' Guit> 3 _Power Plant Structures Power Plants and its types Enetgy is an important ctquirement for us. Prom running our air conditioners to fueling our vehicles, our daily surbival depends upon energy. Energy requirements’ have ted countries to war and continue to be a bine of contention between meny nations. Energy conaes in various forms. The mast convenient ofall of thei is electrical energy. Not cinly is it easy to generate, butit'can also be generated through a mumber of different ways srith the heip of different types of power plants H i bitterene types of Power'Plants Vinclear Power Plants «| Nuclear power plants work dn the chemical process of fission, Fission is a type of nucleat reaction in which, when the atoms of certain clements called nuclear fuels absorb free neutrons, they split into two er more smaller nuclei and some free neutrons in the process, a large amount of energy fs released The free neutrons further strike he atoms of other lissile materials, thus sctiing off a chain reaction. The enongy released from this chain reaction is Rarnessed in nuclear power plants to generate electricity Nuclear power plants have ways to control or stop these reactions when they:seem (© £0 out of contro! and become tieatgninr The nuclear fuets used: in the nuclear power plants are, Uranium-235 or Phitonsim-—49. Every country is in the race of becoming capable of harnessing nuclear enezgy. i % sp because the free energy released by a Sonraitcu si ap equal AMOUNE OF any ta However, ietar rarses che Concern about these reactions is that & fot of radioactive material 4is| crested im the process. These substances remain radioactive for long. Phis raisds the problem of managing nuclear waste. Nuciear Power im todia is gerieratcd at huge buclear power plants and nuclear power stations in India, A nuclear pbwer plant generates the electricity using ouclear energy All the nuclear power plants if India are managed by the Nuclear Power Corp of india € Ltd (NPCL. The electricity froin all India surlear plants is distributed by the NCL as per lhe nuclear power project scheme, Thermal Power Plants i ‘These power plants generate elbetricat encray trom thermal energy (heat). Since heat ic generated by burning fossil Tucis ke cos, petroleum, or natural gas, these power plants are also collectively relérred to as the fossil fucied power plant Céal power plants were the earliest of the fossil power piants tg have been built. The heal generated by burning the fossil fuels is used to ture cotating machincey, most commonly a steara tucbiay or 2 gas turbine that changes the Lhermal energy into mechanical energy. The ine is attacked 4 an attenuate Heil cyverts the mechanical ragrgy of the rotating t rotating tucbine into electrical energy Thermal Power in fadia is mainly generated through coal, Ras and wil, India eval power forms a majority shar at the sqttice of pow supply io India Phe olecisie aswer in India é9 gontrsted wt yarns tepmel ptveer stions is inrtia The patwce gonerated At hear theroat poser plants rs than disteibure all ove India through a ietwark Mf if ar regional! ane nagragremceit a tei» i 50siplgnts use the kinetic energy of flowing water to. produce elec. ‘plants store water in large reservoirs: Water int these reservos ‘and retate a turbine. As the bladed of a turbine turn, sa do the ma, Sf generntor which is connected to the turbine. These magnets rotate ast ¢0, aa in each rotation, electricity is produced. There are more than 2,000 _gower in the US, making it the largest source of energy in the country. Dette their ity, the major drawback of hydro power plants is that they are highly dependent on, hydrological cycle of the area where they are built. ivdidpower is India is one of the mega power generators in India, Various hydropower jects’ and hydro power plants Rave been set up by the ministry of power for ‘gendsation of hydro power in india. Various dams and reservoirs are constructed on ‘mnjor rivers and the kinetic energy of the flowing water is utilized to generate hydrpelectricity. The power generator here is the running water. The hydroctectric =~ power plants and the hydro power generation companies are managed by the Nationel © iydro Blectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Solar Power Plants Solar energy is one of the most abundant natural resources that is capable of providing, dmore power than the coerent demand requires. Most of the solar power plants are Se concentrating solar power plants in which the rays of the Sun are concentrated into a Esingle beam using lenses and mirrors. The beam is then used. to heat a working fluid that is'used t generate power Besides the concentratine.solar,cower plants, mmulti> “Muegawatt photovoltaic plants have also been built in recent wmes. «a these plants, Sun rays are concentrated on photovoltaic surfaces which convert the Sun's energy int electrical enérgy using the photoelectric effect, Shieh Bower in tutiu ds bing AUPByio yesevate Gevtiiehy un scuer seule by setting Up massive solar panels and capturing the solar power, Solar powee India is slo bein, Ulillzed by the power companies in fodia te geberate solar energy for domestic and sro industesnl uses ind Power in India is availabte in plenty as India witnesses high intensity winds in various regions hie to the topographical diversity in India. Efforts have been made to Ubllize this natural source of energy available {cee of cost for wind power generation. Huge wind energy fems have been sel up by the government fer tapping