aca UU a Ue ___ UNITED —{» } NerronS Cun. INTRODUCTOIN ated UN) is an international organization. founded on 24 October TUN has a great effect on world polities ‘and has influence on nation’s policies. The emergence of UN is besalse vif world politics and conflict and war icis aimed to prevent another such conic Ike ‘World-War | and World-War TL to maintain international security and peace and develop friendly relations among nations ‘Algo international cooperation in solving problems of economic, social and humanitarian ature: providing humanitarian aid in cases of Tomine, natural disaster, armed conflict protecting the environment, promoting and neouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom, facilitating cooperation in ‘international law, international security, progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. “United Nations” (abbrevi 1945 after World War Il among nations, economic development, social 451 member states. Currently, there are 193 Fits foundation, ite in the world. “The organization had at the time o! temnationally recognized sovereign sta member states, including every int ding resides in international territory in New York City. as further main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna mntributions from its member states is six official ‘The UN Headquarters main head bul United States of America. and also hi ‘The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary 60 but US contributing big part of that money at 22% approximately. UN ha: languages: English, Chinese, French, Spanish Russian and Arabic. HISTORY OF UNITED NATOINS Origin and laying the foundat ‘After world-war | (1914-1919), several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to control conflicts between nations, saris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to and keep peace and harmony in world and keep the world peaceful. The Ps between countries which resolved some territorial disputes and created maintain harmony ‘areas, such as postal mail, aviation, and opium control. international structures for and conflict between national powers, including the US and Bur it failed to prevent dispute st the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria, USSR, Germany. and Japan: it failed to act agai the Second Idalou-Ethiopian War in 1935, the 1937 Japanese invasion of China, and specially the Geman expansions under Adolf Hitler in World War I! (1939-1945), more terible more destructive than first one, and was fought on much large area of Europe, Asia, Africa The Second World War gave a new encouragement to set up a new world organization to put an end 19 war and to preserve peace in future thus during the world-war IT many meetings. conferences and declarations had laid the foundation for the United Nations and had prepared the way for final agreement on the term of the charter. The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the support of the US State Department in 1939. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt first coined the term ‘United—_—_§_{ 2 } nicies, The term was first officially used on | Nations’ as a term to describe the Allied cou ‘arter, At the end of World War ll, January 1942, when 26 governments signed the Atlantic Ch ra a world conference of $0 nations met at San Francisco, in USA, from April to June, 1945. On the 26 June, 1945, a constitution of United Nations was prepared, named by charter of UN. And it was signed by majority of participant nations on October 1945 and thus United Nation Organization came into being. At that time the Norwegian Foreign Minister Tryeve Lie was elected as the first Secretary-General of UN. Principle organs of the United Nations ‘Today, the United Nations’ system is based on five prineipal organs and the fours ofthe Five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City. These organs are bellow. 1. The General Assembly of United Nations - (the main deliberative assembly) The Security Council of United Nations - (deciding resolutions for peace and security), 3. The Economic and Social Council of United Nations - (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation) 4. The International Court of Justice of United Nations - (the primary judicial organ of UN) $. The Secretariat of United Nations. 6. The Trusteeship Council of United Nations - (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO). the World Food Program (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), The UN's most prominent position is Secretary-General which has been held by Ban Ki- moon of South Korea since 2007, Fundamental aims of U.N.O ‘The aims of U.N.O can be briefly deseribed in four worlds: (1) Security, (2) Human Rights, (3) Justice and (4) Welfare. Member states of the United Nations Membership in the United Nations is open to all states other peace-loving states who accept the rules and obligations contained in the present Charter of UN and, in the judgment of the Organization, is able and willing to carry out these obligations and does work as UN want to keep peace in world. Membership in the United Nations will be affected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Chapter II, Article 4, Funding for UN The UN js financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. Every year, the General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment foreach member and then these member nations. the rel give that assessment. This is broadly based on ative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by their gross national income (GND), with adjustments for external debt and low per capital income, Recently, the wo-year budget for 2012-13 totaled $5.512 billion, Successes and Failures of the United Nations This fact is known to every one of us in general that UNO was established after very World War It ‘ith this aim to maintain peace in world, And, But