William Lamport

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For the U.S. Representative from New York, see William H. Lamport.
William Lamport (1611–1659) was an Irish Catholic adventurer, known in Mexico as Don
Guillén de Lampart (or Lombardo) y Guzmán. He was tried by the Mexican Inquisition for
sedition and executed in 1659.[1] He claimed to be a bastard son of King Philip III of Spain (r.
1598-1621) and therefore the half-brother of King Philip IV.

In 1642 he tried to foment rebellion against the Spanish crown, with the aid of blacks and
Indians, as well as creole merchants, but was denounced by a man he had hoped to recruit for
his plan and arrested, languishing in the Inquisition jail for 17 years. A statue of Lamport is
immediately inside the monument to Independence ("the Angel") in Mexico City.[2][3]

Birth and education

The main source for biographical information about Lamport is his own declaration before the
Inquisition; it is difficult to tell how much of it is true.[4] William Lamport was born in either 1611
(according to his brother) or 1615 (other sources)[5] in Wexford, Ireland to a family of Catholic
merchants. He received Catholic education from Jesuits in Dublin and London, and then at an
Irish college in the great pilgrimage site of Santiago de Compostela, in northwest Spain. Since
the Protestant monarchy in England increasingly restricted opportunities to Catholics, a
number of colegios for Irishmen were set up in Spain. There were longstanding ties between
Catholic Ireland and Spain, the staunch defender of Catholicism in Europe. Spain recognized
Irish nobles on equal footing as Spaniards, and Irish could claim Spanish citizenship.[6]

By the time he was twenty-one he spoke no fewer than fourteen languages.

In 1627 Lamport claims to have been arrested in London forsedition for distributing Catholic
pamphlets. According to his testimony, he escaped, left Britain for Spain and became a pirate
for the next two years. He also fought for the French at the Siege of La Rochelle against the
Huguenots.

In Spain, Lamport came to the attention of the Marquis of Mancera, perhaps via Mancera's
sister whose late husband had been posted to London and apparently knew Lamport's tutor
there.[7] In 1633 he joined one of three Spanish-sponsored Irish regiments and took part in the
combat against Swedish forces in the Spanish Netherlands. His accord in the Battle of
Nordlingen in 1634 attracted the interest of the Count-Duke of Olivares, chief minister to Philip
IV of Spain, who eventually helped him to enter the service of the King. By that time he had
hispanised his name to Guillén Lombardo (in modern Mexico generally called Guillén de
Lampart).

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At the Spanish Court and then exile
Lamport had prepared a flattering memorial of Philip IV's most important political adviser, the
Count-Duke Olivares and became a member of the court as a propagandist.[8] In the 1630s he
became romantically linked to a young woman, Ana de Cano y Leiva, who became pregnant.
Initially the couple lived together and Lamport's older brother John, now a Franciscan living in
Spain, urged the couple to marry. They separated and then Lamport decamped for New Spain,
sailing on the same ship that brought the incoming viceroy, the Marquis of Villena, and the
other was Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, the incoming bishop of Puebla and the official in
charge of the review of office (residencia) of the departing viceroy, Marquis of Cadereyta.
Palafox and the new viceroy came into conflict almost immediately. The scandal at court might
well have prompted Lamport's exit from the court. Lamport claimed that he was sent to New
Spain to provide information to the crown about the political situation there, as a spy or
independent source on events.[9] He said he was sent to determine if outgoing viceroy
Cadereyta's information about creole discontent was accurate, but then to report on the new
viceroy Villena.[10] There is evidence he sent a report to the Count-Duke Olivares about Villena
confirming negative reports, but in his personal papers there were pro-Villena drafts as well.[11]

