Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cal, however, does not merely use hermaphrodite from time to time. In
fact, he expounds on the etymology of the word, weaves its origin myths
into his own plotlines, and pulls off a disavowal of intersex so total
that the term rarely even appears in mainstream reviews of Middlesex.
Nonetheless, the novel’s popularity had a major impact on intersex vis-
ibility in the years following its publication. When Middlesex was named
an official selection of Oprah Winfrey’s Book Club in 2007, for instance,
ISNA published a link to a “For Oprah Viewers” page on its own internet
Web site. An online reading guide at Oprah.com additionally parlayed the
novel’s controversial elements into polite conversation topics with pages
labeled, “Go Greek! Recipes for Your Next Meeting,” and a questionnaire
about gender behavior that asked readers, “Have you wondered who you
really are?” (Middlesex Reading Guide).9
After one of his public appearances was picketed by ISNA members,
Eugenides attempted to head off the growing controversy over his alleged
misuse of identity labels. Returning to the online forum for Oprah’s Book
Club, he conceded that “when speaking about living people,” he would
“try to use the word ‘intersex,’” but when dealing with Greek mythology,
he wished to “reserve the right to use the normative, historical term: her-
maphrodite” (Eugenides, “Conversation” par. 1). Protesters point out that
BIOPOLITICS OF INTERSEX 95
of the past several decades, and indicates its search for a different model
of identity formation.
What the depiction of ethnicity in Middlesex entails—ancient gene
pools and endogamous kinship practices transplanted from foreign lands
and unleashed in modern times—turns out to be exactly where the gen-
der trouble lies. Desdemona and Lefty, Cal’s grandparents, are siblings
engaged in an incestuous union, but their taboo relation is erased when
their processing interview at Ellis Island presents these two refugees with
an opportunity to improvise their identities and legalize their marriage.
Their secret is kept from the next generation, and Cal’s parents, Tessie and
Milton, marry without realizing they are in fact much closer than cousins.
The Stephanides family tree is partially reconstructed by Dr. Luce and
his colleagues during the brief time that Callie is under their care, how-
ever, and a transmission record of her special recessive gene is entered
into textbooks with titles such as Genetics and Heredity. This informa-
tion about his every close and extended relative is accompanied, Cal tells
us in the opening sentences of the novel, by naked images of Callie’s
body, her eyes covered with a black rectangle after a practice of medical
photography that many intersex activists have compared to child pornog-
raphy. The resemblance these pictures also bear to anatomical studies of
racialized populations subject to the colonial gaze offers another context
for Dr. Luce’s hypothesis about ethnicity’s constitutive effects on sex: the
discourse of sexual perversity historically associated with racialized bod-
ies echoes in his suspicion that Callie’s “deeper ethnic identity” might
furnish the motivation to pursue “sexual pleasure” beyond the borders of
normative gender.
In fact, ethnicity is the primary vehicle for exploring, domesticat-
ing, and ultimately naturalizing taboo forms of sexuality and gender in
nonnormative bodies in Middlesex. The Minotaur, for instance, serves
in Cal’s narrative to suture incest and the concept of genetic abnormal-
ity onto Greekness. While briefly employed in the Nation of Islam’s first
temple, Desdemona hears an indictment of her own incestuous coupling
in Minister W. D. Fard’s sermon about “tricknology” (154): in this origin
myth intended to demystify the roots of white supremacy, a figure named
Yacub creates yellow, red, and white people out of an original colony of
Black Muslims through the forced mating of ever lighter-skinned indi-
viduals. In addition to implicating the cruelties of racism, “tricknology”
directly names the narrative technology which, as in Fard’s fable, produces
biological or genetic explanations for the existence of social formations
like race or gender. By identifying with Yacub (even after Fard is revealed
to be a con man), Desdemona further underscores the text’s ironic equa-
BIOPOLITICS OF INTERSEX 97
Gender is cultural” (489). Not unlike the doctors’ examination room ban-
ter, however, Zora’s tokenizing of this aspect of surviving Navajo society
reflects the modern subject’s fascination with vanishing cultures, and her
lesson about the cultural basis for gender echoes Dr. Luce’s medical opin-
ion about the “sex of rearing,” which Callie has roundly rejected.
From the narrator’s perspective, the agreement between the medi-
cal establishment and the activist community regarding the difference
between sex and gender discredits the truth of Zora’s simple proposition.