the wind energy by Using gigantic windmills and them converting the kinetic energy af the wind into electricity by the use of power converters. The wind power advantages start with She very fact that a wind energy power plant does not require much ialrastructure input and the caw material i.e. wind itself is available [ree of cost Other than these, there are the geothermal energy power plants, wind turbines and © “Eenewable power plants that generate electricity for human consumption. Despite the Giflerent types af power plants, man is.still on the lookout lor mare ways of generating ower. Although Gnsinn oé the only way of producing energy in nucinae power phants forts are on 19 use riucleau fusion and radioactive decay for energy productionsre Companies in India | Many governnient aswell a8, private orginizations have: taken up the task of power generation in india, The major Indian power companies playing prime are: > Bhakra Deas Manageinent Board 5 _Nippo Batteries > | Enercon Systems India | Reliance Energy Ltd. >| Besar Croup ry ® Shei Shale > GMR Group : > Durgapur Projects Limited > Gujarat State Petroleum > SathuJal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. Corporation Ltd ot > United Power > Jindal Steet & Power Limited * Ventral Systems Pvt. Ltd. > Karnataka Power Transmission Enron india Power Plant Corporation Limited (KPTCL) ® Geletronix Power India > Karnataka Renewable Enerey » Caterpillar Power India Development Limited | > Alton Power India > Konark ¢ > Thorium Power India > Magnum Power Generdtion GE Power Controls india Limited > Green Power india A of Turbo Generator foundation Aturbo ‘geuerator is aturbille directly connected to anelectric generator for the generation of electric power. Large steam powered turbo generators {steam turbine generators} provicle the majority of the world’s electricity and are also used by stearn powered turbo elestric ship, t ‘The design aspect of turbo generator foundaticn'has been dealt in unit — 2. A coniairiment building, in Itsimost commén Usage, is a steel or reinforced concrete structure enclosing a nuclear reactor. itis designed, in any emergency, to contain the escape of radiation ta a maxigiuin pressure in the range of 410 to 1400 kPa, The containers iy the final barrier to radioactive release (part of a nuclear reactor's defeace in depth strategy, the Girt bring he Fae or eli, the second being the metal fuel gaciding tubes, the ihind, being the'reacior vease! and opolant system The Containment Siructure of a Reactor Building If a Nuckrac Power Plant is a very important structure ay,if houses the main rector, The containmerit system has to be designed and tonstructed to withstand high pressures and temperatures released during postulated accidents in case of any accidents and (o act 28 a biological shield against leakage of radiation. Cdnstruction of the Containment structure, which is a safety-related structure, is @ key pctivity in the overall project implementation of 2 Nuclear Power Project ; i ‘Typically tn India, the containment!system consists of a double containment structure with a part-spherical dome on top. Usually the inner containment is in prestressed ier containnignt is in seinfosced concrete. Special types of concrete concrete and the such as High Periormance Concrete vith w:nperature contro! and Heavy Concrete are used in che canstuction The need, for accurately positioning many special embedded parts and though pupes ats a challenie ss teehnanies fie prosteessing, special fucmmenirts systeens The consirucsion suxthnitoion) ete need sperial sentir ‘ 82Reinforced Concrete Containsiont Structures According te the design besis pressure, they have to withstand, all containments can be divided into 2 categories, wamely containments carrying, an intemal pressure of below 0.038 MPa and high-pressure containments designed (o resist a presslire of more thes 0.025 Mpa, Most of existing containments are of the high-pressure type. Mivin factors to be allowed for in design, Apart from the choice of an appropriate structural design, the safety of any containment structure should be, guaranteed by applying adequate analysis Lechniques and standard safety factors, Above all, it shold be designed ‘o resist the worst toad combination. The Containment structure should be designed to carry: the self-weight of the structure: ~live'load the loads duc to the effect of temperature under service conditions the loads due to the effect of temperature in an accident + the internal presjure caused by the severaitce of a major pipeline the forces and pressure following the break of one of the-circulation foops he force due (0 the thermal expansion of the pipelines under service conditions the foree due (o the thermal expansion of the pipelines in an accident the Seismuc force corresponding to a horiaontak acceleration - the design seismic force corresponding to a horizontal acceleration the hydrostatic load likely to be imposed on the containment by failure of the water reservoir dam fa 1A. calandrisa is the reactor core of 2 moderator used lo moderate ‘The heart of a Nuclear Power project ts the Calandel the esactor. The calancirta contains heavy water eULFONS iy aeALerE AULA JISSMIY we AL IS base 4 double comtaininent system “Hence the most significant structuce for pucleas power ‘plant is the Reactor Containment Structure. The containment system has 40 withsvandl a high pressure (of the order of 1.44 kgjem’ during a posuitated accident de t: rupture Of the main steam line. tt also