the question is, was this really successful in doing the same i.e, maintaining the peace in every part of the world or is there any failures? ‘This is also ‘one of the most important aspects to describe the Successes and Failures of the United Nations since its establishment, In following, we describe some successes and some failures of UN. Successes of the United Nations |. It played a big role in disarming the world and making it nuclear free. Various treaty negotiations like Partial Test Ban Treaty’ and nuclear nonproliferation treaty’ have been signed under UN. “The first and foremost success of UN is that it has prevented the rise of any further world wars. lt play Instrumental role in the maintenance of international balance of power. {t Demise of colonialism and imperialism in all over the world The world body was instrumental in insttutionalization of intemational laws and world legal frame work. 6 UN protected the human rights of the people of the world, by Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, 7. Ithas successfully controlled the situation in Serbia, Yugoslavia and Balkan areas. 8. UN has played limited but effective role on economic matters. Supported the North-South ialogue and aspired for emergence of new intemational economic order. 9. United Nations Agencies like W.H.O, UNICFF and UNESCO has keenly participated in the transformation of the international social sector in all over the world. 10. Peaceful resolution of disputes and refugee and Peace keeping operations. concerns had always been on the list of core issues. Since 1945, the UN has been credited with negotiating 172 peaceful settlements that have ended regional conflicts. 2. Passage of various conventions and declarations on child, women, climate, ete. highlights the extra-political affairs in the world Failures of the United Nations Number of nuclear powers is increasing day by day. UN Could not control the expansion of ‘weapons and arms, UN opinion on Hungary and Czechoslovakia were ignored by the erstwhile Soviet Union in 1950s. 3, Israel had been taking unilateral action through decades ini nothing substantial has come out 4. No emphatic role in crisis of worst kinds like the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam crisis ete 5. UN was not acted stop the NATO rained bombs over former Yugoslavia. 6. It failed to generate a universal consensus to protect the deteriorating world climate. geographical vicinity at palatine andUN is under the pressure of Great Powers and can't take such decisions which owers means financial dependence on the industrialize opposite to the policies of Great Pi nations has at times deviated UN from neutrality and impartiality. ; It failed to reflect the democratic aspiration of the world, because without being democratic inset, ittalks of democratization of the world. ; Seapi Domestic situation of near anarchy in Iraq and many regions of Afghanistan, despite on active UN 10. US have great influence US invasion on Iraq in ind pressure on UN because the UN was totally exposed in the case of ame for the search weapon of mass destruction, The Present-Day Role of U.N.O We have seen in history that most of organization have been failed to keep peace in world and couldn't became popular but UN of today have been developed over a long period of time and in many parts of world. The organization is very effective and more active as compared to past. As we ated with the United Nation system have noted, scores of organs, agencies, commissions are afi Itis limited in power by its very nature but it is certainly not limited in scope of its interest, Thus a study of present day international organization is more effective in all over the world, Conclusion To conclude, we can say that UN was founded after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue, It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions. A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work, 10 keep peace on world, to develop the world, maintain international justice and law and promote man welfare and happiness. UN succeed in getting its aims like; it has prevented the world from occurrence of any further world wars, It played a Significant role in disarming the world and making it nuclear free, Peace keeping operations. In controlled the situation in Serbia, Yugoslavia and Balkan areas and the maintenance of international balance of power. But it has also failures like: UN opinion on Hungary and Czechoslovakia were ignored by the erstwhile Soviet Union in 1950s, Israel and Palestine conflict over territory of Palestine from decades, Failed to generate a universal consensus to protect the deteriorating world climate, Number of nuclear powers in the world has kept on increasing. the destruction of US in Iraq and Afghanistan and other some states. But we can say that UN has a great role in present peaceful world and it working for developing and keep the world happy. Thus UN is most and popular organization and we cannot see an organization all over the world which work for developing and keep world happy and prosperous.The Role of UNO in Promoting World Peace As we all know the UNO is an international organizatic of almost 192 member countries of ie gue of Nations some 63 years back in a. shorily atier World War -I]. No doutst the trav i USA workd and was founded — rather replaced by the | 19: Ovtoher S in San Francisco. Califor cu massacre, hunger and nuclear 7 i frecing the world trom the possibit ave alarming fect tor tions of wars in future. However sailures in achieving this objective are still debatable, s successes and ted above is a renewed precursor body of the Lezgue of Nations. So before esiewing the UNO's functions, it will be worthy meres 2 to jook into the history of the League as pn is Not much aware of its role. LEAGUE OF NATIONS ies of the world war- as founded v the devastation., alse an international organiza in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles’ in with only i ee vembers.Its major goal con: disputes between the countries. The harbi United States ment, prevention of war and up this ¢ tion was the dont resident, Mr. Woodrow Wilgo 1. But surprisi Senate of his own country “fused te bécome its member which was. no Goud. d'serius blow to the prestige of the League. Howeved, other great powers like the United Kingdom and France remained its members. ifil the dream of fundamentai shif hought from th ng centuries, ike the UNO.the League did not have and was depend fie grat powe’s iovenforee its resolutions and pe t coud not o: anetions as envisaged under its covenant. efcrns doubi, a few no! sulted in its i. ty 193! 