The fact that race and ethnicity are consistently invoked by both authori-
ties to describe and interpret intersex phenomena also complicates the
dichotomy between essential and performative identities that the formula
—sex is biological, gender is cultural—seems to suggest. Zora’s turn to
the ethnic authenticity of Navajo gender roles may express a more benign
sentiment than Dr. Luce’s suspicion of a “deeper ethnic identity,” but it
comes no closer to answering the question that is deferred in any symbolic
instrumentalization of intersex: whether intersex is biological or cultural.
Cal, on the other hand, has decided that his male biology is destiny and
the constructivist theory of social identity is a lie. This conflict between
characters is really a conflict between theories, indicating that sex and
gender are miscegenated categories within the novel’s social imaginary.
The clearest sign that Cal and Zora part ways on the subject of intersex’s
origins, however, lies in the reason for Zora’s commitment to activism:
“Because we’re what’s next,” she replies when Cal questions her choice to
be “out” rather than stealth (490). In terms of narrative development, the
biological miscegenation that produces Cal’s intersexed body is a rehearsal
for the categorical miscegenation of ethnicity, race, and sexuality that pro-
duces his own stealth identity.
Real-world knowledge about intersex reflects this type of boundary
rupture between existing categories of social identity. Ethnicity is fre-
quently correlated with mixed genital attributes in the evolving discourse
of intersex medicine.11 Ethnic subjects also have played the foil to inter-
sexed subjects in identity-based rights activism. For instance, attention
to racial and ethnic difference formerly characterized ISNA’s efforts to
build political—or biopolitical—alliances over the issues of pathologizing
medical diagnoses and unwanted surgical intervention. One of the defin-
ing moments of ISNA’s fifteen-year history is marked by the publication
of Chase’s essay, “‘Cultural Practice’ or ‘Reconstructive Surgery’? U.S.
Genital Cutting, the Intersex Movement, and Medical Double Standards,”
written in response to the 1996 federal Law to Ban Female Genital
Mutilation in the US.12 Here Chase argues that American doctors perform-
ing corrective or reconstructive surgeries on intersex infants should not
BIOPOLITICS OF INTERSEX 99
be immune from prosecution under the new law, which could otherwise
be regarded as a purely symbolic denunciation of the controversial prac-
tice of female circumcision as it has been documented in more than thirty
African countries.
While her essay seems intended to introduce ISNA’s work to a larger
readership concerned with women’s rights and human rights, one of
Chase’s bolder claims is that the exclusion of intersex issues from the
scope of the legal ban on genital cutting perpetuates the shame and silenc-
ing of more than merely the US intersexed population. She writes:
The case for comparing this prohibited form of genital cutting with routine
intersex surgery is indeed compelling, since “feminizing pediatric genital
surgery” was “openly labeled ‘clitoridectomy’” by American doctors until
the end of the 1960s (Chase 132). Further, in medical literature from this
period, medical scholars frequently looked to “sociological data” gleaned
from observations of “African tribes” for evidence that the clitoris was
not “essential for normal coitus” (qtd. in Chase 132). “Most intersex man-
agement,” Chase states from personal experience, “is a form of violence
based on a sexist devaluing of female pain and female sexuality: Doctors
consider the prospect of growing up male with a small penis to be a worse
alternative than living as a female without a clitoris, ovaries, or sexual
gratification” (145). It may sound as if she has lifted a line from Dr. Luce’s
clinical report, but most surgeries on children with mixed genital attri-
butes are in fact “feminizing” in intention because gender assignments at
birth are almost entirely dependent on penis size.13
Chase’s main point is to interrogate the representational logic that
seeks to distance “female genital mutilation” from “feminizing pediatric
genital surgery” as qualitatively different biopolitical programs aimed at
the optimization of certain forms of femininity and female life. Despite
emphasizing the “[a]nalogous medical (rather than folk) operations per-
formed on intersex people in the United States,” however, she still comes
to the conclusion that “ethnocentrism” is an inherently negative form of
sociality that is a “sometimes purposeful” obstacle to intersex visibility
(“‘Cultural Practice’” 140). The reason for this attitude toward ethnic dif-
ference can be traced to another double standard at work in her reasoning,
100 HSU
for the analogy she draws between the medical and folk origins of genital
surgery also reflects an unspoken truth about the proximity between inter-
sex and African genitalia in the American imagination. In other words,
the racialized or ethnic body in Chase’s scenario represents the repressed
knowledge behind the biometrics of normative gender assignments and
also constitutes an alternate genealogy for intersex phenomena in the first-
world context. This is why instead of curbing the type of biopolitical con-
trol represented by the discourse of “female genital mutilation,” Chase’s
redrawing of the population at risk for unwanted genital surgery is itself
a form of biopolitical management, according to Foucault. If intersex vis-
ibility alone can provide ethnic subjects with the fullest measure of free-
dom from the conditions of hyper-visibility that define them as objects of
an orientalizing gaze, as Chase argues, then intersex causes seem always
poised to take precedence over “ethnocentric” issues.
