi of ay tht sv excerlon of population ove ew ll” This explanation imped furce expuson jst lis defense of ier fae snetoned sh action a2 mata Fightin any cre, Somme’ nflnce—whaever i mounted Saeed hemor comervae ection of Aen ety ‘hich nied that she principles and practices fle are Ud te nt snonen all comoe and social problems "Thavespecite presures and general Kes in favor of x» The Trae of Ameren Diplomacy prnson rapidly gained seth after 890. By aos. many Intvdual and group were esing the mporanceof ee [usin af «way to sahe domes Scone probien Th tka of Heyer” magusne utined te afprenc rater Banya ya 8p. he Used Sate wil el he ey they expla, "ulcng the gus tothe commeter of fe ‘oid lai th to wa I eae ig il te ghang ro keep the psc" Orbe sit epson ss wip s weston wil Coes orton ee {he ofa vey dark nigh” wna snes PTs Steen in stng “unless return of commercial espe eleva Depuer ascontent" ic ite, Seocor Willa Faye ws {er pci “We mt ave the mate (of Cao ‘esl he reolaon™ ‘Ae Reyes roms ges, poliiins scponded_yery pronply to the growing sere: espsion, Some of thy Ite sere of sete Gresham mn Olney, andere Romevee and Sesto Lodge, wee in Some rapecs stay Jeng th tation. “We haves record of conques clone tion ah espnion sequel by say peopl nthe Nine teeth Cenny.” Lodge Domed te Hl "We are no to be catbel now.. «For the ake of oor commer supremacy in the Pace we should convol the Hawaian is and maintain our intnce in Same,” Avda the eher end of the politcal spectrum Pope Jory” Sapson ced out In ang hat “he ae sven fo the mace of the wen An thew his Soppre bend the campaign or «ig bale ship Navy. Senator Neon Aldrich lewis demanded vigorous scion tn wae he ceed toa che “hier conten” for "nda premaey” inthe mates of the word. Anda Wisco the young Robert M, La Falls who ner became «cof Amercan expansion) opened his plea carer by caling inp) for sig Navy. He an supped cae Spars rd poretions thrughow the soda would proc excelent Isc forthe deer No too mupisngly LE Flew fudged ther McKinley was ended ete right ‘seen on fg Picy: "No men since Monoc has promied so much forthe Fone wealth sery and lay of this gen repue® Sal atte sch a8 Wendrow Wilom, age in ume yer for expansion a way to steagihon te execute banc of peri soni » the goverment and they inpove the gene ffesvenes of Amescan police Alla a and ss nmboled by the epublcan Pay’ platform of 196 the polis concloded the elnged mule woul prodoce rte wells roi. ‘Bronte tna py tri prtecion is Ue Scie mie Arsene wh ec ais St way of penctiing foreign mares When i as 0 fase top for ral te Neal Asociation of ano [Eftirew’ devel veh kr ong progian (othe oblom of cpuading erin mae One of specie Fron free eepocyy tastes 4 “praca method Sgr edema An i Yo the opin Had cashed pei conmisons to Dosncesanuin in Lan Ames a As I ede ab tmpiassel the ole of sich epson in preventing bot Cis and tn muing pos obey te ls 08 ch labor and ye ene prof fhe Me wat pred f the NAAM. 97, Theodore C Seach sunmarled the general feng witha de buses Community "May of ob mansfsrre have ougroyn of Steouigring thls home makes” heexplined, "nd he Bnd of ont fore wade tei nly promi of rl Gor onions auch s he Pan Ameren Society and Shek A Asin comer 0 rot i expuntonke foreign policy in one peruse, As the Foul of Commnre caved in pore ae At Eicensmic leds were fing the eye on he indent Spree ofthe worl” A growing mame of tankers abo ‘fen Conider ores economi expeson san tsctve Fld Tor smemeae. Some favored dtr los to foreigners (Goi often seengeene tho who were competing with ‘neve Bone), ule ohers peered e ence the oer= ‘hea companies in the United Sat Sachdifeteees of pinion one seategy, nd the stagonins develope in co ese stg, eto conice win th Supe comm iy and beeen the bonkers and distal, Furthermore, ‘ic banken sured peroneal in he yan prior 0 ‘Word War in rg enouge ep so cary thrgh hele Tigger projects Bur he cena pt tht te nancies did ‘por the general dre for vere economic expansion. "Hom thefouset, moreover the coronie ogenaions # ‘The Tragedy of American Diplomacy ‘ajoyed clase es wih kang polis. The founding con- encon ofthe NAM, was Keynoed, for example, by MeKin- ley. He snl pshed oveneas economic erpnson in i sdics at he opeing of the Piladlpis Commercial Mun in 8p) And te N.A.M, no doubt encouraged by MeKiney = ‘pponinent of Fraak A. Vandtip (Vice President of the ‘Nitin Cy Bank) a: Asstt Secteary of the Tremuy, ‘manaied the