Arrest and imprisonment

Political events warranted careful monitoring. In 1640, there was a major revolt in Catalonia,
which was suppressed. But there was the successful revolt in Portugal, throwing off Habsburg
rule of the last 60 years, and placing João, Duke of Braganza as king. The situation in Mexico
became politically fraught, since the new viceroy was a relative of the new Braganza
monarch.[9] Sometime around 1641, Lamport began hatching a plot to overthrow the viceroy,
attempting to persuade Indians, blacks, and creole merchants to join in an uprising. He
divulged his plans to one Captain Méndez; rather than signing on with Lamport, Méndez
denounced him to the Inquisition after initially attempting to denounce him to the Audiencia,
the civil high court. Méndez's testimony before the tribunal provides the information that
Lamport claimed to have ties to the Spanish royal family, but Lamport's own testimony does
not.[12] It is unclear why Lamport was tried by the Inquisition, since his alleged crimes did not
generally fall under its jurisdiction. Lamport languished in prison for eight years, but escaped
for one day, Christmas Eve 1650, with his cellmate, one Diego Pinto Bravo, likely placed as a
spy. No guards were on duty that night and the two removed the bars of their cell and escaped.
Rather than hightailing it to safety, Lamport attempted to deliver a letter to the viceroy and
failing that, plastered the central area of the capital with accusations against the Inquisition. In
a turn of events, the crown had 200 pamphlets denouncing Lamport printed and distributed.
The inference can be that Lamport's escape was anticipated (and perhaps aided) and that the
escape provided the rationale to prosecute him for more severe charges.[13]

During the 60 years that Spain and Portugal had the same monarch, many Portuguese
merchants, a number of whom were Crypto-Jews (passing as Christians but practicing Jews)
had engaged in business in the Spanish empire and were resident in Mexico City and Lima.
With Portuguese independence, these Portuguese merchants became suspect as foreigners,
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but also potentially Crypto-Jews. The Mexican Inquisition began intensely investigating the
Portuguese merchant community which led to hundreds of prosecutions and ultimately a huge
auto de fe in Mexico City in 1649. Despite evidence that as many accused and convicted as
possible were included in the auto de fe of 1649, William Lamport was not one of them,
perhaps because evidence against him was not strong enough to warrant conviction at the
time.

During his imprisonment, he had access to pen and paper and he composed religious psalms
in Latin.[14] Some of Lamport's original writings are now available in digital form.[15]

Execution
In 1659, after 17 years in the Inquisition jail, the Mexican Inquisition condemned him to death
as a heretic and sentenced him to be burned at the stake. An account of the auto de fe is
found in the diary of Gregorio Martín de Guijo, who explicitly notes Don Guillén de Lombardo's
presence in the procession of those convicted.[16] A contemporary report holds that he
struggled out of his ropes before he would burn to death and strangled himself by his iron
collar.[17][18]

Political ideas
Don Guillén was a highly educated man who had moved in the highest circles of political
power in Spain. What prompted him in 1641 to begin formulating plans for rebellion and
independence in New Spain is not clear, but the writings confiscated at the time of his arrest
indicate that he was informed about political philosophy of popular sovereignty. When he was
arrested October 26, 1642, there was a large cache of papers where he lived, which including
a proclamation of independence, and other writings spelling out his political ideas and plans for
rebellion. A key point in his political thinking was that the Spanish crown lacked legitimacy to
rule New Spain, closely following the reasoning of the likes of sixteenth-century critic
Bartolomé de Las Casas. He proposed for New Spain political sovereignty under the rule of a
monarch with limited powers popularly chosen by groups who actively supported rebellion and
independence.

