Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Chapra QUAL2E

    Uploaded by

    Cristian Lopez
    7 views9 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    7 views9 pages

    Chapra QUAL2E

    Uploaded by

    Cristian Lopez

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    ee etenr reece cee ete emer eee eee eee eee ert 486 mr Dissolved Oxygen and Patogens ini e McGrew Hn), AVF scrone 2 Computer Methods 487 2. Although the Streeter-Phelps model may seem passé, itis still useful where pri- ‘mary and secondary treatment are to be evaluated, Such management contexts sill occur in developing counties. 3, The general approach otlized hee is useful fr otber problem contexts beyond cxygen. For example many of the modeling frameworks used asses toxic substances ae linea, Hence the matrix solution techniques are possible and useful 26.2 THE QUAL2E MODEL ‘The QUALZE software package is presently the mast widely used computer model for simulating stream-water qual capable of simulating up to 15 water- outflows. _QUAL2E has is rots in the QUAL: model developed by FD. Masch and As- ss andthe Texas Water Development Board (1970) Ia Engineers, Inc. (now Camp, Dresser and McKee), under con sing years the model was upgraded sever 19810). The present version (Brown and Ban (for example Roesner et a. 1981. i well 1987) is known as the “eahanced QUAL-II model” or QUALZE for short. is currently maintained by the EPA's Center for Water Quality Modeling in Athens, Goor ly developed using punch cards sms and then per- the punch-card input Recently a and viewing the results of QUAL2E sia distributed (Lahlow et al. 1995). This: ‘widespread application of this model. spreadsheet-1 still requires precisely the same information as for the flat- file version. Thus this lecture (as well as later descriptions of QUAL2E applications in Lec. 36) uses the Rate format. So whether you use the original version or the new interface, ou input files provide a concise representation ofall the necessary 26.2.1 Spatial Discretization and Model Overview {nformetion for perormning model simulations with QUALZE. |As depicted in Fig. 26.1, QUAL2E treats having homogeneous hydroget TABLE 26. ‘The 15 constituents that can be lvedonygen ‘A mass balance is used to keep track of the water qu Table 26.1, This balance can be writen generally as a ae Dispenion __Advetin | ‘Ki x Deoenien___ satin ‘toe rs afrce? | a HALE) de Alga a chlowphyll ve ar OO ne VE + 7 ‘Organic niogen as Ait 488 marry Dissolved Oxygen and Pathogens where V = volume ¢ = constituent concentration Ac = element cross-sectional area E=k x = distance U = average velo 55 = extemal sources (postive) or sinks (negative) of the constituent In the following sections we elaborate on the three terms on the right-hand side of this balance. 26.2.2 Transport Asin Eq. 26.17, transport consists of two components: advection and dispersion. The flows downstream. due to steady flow scar connotes that it varies spatially. For sucl a chara ‘ment ican be written as Qi-1 05-1 =0 (26.18) ‘where Q,-1 = flow from the upsteam element (0; = outflow from the element Q, = lateral fw into (positive) or out of (negative) the element ‘Once the flow balance is est geometric characteristics for each element. depth, and cross-sectional arca must be established. The relationship of th other hydrogeometic characteristics to its low rate is handled in two ways (ee Lee. 14): 1. Power equations can be used to relate mean velocity and dept to ow, u =a? 26.19) and Ha 26.20 ‘where AT = mean depth and a,b, a and fare empirical constants that are deter ‘mined from stage-discharge rating curves. Once velocity has been determined, the eross sectional area can be calculated from the continuity equation 2 Uv provides means to relate channel characteristics and A= (2621) 2. The Manning equ flow. In metic scrote 26 Computer Methods 489 1 FIGURE 25.2 ‘trapezoidal channel showing the three parameters needed fo unguely de ‘he geometry. 8 = bottom width s and 5 = side slopes, hy 1 12 O= FAR Sy (26.22) ‘where R = channel's hydraulic radius (m) and S, = slope of the channel's en- ergy grade line (dimensionless). Note that since we have assumed that flow is steady and cross sections are constant, the energy slope is equal to the channel slope. QUAL2E assumes that the channel has a trapezoidal cross section (Fig, 26,2), 80 the cross-sectional area and hydraulic radius can be expressed asa func- tion of depth. TF Q is is means that Eq. 26.22 is @ nonlinear equation that can be solved for depth tumerially. Depth can then be employed to de- termine the area, which can be used to Example 145). dispersion asa function ofthe channel's cha B= 3.11KnUHS _ nw Equations 26.23 and 26.24 represent Kk (as 