A text that stands to make its narrator “the most famous hermaphrodite
in history” (19), Middlesex can indeed claim the achievement of bringing
ethnicity to the center of an intersex visibility project which, as Chase
observes, may have been impeded by ethnocentrism from the start. Just
as ISNA eventually traded identity politics for the medical label of DSD,
however, Eugenides’s novel exercises the biopolitics of intersex by trad-
ing narrative perspectives: Callie’s for Cal’s. A frequent interloper as a
child to Detroit’s Greektown, an ethnic enclave that borders an inner-city
African American community, Callie remembers “street-corner dudes that
would sometimes lower their shades to wink, keen on getting a rise out of
the white girl in the backseat passing by”; but years later when he returns
to the city looking phenotypically male, a defiant stare from a black man
on the street forces Cal to confess, “I couldn’t become a man without
becoming The Man. Even if I didn’t want to” (518).
In these related memories, “The Man” indicates the subject of the nor-
mative gaze and describes its vantage point from the passenger seat of a
moving car; in both cases, the narrator’s means of maintaining this prophy-
lactic distance from Detroit’s racialized inhabitants is reflected in the radi-
ating wheel-spokes design of the streets of Motor City itself. If “becoming
a Detroiter” means seeing “everything in terms of black and white” (156),
then the way that Cal also identifies with Berlin—a “once-divided city
[that] reminds me of myself. My struggle for unification, for Einheit”—
seems at first to suggest the interchangeability of binary oppositions, (race
for gender). However, the forty-one-year-old speaker of the narrative also
declares, “Coming from a city still cut in half by racial hatred, I feel hope-
ful here in Berlin” (106). In the context of this synecdochal play, being cut
in half corresponds to the feminizing surgery that would have preserved
BIOPOLITICS OF INTERSEX 101
nature or fate supplies the alibi for Callie’s unwilling transformation into
“The Man,” the sovereign subject whose abstract representational status
offers all the benefits of political membership without the burden of social
identity. Because Callie is sacrificed in the name of intersex survival, her
symbolic death is not registered as a loss; to the contrary, her narrative
effacement makes possible the state of disembodiment that Cal associates
with social privilege and “putting on airs.” His intersex normalization ulti-
mately renders normal the distribution of narrative authority that consigns
Callie’s subjectivity to an interior position in the text and to a historical
past from which she—“wearing my skin like a loose robe” (42)—contin-
ues to ghost his frame narrative. His special biology therefore serves as a
rhetorical screen for his narrative choices. As Chow and other critics of
neoliberalism have observed, it is increasingly unthinkable that anyone
would freely choose—in a world where freedom is both technologically
mediated and synonymous with consumer choice—not to live to the full-
est extent that one is able. In order to apprehend the violence that lies
behind biopower’s particular incitement to live, we must therefore look to
Julie, the ethnic female who inherits Callie’s position in the text.
Julie’s marginal role in Middlesex demonstrates the place of abjection
in what Chow calls the labor of producing the ethnic self (111). Easily
alienated from its mode of self-representation, the ethnic subject repro-
duces itself, Chow explains, in the ruling group’s interest and for its profit;
thus, Julie depicts herself as an “Asian chick” and as “the last stop” on the
spectrum of normative sexuality. Her reading of Cal as a gay man in turn
activates a stereotype about submissive Asian sexuality which, in the pat-
tern of gender inversion she mentions, reflects back the image of the inter-
sexed body: Julie, like Callie, is a girl who looks and feels like a boy. It is
therefore significant that Cal and Julie first spot each other one morning at
a station on the Berlin subway where the train has stopped “to conduct an
exchange of bodies” (40). Indeed, in a lateral movement implying a simi-
larity between these two US immigrant groups, the text has moved met-
onymically from the Asia Minor of Cal’s ancestors to the East Asia Julie
ambivalently represents as a Japanese American. However, this notion of
exchange also highlights an aspect of Julie’s ethnicization: associated with
her genetic Asianness is the threatening image of economic globalization
linked to the dominance of Asian markets—a threat reinforced by what
Japanese automobile manufacturing might mean, for instance, to some-
one who grows up in Detroit. While Cal’s minor Asianness is capable of
being assimilated into the postindustrial US landscape, Julie’s enduring
ethnic difference leads her to guess at the orientalist logic operating at
multiple levels in the text. In fact, her skepticism about Cal’s attraction
BIOPOLITICS OF INTERSEX 103
to her reflects how routinely the feminine Asian body is called upon to
rehabilitate those embattled forms of American masculinity that Cal, for
one, embodies.