has ‘9 act as 4 biological shield during yorma! operations as well as in the case of the postulated worst accident - Logs Of Coolant 2) ac (LOCAL cuaditions. The functional, requirements of “he rontainmenc “Bieurture wai Ue “summarize! as: housing the reactor, tre primary coolant ancl moderator systems and other systems connected with steam generation: providing adequate shielding to cestrict the level of radiation af site within acceptable lirnits; ans} tated! LOCA in the reactor cuntaning the rathoactss release in tie evert of 2 po: For the sake of additional salety, the containment system is conceived as a double contaiament system and it is expected to satisly the above requiremenis wath the following specifications a. Not moce than 0.1%» of enclosed volume should cocape in ane hove from the inner sBnésisment under the design pressure of 1.44 kg / sq. om. weuge une hour irom the volume ure of O18 kg / b. Not more than G.3%% of enclosed volume should escape jouler containments under the oe ntained between inner a «crn gaURC neon when a.sefety classificuttan of iiatreace stouniwre fSeisisie © 5836 proper fuuetionjugs the containment is tested fur leak lighta presstires of LIS tumes the design presswee. Apart irom the pressure and temperature criteria for design of the Sriicties, The design for seismic effects is an important asgect in the exigincering of the-naglear power projects anf seit and foundaition conditions are also considered to be important. Constiiction methidslogies aopted have (0 ensure that the design objectives are fully-met and chat design assumptions ase fully realized under Traditionally, the iqner-containment wall of the double containment is a prestressed concsete structureand the outer containment is a reinforced concrete structure. In view of the circular-shaped.wail aiid the curvilincar dome traditionally adopted, shell-type of structural behaviour is predominant. tn, view OF the igh magnitude of applicable forces and effects and to ensure a dyack-lree structure, there is a need for large prest ressitier forces and a large quantity of stett rrinforeement has te be provided in the structar The tolerances for work performance. are quite stringent. For instance, critical embedded parts have to.be fabricated to a tolerance of 309 microns and placed within a ance of 0.5 min. To achieve close tolerances Tor the Grabedded parts, special siruictural steci jigs and fixtures are often. ptaced in the conercte. The embeddes} parts are given zine sllicate eaatiAg to prevent rusting ducing conseruction. Concrete sutlace finishing calls for, a. foléeurige of J mm, Special F3 / U3 finishes are applied tw ihe concrete surfaces. Phe construction joints require special treatment. A paint costing 3s alse provided un the inner éysfaces Tie: rector tata BaP Eee acd. is aartntanicsl ave wesigned using High Performance Couture (MBean tke Sewporne Ot Night atturural steryiie ae better fascopna petormarcy, ensure teak The structures have to be built to'a high degree of quality cantrol to tightness tinder accident conditions, The functional eequicaments af the ste requiice 4 high degree of quality controt and deployment of spi practices to ensure that the sired results aze achieved. CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGIES AND RELATED ASPECTS 1 Concrete for the various structures * Generally concrete is produced in computer-contratled hatching olants and transported (o site using Lransit mixers. Concrete is placed in locations using tower crenes and conerate pumps with boom plqcers, The fast speed of construction 1s achieved in three ways - use of more machinery than for conventional construction, use of system form work and use of systems in construction. Faster concrete construction ig facilitated by increasing the lit height of columjos / walls to a height of 2.4m which also reduces the number of construction joints, | High Performance Concrete | The severity of applinable design, effects calls for matectals with’ high quality, hugh strength wid high durahility. Thé high sticngsis alsa resin in lesser quantitics of materials, wluet enables reduction af constuction lime percod and cost. Accordingly High Performance Conerete (HEC) sas selevted HPC distinguishes ssell for norma? ainty ia the (allowing properties: igh cinpressive strength, tagh churelilizy, lity HPL iy eaxcuially crsured by adopting a concrete high warkstrlity and rectuced pier proper anix elem, tase wif carefully selected) gintl greriuetion sechviteas Sm ob esily nad Tigger stranah as sei si 8% ery F OSES V4 EKS fhOOOO LO OOP GE BO ge 1€ 983 8) oe & > & 2 my & ~~ workability and retardation. The water-cement ratio is generally kept in the order of 0.3 The structures’ are usually highly reinforces and due to the high degree of congestion, concrete of highly flowable consisteticy is used. Trials arc required in advance to ensure proper compatibility of the admixtire with cement and micro silica, Dispersion of micro silica in HPC is very important and hence proper mixing is essential. A Pan type mixer is considered desirable for production of HPC, to attain an effective dispersion of micro sitita. Specific mixing sequences are to be followed and increased mixing time is desirable. In the plastic stage the concrete is characterized by high lowability and stickiness. The set concrete exhibits the following special properties - misimum capillary pores with concomitant high impermeability to water and gases, reduced or little carbonation, - better resistance to mechanical