lho in vigorous effors to win such ok jeedves as reform and ensegement of the cour seve ‘As Theodore Sar exined in lee shoryafet MEK. ig em pwd Pd, he mice a he nie States never were so deeply conccned in frcign ade sat he procnt tine” And in sna, and equally Sigcous rane, the Anierican Aside Aston pres pls for ‘pamionacrom the Pace upon policans and government bnresuer. Such general and active sippore for economic expansion is fen ncpleed wien considetig the coming of he Spent ‘Amicon War. eis cmtanary o expan che war ura sede torre the Cine orto erect puyheloiel tea 1 ele for national futrtions sing Trom the depres Sion He wile may be granted sha economi lender pe fered mot t0 go to war loog hey coull scan hee objectives without and although ie may be usta to talk ‘ove Ancien developing national compaldon wo poh Spun fr mistening Cob equally arent tha mach imerpreaons do nat take account of sore hey agecs of the coming ofthe war. For one thing is clear ha vous ‘soups sw wat wih Spin over Cab at «peas to see ‘ther proba ‘They teached tht concen mereove, {tthe end of concin exerce in coniderngahernatvee ‘etna blind and reson outburst of patie oF eaag Ga fev: Many ogrine viewed 4 wy to nonetae Stren at home and ths pave the way fora oneal expen of thse enpors co the sering acs ofthe wor, Sone bor ‘oop: sooghe ie would eit or rele immediate reonee Sic. And many inporane esinesmen, at oma ‘wih the editors of some busines pllistons, ime mp ort wa for pee corner pars el forge mor Asani ” If there is ny one Ky co adersundig the coming ofthe wr with Spun very pcb rin the growing coin Song’ tf eonemi and pull Ide at Ameen stay imervencon war netesiy in order to clea up the ‘ha cs sot Some wl eter foreign py ists ould be dealt with efiieny and elect te shold be tue dar however, at sogesing eh explanation of the war th nose or mpc pune tat eer fonseratons were sonsxene oF uinporan Nori ‘ting hired tht the whol afiae wan the prodact of some canbmcy in high paces Comcioen of rp ic ot tnspincy, ren one wo are acer expaing ev)~ thing in tere of leans pryhology fen seem uncle to Slatigebh berwcen de oro Pose we connec of pul fiat high pacers there should whacrer on od idol judge on cher the gon or Uw mene—but there Te kewi sees wise expire che obvious, bu exe cick en oveote, aso fem gc omic rues and's moe feral sconome ete of the ‘uo Mon veo ean ein cern was bce thar pockeboak serve pompred them fo 4. They 3 tis Efe hatoranshave ben known 0 cage jobs tec sof view) for more money, well fo he 05 OF Torte et alin. A the stn of me a th igus during the pio leading vp 1 te We wi Spun ‘can only be ned in toe hgh. They womed ‘Reem to see sod etend their propery eld i Se Wyte onal te i analy nro pot caeaaon Sme Amen wat Skeaon on oe ounds tu wuld swe ther penal td party pole focus. Tie Pao gute prsble and aot st all ural for ine to act ont bas a reader, ore nls opi an and iegeaon of iforsabon and dire. Somecnes Sech reonegtion ofthe woddor Welameinag 8 tor fonmayealed—ovdr ain bh «ryt pola, teow or clear ylee rebel ob the eral factors "Thue sone Americans sadoubeedysyppoted war agit Shain because according to thie Ww ofthe Word Ie Pe The Tree of Anion Diloacy imponible to have pesce oe prosperity or good government in Cuba a ong sta aed by Caen "To anemetive dec, however, Aman Ides of the soon extraned 4 lamebosing thn ognized dat around economic citer. ‘They explined eles, and Terie advanced ohio aad acne by ttre to conomic phenomena, This dis male ea) economia totic inthe pocketbook sense Dut dd lead them Co tele ha eh bjcies inthe pl and ec res ould oly estan throug conse mens To some versity the oto ga cy, cx be sammie a oy Men lke McKinky and other sco Jeers tog about Americas problems and wells alse, ye ‘ed way ta enphsed ceo Wasting Jemoctacy and Soci pence they argued tu conde depres tnetened shore sbjecven an cnchded thet ovebear soon c perion provided primary mean of eding thet danger ‘They dil not want warp let sone warm ode ti ‘exe thir wn perinalfrtnes. Bt thir own conception of the wor lately led he ito warn oder he the problem the why that hey come meson ad tes Them genera ert bei on istered ‘serpretion should be hep n mn ehtoughow oe book “There ate tre cet oneratios to be evan and conned when explain and interpreting the war gun. Syn The i eat he bc ply uf pecs Chand ted McKinley wr to score te defeat of the ero in {Cbs ed whoe they sepenedly