Don Guillén’s writings indicate he was aware of sectors of New Spain’s population
discontented with Spanish rule. He already knew that viceroy Cadereyta had informed the
crown about creole discontent. Bishop Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, whom he had sailed
with to New Spain in 1640, became aligned with creoles against viceroy Villena. It is not
surprising then that in Don Guillen’s description of sectors of New Spain’s population that were
dispossessed and oppressed by the crown that American-born Spaniards came first. Even
though he had denounced the illegitimacy of the Spanish crown’s sovereignty, Don Guillén
mentions first the American-born Spaniards (creoles). From the mid-sixteenth century forward,
the crown had moved against the privileges of the Spanish conquerors, in particular putting
limits on the encomienda, grants of the labor and tribute from particular Indian towns to
particular Spaniards by ending their inheritance in perpetuity. The crown increasingly privileged
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peninsular-born Spaniards over creoles for appointment to civil and ecclesiastical posts. Men
who were appointed viceroy were almost exclusively peninsular-born, whose loyalty to the
Spanish crown was considered absolute. In the appointment of Cadereyte, a creole born in
Peru, the crown had diverged from its pattern. His replacement viceroy Villena, was a disaster,
since he was the cousin of João Braganza, who became king of Portugal following their
successful rebellion in 1640 from the Spanish crown, and in Mexico City, the viceroy appeared
to favor the Portuguese merchant community, many of whom were conversos or Crypto-Jews.
Don Guillén prepared a report to the Count-Duke Olivares that there was real cause for
concern with viceroy Villena.[19] Bishop Palafox had aligned with creole elites had similarly
raised concerns about the situation to the crown. An order for the removal of viceroy Villena
was issued in 1642. Palafox became viceroy, but this turned out to be only an interim
appointment, with the crown quickly appointing a successor who would re-establish the
traditional pattern of crown authority. Creole hopes for a more sympathetic viceroy were
ended.[20]

What did Don Guillén’s monarchy promise the creole elites? He zeroed in on their grievances
about Spanish trade restrictions on Mexican merchants trading directly with the Far East and
with Peru. He also envisioned Mexicans retaining the wealth of their silver mines, which did
bring some local prosperity, but which also was the basis for the crown’s wealth. By retaining
its silver, Mexico would be in a position to fund an army, increase prosperity, and become a
major player in the world both politically and economically.[21] During the period Don Guillén
was developing his ideas and plotting to achieve them, he began to spin a story that he was,
in fact, the bastard half-brother of Spain’s king, Philip IV. With this purported royal connection
to the Spanish crown, the Hispanicized Irishman could turn himself into a viable candidate to
be king of Mexico.

Don Guillén was also aware of the situation of Mexico’s indigenous. Residing in the viceregal
capital, which had the largest concentration of Spaniards in that realm, Don Guillén
nonetheless could and did have contact with indigenous in Mexico City. He had become
friends with one Don Ignacio, an Indian nobleman of San Martín Acamistlahuacan, via the
creole family with whom Don Guillén was living. Don Ignacio was a bilingual Indian (‘’indio
ladino’’)in Mexico City to institute a lawsuit against the Spanish official whom the community
contended participated in the abuse of Indian laborers in the silver mines of Taxco. Don
Guillén helped prepare legal briefs for the lawsuit, which is doubtless how he became familiar
with the type and extent of Spanish abuse of Indian labor. Don Guillén discussed his political
plans with Don Ignacio. Don Ignacio apparently convinced Don Guillén that Indians in Taxco
would be willing to rise in rebellion against the crown due to forced labor. In Don Guillén’s
writings, he declares that in fact, New Spain rightfully belongs not to the crown of Spain but to
the indigenous, “the kingdom is theirs” and that only they had sovereignty and the right to
choose their king. As their king, he would “restore [the Indians] to their liberty and to their
ancient laws.” [22]

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Don Ignacio was called before the Inquisition to give testimony following Don Guillén’s arrest,
but as an Indian, Don Ignacio was exempt from the tribunal’s jurisdiction. Don Guillén was also
concerned with black slavery, seeing it as another injustice, and slaves as potential
supporters. In a psalm he wrote in 1655 while imprisoned, he asks why Spaniards who claim
to be Christians are involved with slavery. "Why do you buy and sell men as if they were
beasts? … They are unjustly sold to you and unjustly you buy them. You commit a savage and
cruel crime before God…."[23][24]

In the new order that Don Guillén envisioned, creoles, blacks, and Indians would have equal
rights, so long as they had participated in the rebellion against the Spanish crown. Those who
did not were subject to exile to the northern desert. Don Guillén also envisioned a limited
monarchy to act only by the assembly of “Indians and freedmen are to have the same voice
and vote as the Spaniards”,[25] thus ending the colonial ‘’sistema de castas’’ assigning
differential rights according to class and racial status.