attack and high abrasion resistance and better resistance to [reeze thaw cycles, e attack. alkali-ageregate reaction and sulphat In bot climates, hig air lemperatures coupled with higher wind velocities can result in fast sbrinkage cracking for vie rich mixes, Specitie precautionary measures such as. protecting the concrete by covering the surfaces, covering with wet burlap within two hours of placement, etc are followed, Another requitement Yor the concrete is temperature control. To coutler the increase in temperature dus to rapid release of heat of hydration from the high cement contect as veel as to contain cracking duc to temperature differential between the mags of concrete and the outside atmosphere, concrete is nothally placed at temperatures below about water chiller piget are ied. THedtriousit mixers ace provided with po insulation to recluce the wmperature losses during transit. The pipes carrying concrete are also insulated and during concreting these pipelines are covered with wel buclap Io avoid increase in temperaiuce of the conerete. in sumer weather conditions additional precadtvity tiessures lor ho. eather concreting are adopled auch as pre cooling of the aggronates. choosing cooler periods of the Gay fer concreting, shading the rwaterias, etc. iyurethane (oan Usually M60 conciete is designed with 475 kg cement per cum. To meet the need of low heat of hydration trials were conducted with lesser quantity of cement and M60 mix with 425 kg of cement was developed. Generally 42 grade cement is used to reduce the heat of hy uration, To feciliate: curing of containment wall « peripheral curing, pipe with, perforations was installed on top of the wall. The containment and the underground structures have (o be highly water tight and airtight and the constriction joints are vulnerable pasts of the structure. Surlace retarders are used for preparation of the construction joint by washing off / green cutting the surface after the final setung time using alr and water jet. Water stops are also provided in the wali construction joints. V Froowes of 25x 25 mm size provided yn these construction joints are caulked with a polysulphide compound 7H Heuvy / Haematite Concrete gical shicteling se by The functional performance of Nuclear Pawer Projects requires bi thos is efiently done using heaw: conerete produced with Bigi density of 4" t/cunt The conerete is produc net in place af aermel aggregare ark seine ate and nwernat 58Hacimatite boulders are oBtaiued ftom special quarries arid crushed and sieved at site to bth: aggregates of the required grading, The density of aggregate is around 4.65 T per com. Placenent of such cbncrete by ibe. traditional methods (Crane-Bucket} is difficult and.slower due to the high density of the concreie. Normally, the heavy concrete cannot beipumped and has (0 be| placed by using other methods which are inherently slower thao pumping. However, alter sustained efforts and trials it was possible to pump the heavy concrete; using ‘standard conctete pumps. Use of spegal water retarding adixture aad taicro silica helped to produce a pumpable concrete mix.. While such uinping saves time, it alsp causes very high wear and tear to the pump as well as to the pipe line and. special ‘precautions {such as higher wall thickness of first few pipes} are iaken. ! Containment Structure '~ Safety precautions to be ensured Safety should be ensured in a containment structure from all aspects and during ali stages: from the inception of the plant as an idea to-its full-fledged commissioning providing continuous source of power to the-requisite purpose Let us look at some of the most basic features relating to containment plant safety: + The Bullding: since ithe nuctear puwer plant has exothermic nuctear reactions going on inside its dore,-it is very important that the structure housing this reactor should be made fron: colevant materials which have the appropriate capacity to shield the outside environment both duriag normai operations as well as minimize risk of damage in case of unfortunate accidents such as the Chernobyi blast, : this is the place where the actual reaction takes place. Fission occurs + The Cor wath the release of neutrons causing further Fission the osu Avbontusle Messrs MMT Fe ese te make control cods and core coking. plant need to be + 'Monitoring: human ‘beings warking inside the pow constantly monitored for any: over exposure of radiatinn as a result of their routine job operations,|The standards laid down in this regard should be steicily adhered to and the working enviconment shuuid be regularly checked for radiation teveis, | Waste Disposal: oric pf the most challenging tasks is the proper disposal of dante materials fron the nuclear power plant. These waste maverials. come th different forms such 4s solid, liquid and gaseous. All Ihese types of wastes have their own methods of disposal aod the main idea is to dispose-off these wastes in a manner which js least baemiel for human beings. Mora, fauna and the natural eavironment! Proper Emergency Response Plans: nobly wants an accident to happen but things do go out of control sometimes either due to Human error or mactinery failure, The best thing is to be prepared for such a situation and have properly rained personnel as well as the cequisite equipment in arder to Ueal effectively with sach situations. | I gnsuce that the If the above mentiqucd dictums are lullewed iremenckiis energy which hes am she aiom re fuees, rnauerial or cHvis an per samaue witheus 5h