Julie is therefore a mirror for the indeterminacy of Cal’s bodily sex and,
more than the city of Berlin, her own expatriate body figures as the ultimate
terrain of his einheit or reunification. Their encounter also frames his nar-
rative in a larger sense, because Cal defers the event of their sexual union
and, after a few promising dates, manages to avoid her for much of the
novel. Once he decides to drop his stealth persona with her, however, the
facticity of his biology assumes a new importance in the text. Explaining
his intersex condition, he says: “‘What I told you about myself has noth-
ing whatsoever to do with being gay or closeted. I’ve always liked girls. I
liked girls when I was a girl’” (513). Although he is wary about conflating
his gender presentation with his sexuality, Cal’s attempt to map a stable
form of sexual desire onto his changing body nonetheless reproduces het-
erosexuality as a normative frame of reference for his life experience. The
version of intersex identity that he finally reveals to Julie depends on the
abjection of the lesbian potential preserved in Callie, whose liking for girls
forms a central preoccupation of Cal’s memoir. Submerged beneath the
presumably heterosexual orientation of Cal’s interracial relationship with
Julie is the shared construct of their ethnic femininity and, as suggested by
Julie’s own identification with boys’ bodies, the physical attributes com-
monly associated with this racialized embodiment of gender.
However, the racialized female genitalia which are genetically tied to
Julie’s body and which Dr. Luce offers to create for Callie constitute an
attribute that Cal feels does not belong to his own body. The ambivalence
underlying his attraction to Julie reflects what Chase implies in her analy-
sis of African genital cutting practices: the presence of racialized genitalia
on white bodies ultimately functions as the sign of intersex identity in
the first-world context. The fact of their sexual compatibility—“I might
be your last stop, too,” Cal offers Julie as pillow-talk (514)—reinforces
the notion that Cal’s intersexed body exists as the biometric standard for
Julie’s own. This sameness is what Julie avoids having to see when she
dims the bedroom light before they have sex for the first time; she then
deflects Cal’s inquiry into this gesture with an ironic retort about being a
“shy, modest Oriental lady” (513). Their mutual understanding depends on
the orientalist logic that structures knowledge production about the West’s
ethnic others—most notably, Chow says, in the form of the ethnic sub-
ject’s own self-knowledge (111). Julie’s awareness that she, too, might be
an intersexed ethnic constitutes the ground of her own abjection in Cal’s
narrative. Like Callie, she represents a form of queerness that must be dis-
104 HSU
avowed so that his story may arrive at its normative conclusion. With Julie
at his side and Callie in his past, Cal’s status as “The Man” is secure.
Fulfilling the cultural role of the modern-day hermaphrodite, the effemi-
nate Asian body is a product of the categorical miscegenation that not only
obscures any clear distinction between performative and essential identi-
ties, but also is responsible for fixing certain associations between racial-
ized bodies and sexual or erotic practices regarded as ethnic in origin. The
queer potentiality of the Asian body thus configured is consistently under-
mined, however, by biopower’s rationalizing discourse. From the fields of
global public health and genetic or genomic science, I draw two instructive
examples. In 1995, the World Health Organization’s Global Programme
on AIDS published data on “Regional or Ethnic Differences in Erect Penis
Size” in connection to a report on condom procurement and distribution
worldwide: the data shows that the Asian men in the sample had the small-
est erect penis size, confirming an enduring racialized assumption about
the Asian male body (World Health Organization).14 In 2003, a study by
a Japanese research team traced the occurrence of micropenis in a sample
of eighty-one Japanese men to a mutation on the 5-alpha-reductase-2 gene
(Sasaki et al)—the same gene that has been linked to Cal’s intersex varia-
tion. According to the parameters of orientalism, the labor of producing
the ethnic self must keep pace with knowledge production about the ethnic
body; the ongoing discovery of what makes a body “Asian, at least geneti-
cally,” constitutes a biopolitical effort to determine the optimal conditions
for Asian life, but with the understanding that such a body could never
represent the normative subject.