Don Guillén was clearly convinced that there was enough discontent in New Spain to bring
about a rebellion and then complete political independence and considered Indians, Creole
elites, and enslaved blacks supporters for such an idea. “Don Guillén’s plan crossed ethnic
divides to seek a new social contract among all inhabitants of New Spain.”[26] However, unlike
the increasing absolutist policies of the Spanish crown, Don Guillén envisioned his monarchy
as being limited and based on the people’s concession of sovereignty to him, a contractual
relationship between monarch and those he ruled.[27] He diverged from sixteenth-century
Spanish thought on the popular concession of sovereignty to the monarch being irrevocable
once conceded, and asserted that the people retained the right of rebellion if the monarch
became a tyrant. [28] Don Guillén may have read a sixteenth-century treatise that defended
tyrannicide.[28] In Don Guillén’s view, the Spanish control of its overseas empire was
unjustified, following the century-old arguments of Bartolomé de Las Casas. Inquisition officials
read this argument in Don Guillén’s seized papers and restated in the trial record the official
position on the justification of Spanish sovereignty. [29]

In Don Guillen’s papers, there is evidence he planned to present a forged authorization to

religious authorities removing the new viceroy, similar to the valid one used by Palafox to
remove Villena. But this was just the beginning of his longer range plans. He expected only
initially to retain the structure of the viceroyalty as a Spanish jurisdiction. However, once he
consolidated power, he would rouse Mexicans to support a full independence movement and
convoke popular assemblies, which would then declare Don Guillén king. His own writings
record the imagined public acclaim, “long live Don Guillén our Emperor, our King, and our
liberator, Viva!”[30] Also part of his personal papers were letters to European monarchs who
might be supportive of an independent Mexico, in particular, the new Portuguese monarch, but
also the king of France.

Legacy

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Apart from his amazingly adventurous life, his only undisputed claim to fame probably lies in
the fact that he was the author of the first declaration of independence in the Indies, a
document that promised land reform, equality of opportunity, racial equality and a
democratically elected monarch over a century before the French Revolution. A statue of
Lamport is immediately inside the Angel of Independence, a major historical monument in
Mexico City.[31] but visitors are prohibited from photography in the space. There is a primary
school in Mexico City named after him and in Oaxaca, the Instituto Guillén de Lampart; but, in
general, in Mexico, he is not part of the pantheon of leaders of independence, despite his
statue in the Monument to Independence.