and exply called he pocifenion of he sland” under Spat rue. Hoth pres Sens waned to gee om wih other damesce and forcgn ‘rogras and poles in pares, both wee intensely co cenad with vigorous over ceooomie expan ito Latin ‘Ames ad Ae “The cutie of the Sino-Japineie War i 1854. pect Cleveland eonsdenbly or example and he forall warned {he Congres andthe county tat the conflet"destves our favor comidenion by reson of hy deurbance of Gut STi eof se Mad dio Bp fot are ede Sep Sa iy el ag —_ Import Anions ” roving smectite * Cee a ny epee ete gnc heme in hi menage of Deeenber 2, 1895. tc epi ted tae problem vo the urea af revlon In'Gale tat was "detnging the commereal exchanges of theinand: of which our eanty takes the predominant sac ‘Shor here, a Maceh and pi 186, Secretary of Sate lary oll ee Sih othe United Snes waned Yo belp Spey he lan” “Speingwith cndo” Olney empined Creo x ie an bly roped the rie et dee fc {G2 prompt an? perponene accion of thie nd” The nied Sate wanted to arid war of ce” wihin the Kdand, and soughe “the somintrropion of exesive tide tio (a he eso ie wile eso fon of property onthe band which. suteny desvoying ‘Americin vedi th sould be of semen vate and i tnery impoveiting gree urbers of American ces.” ‘Afar watng eg mente Cleeand on December 7808, peony and publicly reteate hk dere for "the pcr on of he sland” Amerets concer, he bluntly pied out tes “by no mans of wholly sentimental of pianhopc Graces" —"Our aoa pecuniary Hiner ii ie secind Shit the ofthe pape and government of Sin” In the Signal at of his mee, Cleveland proposed to conelide i waning skingy incene of the Tarr ge Tn stn of 16 thf we have gig od Fguing to beep he pace” Cleveland oxginaly puri hs wey Saher Spinone edhe rebelion prom ot “his foveramene wi be completo provet it om teres nd sits offs czens which ae concidene with hse of uman- iy and iienon penny, by resorting to such meaeres 22 wil promprly eestor ro fe sind the Dlengs of pec. Hi eves sd opin inthe ogi dra, «deli pesibed soe coming of the New Yee" “The increntng vigor and miltance (anderen elfsighteou nes) of levels approsch to Cuban afi cannot be Pgs nl el remind heer at ten Be ed ne eae pat ‘Eaters atch pes a one gras coniderato0” Wes chy a8 ty 1D) SP af Cuan meme ° Phe Toasty of Ameren Digomacy Plaine or understood in ilaon, The ever more theatning ‘gation of the agricultural basnessnen wars major factor ‘So was the thing Ametican concer about developmeats in the Far Fas. Jpans atack on China had thrown ope the 1a of Pandon's Box of ipedilisie Rivalriey and American ‘interests such asthe Ameritan China Development Company (Gnd other fms and banks) were cxughe and whipmwed ‘he eesutng free-for-all between Jan, Ruse, France, Eat ani and Germany. 1 the fill of 896, however, China ume eo the United States in an efor: to protect own potion by align fe self it major power tht had no ndested any sigan ‘terest interno eoncsions At the sume tine they offered a taload concesion to Americans, «delegation of Chins let vsted the United State, Received and enterisined! by Public nd priate lenders che Chinese cee} asomplisl thar inl Sbjectve of tnensiying American interest in ond ‘concern over economic gains in As. {levelan’s remarks on Cuba ia the Fist df of his Deen fer 1896 messige would deadly seem to follow frm tht stipe involvement in Asiparticualy see the Pre dene had ealed for the “gravee tonsideration” of that sue ts eatly 251894. Boe Cleelnd ha se born defeated by Mekinley inthe election af November 19 and his poston ws obviowly ifiele As reponsble polsican, Coveland ‘0 doubt rized that ie would be infu (and aginst ta lon) ro Sue an elinatum thee would eoesp KE socen “re nay even have heen expicly aise that MeKGnley had told Loc tat he “very naturally doer nat want tobe obliged 1 goto war as soon athe cores in.” Nor it wey Hy that Cleveland judged ie wise on secuad thooghe to go cue of ‘fice ar the man who gave the countey a ata he farewell git In the mesage sr delivered, therefore, he conte himself withthe clear waning that “ie cannot be tenon sumed tha the hidheto expectne attitude of the United Sores will be indefinitely gene” Upon ensrng the White Howse, McKinley reiterated Cleland’ demand for prompe “pacicition of the ian.” Bus in acing on that policy he begun very icy to squeeze Spain (and hinself andthe Unied States) to a erer more

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