A work of hysterical realism that invokes these multiple genealogies
of intersex, Middlesex explores the biopolitics of intersex by portraying
a stealth survival strategy as an alternative to an identity-based model of
intersexed experience. Although Cal finds opportunity to criticize ISNA’s
strategic essentialism, the novel’s post-intersex ethos more accurately
reflects the organization’s culture after 2006, when ISNA declared that
it would be using DSD in place of the term intersex in all future advo-
cacy efforts. This unexpected announcement seemed to go directly against
the group’s grassroots vision, and it was followed two years later by the
organization’s dissolution.15 In May 2008, a farewell statement was put
up on ISNA’s home page to commemorate its own “scrappy, brave, and
confrontational beginnings” and to explain that, despite ISNA leadership’s
significant efforts to introduce intersex into the formula of LGBT identity,
“[w]e have learned from listening to individuals and families dealing with
intersex that . . . intersexuality is primarily a problem of stigma and trauma,
not gender.”16 Chase reportedly recanted her earlier activist writings with
BIOPOLITICS OF INTERSEX 105
world are potential candidates for intersex diagnosis and its related medi-
cal treatments seriously revises the stakes of the debate over DSD. Could
not this latest diagnosis, itself a symptom of categorical miscegenation, be
amended to read: “Disorders of Sex and Ethnic or Racial Development”?
Rather than shoring up the symbolic value or political efficacy of
intersex, Middlesex focuses precisely on this tangle of performative and
essentialized notions of identity by illustrating how race and ethnicity can
function as residual and emergent biometrics, respectively, for sex. The
predicted departure of intersex from the LGBT formula testifies to the
failure of this sexual identity formation to account for the racial and ethnic
genealogies of intersex. Indeed, the prevailing attitude in queer theory and
gender studies that sex “[has] been gender all along” specifically ignores
the ethnic body’s submerged connection to intersex in a relation that is less
hybrid, as the novel demonstrates, than catachrestic. The mainstreaming of
intersex stealth culture through Middlesex and, in a different but impend-
ing sense, through the DSM-V can be read in a way that brings attention
to the racialized and ethnic forms of life that are routinely abjected in the
transition from the politics of identity to post-identity. While the wan-
ing of identity in the field of intersex medicine has created opportunities
for rethinking the ontology of the intersexed subject, Eugenides’s charac-
ters remind us that biopower consists precisely of the notion that politics
should remain secondary to the body’s biological imperative not just to
live, but to thrive. As the current discursive limit of both intersex medicine
and identity, ethnicity is poised to deliver this biopolitical message—but
to which populations, it remains to be seen.
Notes
Thanks to Philip Brian Harper, Crystal Parikh, Ann Pellegrini, Cyrus R.K. Patell,
Michael Bérubé, Eden Osucha, Robert McRuer, and Martha Cutter for playing
critical roles in shaping this essay.
3. Judith Butler complains of this tendency on the part of some scholars. In a 1999
preface to Gender Trouble, she also observes that her theory of gender performa-
tivity may not be directly “transposable onto race” (xvi).
4. Explaining the underdeveloped connection between racism and biopower in
Michel Foucault’s work, Ann Laura Stoler observes that Foucault avoided the
issue of race and failed to place his history of Western bourgeois sexuality in its
proper context: eighteenth- and nineteenth-century European colonialism.
5. Callie is diagnosed with an intersex variation known as 5-alpha-reductase defi-
ciency syndrome, where the deficiency in question lies in her body’s store of the
testosterone responsible for the fetal development of male external genitalia but
not internal genitalia, which remain unaffected by the condition. Callie’s body is
therefore phenotypically female at birth, but with the onset of puberty, it begins
to virilize.
6. As opposed to medical information, medicalized information is a term that
seeks to undermine the objective authority of medical discourse and gesture at
how patients seeking access to certain kinds of care may reproduce the diagnostic
results expected of them in an information feedback loop. See Sandy Stone for a
discussion of the medicalization of transgender and transsexual identities.
7. This criticism is similar to what is known colloquially as the “butch flight”
argument, which holds that male privilege automatically accrues to female-to-
male transgender subjects and therefore provides an incentive to transition out
of a butch and/or lesbian identity. Cal’s intersex variation enacts this corporeal
fantasy of social privilege, and his late-developing masculinity also naturalizes
his phallic claim to the frame narrator’s role.