4k apan invaded Manchuria but no In i. 5 ltaly attacked Abyssinia but none o y notice of it, ited Ui: phy w -oj allowed to join the Legs we isuig was also denied its membership int { governme: Evrope. .! ventually these three most powerful countries could not play their positive role in SUPPORtng the league, This sort of plight has been stated by Mussolini in a sarcaustic manner as under The League is very well when sparrows shout. but no good at all when eagles fall out” So the League atier the end of the first world-war was replaced by the UNO in 1945 having remained in existence from 1919 to 1945, THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION Atier the closure of the League of Nations, the UNO was established on 24th October.1945 but embly comprising $1 member countries was held on 10th January,1946 in ars gave a fillip to its first General As: London. One can well assess that the brunts and tragedies of both the world w: the idea of revamping the body of the League to play more effective role anew to restore peace and harmony amongst the states. This idea was elaborated in the Declarations signed during war tme conferences held in Moscow and Tehran in 1943, President of the USA proposed its name as UNITED NATIONS as well as non-government organizations like Lion ited Nations. The charter Mr. Franklin D, Roosevelt, the Its charter was drafted by the governments Club International. To start with 51 nations signed the charter of the Ut was later ratified by five permanent members of the Security Council viz: USA, UK. France and Ss. China, followed by a majority of the other 40 signator As a result of the, unanimous votes by the U.S. Senate and the House of Representatives, the UNO’s Headquarter were made in the United States. Accordingly U.N.Headquarters building \was constructed in New York city in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on the land purchased by an 8.3 million dollars donation from John D. Rockefeller, The land is now considered but apart from some diplomatic privileges and immunities, the laws of the international territory ww York city. New York state and the U.S. in general do apply. The UNO is supported by some other organizations like the Security Council, UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO and a few more to resolve conflicts and to maintain peace in the world as well as to eliminate illiteracy, poverty. hunger and to enhance respect for human rights.pakisT? N’S ROLE IN THE UNO Pakistan is proud to play its role in the peace-keeping missions of the United Nations. Pakistan became its member on 30th September,1947 i.e. just aller one month’s creation of it on the world map as a new country. Since 1960, Pakistan is enthusiastically performing its responsibility in the U,N.peace-keeping missions with over ten thousand troops and observers. Currently Pakistan’s involvement in restoring peace in Somalia, Sierra Leon, Bosnia, Congo. Liberia and Fast Temore have been commended not by the UNO but the world at large. No other country including any muslim state has been that active to contribute this sort of role in the United Nations. This speaks of the valour and vividity of our armed forces on the global impact. Conclusion The first decade of the 21st century is going to complete with both hope and distress co-existing side by side, Peace and development and concept of democracy and equality are still missing in many parts of the world despite our trumpeted slogan of world getting into a global village. No doubt the globalization has drawn countries closer and closer with reference to their economic relationship. advanced means of communications and regional cooperation etc, But these developments are posing some alarming questions to the general public like local wars. revolutions and conflicts coming up from time to time, The Iraq war and situation between Israel and Palestine witnessing tragedies every day. Similarly wars in Africa entangled with poverty and diseases are still continuing. AAs. a matter of fact afier the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan on 6th and Sth August,1945, the possession of nuclear device by some countries created a sense of sell-protection and safety. In this way the dream of peace and harmony in the world does not seem to be converted into the reality in the near future.UNITED NATIONS SUCCESS AND FAILURES the most immediate and the most ostensible aim for the setting up of the United Nations was prevention of war and the maintenance of peace. The loss of millions of jives during the 2nd World War and the demonstration of the destructive capacity of the nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had convinced the mankind that the 3rd World War, if not prevented, would lead to whole scale destruction of human life on the planet earth. During the 53 years of U.N.'s existence, world peace was disturbed on numerous occasions. Wars broke out between Israel and Arab Nations, India and Pakistan, India and China, U.S. and Vietnam, England and Argentina, North and South Korea. Security Council of the United