See also
Irish military diaspora
Irish regiments

References
1. ^ Luis González Obregón, D. Guillén de Lampart: La Inquisición y la Independencia en
el siglo XVII. Paris and Mexico: Librería de la Vda. de C. Bouret, 1908.
2. ^ Ronan (2004)
3. ^ Crewe (2007), pp. 74–76
4. ^ Cline (2010), p. 45
5. ^ Troncarelli, Fabio (Autumn 2001). "The Man Behind the Mask of Zorro". History
Ireland. 9 (3): 22. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
6. ^ Cline (2010), pp. 45–46
7. ^ Ronan (2004), p. 41
8. ^ Cline (2010), p. 46
9. ^ a b Cline (2010), pp. 48–49
10. ^ Crewe (2010), pp. 65–66
11. ^ Crewe (2010), p. 69
12. ^ Cline (2010), p. 52
13. ^ Cline (2010), pp. 53–54
14. ^ Citlalli Bayrdi Landeros, "Tres salmos inéditos de Don Guillén de Lampart." Translated
by Raúl Falcó. Literatura Mexicana, 9. no. 1 (1998): 205-16.
15. ^ Guillén de Lampart, "Orden y votos, institución de justicia evangélica", en Regio
Salterio, Archivo General de la Nación, México, ramo Inquisición, vol. 1497, ff. 425v -
427f. http://bdmx.mx/detalle/?id_cod=75#.VOX5ynZpuTU
16. ^ Gregorio Martín de Guijo, Diario, 1648-1664, Mexico: Editorial Porrúa 1952, vol. 2, p.
126.
17. ^ Raúl Cepeda Martínez, Auto de Fé...celebrado a los 19 de noviembre de 1659
Mexico, 1659 cited in Crewe (2010), p. 87.
18. ^ Ronan (2004), p. 183
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 19. ^ Crewe (2010), p. 69
20. ^ Crewe (2010), pp. 69–70
21. ^ Crewe (2010), pp. 84–85
22. ^ quoted in Crewe (2010), p. 81
23. ^ translation from the Latin by María Willstedt for Crewe (2010), p. 82.
24. ^ Published in a Spanish translation in Gabriel Méndez Plancarte, "Don Guillén de
Lamport y su 'Regio salterio'" ms. Latino inédito de 1655.'" In Ábside, xii (1948), 143.
25. ^ quoted in Crewe (2010), p. 84
26. ^ Crewe (2010), p. 76
27. ^ Crewe (2010), pp. 76–77
28. ^ a b Crewe (2010), p. 77
29. ^ Crewe (2010), p. 79, citing Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico, ramo Inquisición,
vol. 1497, folio 228.
30. ^ Crewe (2010), p. 75 citing archival materials in the Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey,
Biblioteca Cervantina, Expediente Lamparte, folio 86.
31. ^ Ronan (2004). A photo of the statue is found facing p. 159.

Primary source
Luis González Obregón,ed. D. Guillén de Lampart: La Inquisición y la Independencia en
el siglo XVII. Paris and Mexico: Librería de la Vda. de C. Bouret, 1908. - Inquisition trial
record.

Further reading
The first book ever published to portray the adventures of Lamport was a novel published in
1872 by Vicente Riva Palacio, one of Mexico's most important historians, entitled Memorias de
un impostor: Don Guillén de Lampart.

Bayrdi Landeros, Citlalli. "Tres salmos inéditos de Don Guillén de Lampart." Translated
by Raúl Falcó. Literatura Mexicana, 9. no. 1 (1998): 205-16.
Cline, Sarah. "William Lamport/Guillén de Lombardo (1611-1659): Mexico's Irish Would-
be King." In The Human Tradition in the Atlantic World, 1500-1850. Lanham: Rowman &
Littlefield 2010.
Crewe, Ryan Dominic (2010). "Brave New Spain: an Irishman's independence plot in
seventeenth-century Mexico". Past and Present. 207: 53–87. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtq005.
Méndez Plancarte, Gabriel. "Don Guillén de Lamport y su 'Regio Salterio.' Ms. Latino
Inédito de 1655." Abside: Revista de Cultura Mexicana 12, no. 2 (April–June 1948): 123-
92; 12 no. 3 (July–September 1948): 285-372.
Meza González, Javier. El laberinto de mentira: Guillén de Lamporte y la Inquisición.
Mexico: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana 1997.
Riva Palacio, Vicente. Memorias de un Impostor: Don Guillén de Lampart, rey de
México. 2nd edition. Mexico: Editorial Porrúa, 2000.
Ronan, Gerard. The Irish Zorro: The Extraordinary Adventures of William Lamport
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 (1615–1659) [1]
Troncarelli, Fabio. El Mito del "Zorro" y la Inquisición en México: La aventura de Guillén
Lombardo (1615–1659)" (in Spanish)

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