8. Janet E. Halley calls this growing resistance to progressive causes the result
of “antidiscrimination fatigue” on the part of the mainstream public (64). For a
discussion of post-identity strategies and legal disestablishment perspectives on
gender, in particular, see Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, and Shannon Price
Minter.
9. These statements were featured on the Oprah’s Book Club Web page in the
summer of 2007, when Middlesex was the group’s selection.
10. On the eve of her own elective surgery of getting her tubes tied, Desdemona
knowingly states her age to the doctor as “eighty-four hundred years old”— the
exact span of time separating Yacub’s mythical experiments in racial “grafting”
from Fard’s contemporary teachings (161, 155).
11. See, for example, Jill E. Emerick, Noelle Summers Larsen, and Andrew J.
Bauer.
12. This law was a rider to the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, Public
Law 104-208, passed on September 30, 1996. Hailed as a feminist victory, it spec-
ifies that anyone who “knowingly circumcises, excises, or infibulates the whole or
any part of the labia majora or labia minora or clitoris of another person who has
not attained the age of eighteen years shall be fined under this title or imprisoned
not more than five years, or both” (qtd. in Chase, “‘Cultural Practice’” 126).
108 HSU
13. Cheryl Chase goes on to explain that a micropenis on an infant that is shorter
than an inch long will be cut back into a clitoris and, if necessary, a vaginoplasty
procedure will follow, because—in the words of an anonymous genital surgeon—
“You can make a hole, but you can’t build a pole” (qtd. in Chase, “‘Cultural
Practice’” 131).
14. An appendix to the report on global condom use, this document compares self-
reported information from four groups of men—“Caucasian/USA,” “African/
USA, “Australia,” and “Thailand”—and draws on at least three different data sets
(including Alfred C. Kinsey’s original research) collected between 1938 and 1995
(World Health Organization). The issue of the report’s validity or accuracy is less
significant to my argument than the fact that it bears the imprimatur of the WHO.
15. Chase reflects on the political origins of ISNA: “I wanted ISNA to have a
different focus—[to be] less willing to think of intersexuality as a pathology or
disability, more interested in challenging the medicalization of sexual differ-
ence entirely, and more interested in politicizing a pan-intersexual revolt across
the divisions of particular etiologies in order to destabilize the heteronormative
assumptions that underlie the violence directed at our bodies” (“Cultural” 138).
Initially distancing itself from an existing network of support groups for individu-
als and their families dealing with “particular etiologies” of intersex like Turner’s
Syndrome or Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, ISNA eventually took the lead in
building coalitions that united the interests of the intersex rights movement with
feminist causes and transgender issues alike.
16. The ISNA home page introduces ISNA’s audience to a new non-profit organi-
zation, the Accord Alliance, which intends to work with federal and international
agencies to implement the change in medical terminology from intersex to DSD.
In a further sign of change, Chase uses her legal name, Bo Laurent, in her official
capacity as a member of the Accord Alliance’s inaugural Advisory Committee,
revealing “Cheryl Chase” to have been her pen name.
17. Chase reportedly distributed a pamphlet titled “Why Change the Medical
Nomenclature?” at the annual conference of the Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Support Group (AISSG-USA), held in Las Vegas in 2006. These quotations are
taken from this pamphlet.
18. OII is currently active in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Colombia, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Israel, Kenya, New Zealand, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, Uganda, the United Kingdom, and the
US.
19. See, for instance, Emi Koyama. Departing from the civil rights-based model
of social progress, radical disability rights critique has tended not to reproduce a
politics of identity as usual. Instead, its goal is “to de-pathologize the concept of
pathology itself” in the face of an increasingly medicalized culture (Koyama par.
40); it therefore stands to revise an understanding of social disadvantage that has
as its premise an interrelated model of physical and civic perfection—the healthy
body politic. For an example of a radical disability rights argument that accounts
for the role of race or ethnicity in the construction of the able body, see Eli Clare
(67-102).
BIOPOLITICS OF INTERSEX 109
20. Some intersex readers take specific issue with the appearance of normalcy
that Cal’s story of stealth survival entails. In her contribution to the OII website,
Sophie Siedlberg remarks specifically on the fallacy of Cal’s “‘[r]eclaimed man-
hood,’” calling this fictional character’s seamless transformation from girl to man
an “urban myth” in light of the treatable conditions typically associated with this
intersex variation, which can range from urological problems to questions of gen-
der identity (pars. 9, 4).
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