Nations immediately took up the matter and initiated discussions and talks among various nations to resolve the crisis. But mostly its efforts bore no fruit as one or the other permanent members of the Security Council exercised its veto and no unanimous resolution could be passed for ending the hostilities. Disputant nations and their supporters used U.N. forums like the General Assembly and Security Council to air their views and to attract world's attention. These debates and discussions helped crystallise the international opinion about the matter under dispute and many a time exerted moral pressure on the warring nations to enter into bilateral negotiations to end the war and arrive at peace settlement. U.N. also sent its observers to ensure the maintenance of cessation of hostilities after the negotiated ceasefire between the countries. In case of civil wars, however, U.N. played a significant role in damage control and in saving human lives. It dispatched peace keeping forces to several countries ravaged by civil wars which acted impartially and stayed on till the restoration of comparative tranquility. Particularly the role of peace keeping forces in Congo and Bosnia has been really commendable. Although U.N. could not do much to prevent wars among nations, it had tried to prevent the causes of wars such as hunger, starvation, disease, repression and racial discrimination. Through its agencies such as Economic and Social Council, UNICEF and UNESCO, U.N. has taken sustained initiative to raise the standard of living in manydeveloping and under-developed countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia. UNICEF contributions have financed many projects in poor countries for providing health care and immunization to children and pregnant mothers. rates have substantially declined in these countries. UNICEF has Infant mortality motivated and convinced many nations including India and Bangladesh to take up projects for elimination of illiteracy and for universal elementary education. United Nations Development Programme has formulated projects for agriculture development and water supply in a large number of countries. Besides extending direct help, these agencies have brought about an awakening among the member nations and have motivated them to upgrade their development administration programme to bring about efficiency and transparency in their functioning and delivery system. United Nations Population Programme has initiated many schemes all over the world to stem unrestrained population growth and to develop strategies for sustained development and economic growth. U.N. has become a clearing house of ideas and experiences. It has helped in replicating the successes achieved in one country and avoiding failures and thus learning by the experience of others. This has obviated waste and ensured optimum utilization of scarce resources. It is in the sphere of elimination of apartheid and in promoting racial harmony that U.N. has done pioneering work. It successfully applied international sanctions against racialist Rhodesia and forced her to reverse her discriminative policies. Besides enhancing racial integration, U.N. has significantly contributed to the grant of human rights in various parts of the world by helping the victims of violation of rights to life, freedom of worship and freedom of expression and speech. On December 10, 1948, U.N. adopted at Paris the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for the purpose of the realization of Human Rights and fundamental freedom for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. U.N. and its various agencies have entered into partnerships with other non governmental organisations such as Amnesty International to protect human rights violation on the part of autocratic regimes.ecent initiatives of U.N. agencies in the field of Environmental protection are highly commendable. Both rich and the poor nations came together in Rio-de Janerio ‘or the garth Summit in 1992 to discuss strategies for saving the earth from Greenhouse effects, ozone and growing pollution of water and atmosphere throughout the globe. The recommendations of the Summit will greatly help the nations to contain environmental degradation and to take up long term programmes for sustainable development of their agriculture, horticulture, forestry and land and water use. World Bank and International Monetary Fund, under the aegis of United Nations, have disbursed substantial sums of loan to various nation states for developing different sectors of their economy. I.M.F. has also helped many nations in recovering from economic depression and for strengthening their currencies. But for the timely help of 1.M.F,, Indonesia, Thailand and Korea would have suffered from a near total economic collapse due to withdrawal of foreign investment by many overseas investors and also due to huge debt burden of these countries. Failures of United Nations are no different from the failures of its member nations. If we view these failures in the context of lack of any coercive powers with the U.N. to enforce its will on the warring nations and also the lack of sufficient budgetary resources to take up developmental work, we can appreciate that our expectations from this international forum have been too high and unrealistic. The hopes that the mankind will move towards internationalism by abandoning the national and narrower loyalties have been totally belied. The recent years of the world history has seen a hardening of ethnic and national sentiments. No nation is willing to part with even a small portion of its sovereignty in the favour of a world agency, peace making, therefore, has to remain an area of bilateral efforts. In the field of knowledge, environmental protection, human rights, business and industry, U.N. and its agencies can make substantial contribution.