1 it pro- ides a formula to compute dispersion as a Function of nonuniform flow conditions. in this way that K is used in QUAL2E, 26.2.3 Kinetics ‘To keep this lecture simple we limit the discussion to two constituents: carbons: ‘ceous BOD (CBOD) and dissolved oxygen. The kinetics for these constituents are displayed in Fig. 26.3 and can be represented mathematically by aL = KL ih (2625) 490 yer v Dissolved Oxygen and Pathogens — : Ke seatment oxyoen oma jt See : | 3 | “eso «, ; : i i Os ‘ORG? |+— le: | ; 7 to (sabe ' wh we Le oe | [Gale rr FIGURE 25.3 ‘QUALZE kinetics, Note thatthe highighted constituents and processes, are descibod and modeled in ths laure. We wil extond aur cdscuston othe reminder ofthe dlagcam in Lec. 36, do K and 7 Rie KL (2626) where L = carbonaceous BOD (mg L~!) Ky = BOD decomposi Note that all the rates (the K's) are corrected for temperature by K = Kyo" where K = rate at temperature 7 Kop = rate at 20°C @ = a temperature correction factor I the rates in Eqs. 26.25 and 26,26 can be ever, the reaeration rate can also be internally cat imulas. These formulas are summarized in Table 26.2. 2627) rectly to QUALZE. How- ted using eight different for- Lectunt 26 Computer Methods 491 ‘TABLE 262 Reneration formulas in QUALIE. Note that some of these formula (2,3, and 4) tier itl trom he versions 3 O'Comorad Dobbins 5 (9s) 4 Owens esa 1968) ay 5 Thachton and Kren (1986) = 6 Langbien and Durum 96 7 Userspecited power function and cia ow-dependnt escape cctcent © = 026 fo: 0028 = @ = 028 ems ¢= 0177 for 0.708 = Q = 85 ens 26.2.4 Numerical Algorithm Now that we have an understanding ofthe major components of QUAL2E, we can Aiseuss how the model obtains solutions numerically. To do this, Eq, 26.17 can be divided by volume and writen as ae de Wer) assy , ee a ead saath cane a Observe that we have divided the kinetics into two separate terms, de f aretp 262 492 rawr Dissolved Oxygen and Pathogens Flow FIGURE 264 mtr ‘QUALZE elements ‘Te first term onthe right denotes those reactions that are tincarly depend concentration, andthe second term denotes internal constituent sources and sinks (for cxample, benthic soures, nutrient loss from algal grovth, etc.) Although some of are nonlinear functions of const ion ofthe QUAL2E element scheme is shown in Fig. 26.4. ae ae face?) + (40% ae, WS), “(5 vi 26.0 ccnol——Exerl a inks saumessnks ‘Then backward differences canbe used to approximate the remeining s tives, = Qici nat pte (2632) + Equation 2632 can now be reexpressed by terms to yield a linear system + fief" + gett =u (26.33) where as 6a SLAB HA + SM nae 538) vam ecrurs % Computer Methods 493 (2635) ae (26:37) ‘These equations form a tridiagonal system that can be solved eiiently for con- centrations a function of time. Not thatthe external sources and sinks (thes ters) gre treated as constants inthis formulation. As noted previously, some of these are nonlinear functions of other constituent concentrations. Thus the QUAL2E solution gorithm handles nonlinear terms by treating them as constant contributions tothe forcing function that are updated at each time step. Sn are implemented in QUAL2E: reaches a steady iplementation mode for QUAL2E. Thus the rian is a means to an end—the steady-state result (rec the backward-time in Time-varible. ‘The mo present this type of implementation is [Now that we have covered the basis ofthe QUALZE software package, I'll pro- vide an overview of how itis implemented. However, before doing tis I'l introduce problem context where we will apply the model 26.2.5 QUAL2E Application Hydrogeometcic paramet Parameter Units _KP> 100 KP100-60 KP <60 1a tat oy = amg" peer ia = srereme ewe by = 200mge eam! O; = osssens The are 100k CChamnalslope 0002 m Side slope 2 Bottom eth. 10 Roughnaes Laine c= omgl* : Ge iistems cbc m/s TewC peter eronds 204m Conant siope omn018 Sie stope 2 Bottom width, 10 Roughness as okm FIGURE 255 {stream receiving BOD laadings from point source and a ruta. TABLE 264 ‘Temperatures and kinetic coefficies Parameter TeQ KP > 100 Lscrume 24 Computer Methods 495, p the spatial segmentation scheme lividing the system into reaches of s. These reaches, in turn, consist of equal- n scheme used forthe present case is depicted in Fig, 26.6. Ob- eve that we have divided the system into six reaches that we will cal: 1, MS-HEAD 2, MS100-MS080 3, MS080-MSO60 4 5 MS060-MS040 5, MS040-MS020 6. MS020-MS000 ‘The names for each reach ace tify each reach. We have chosen user's discretion and merely serve to iden- n “MS” to designate that We have made to make our scheme consistent with the way in which distances must be entered into downstream as in the original problem stateme wspection of Fig. 266 shows that our scheme consists of 2-km elements, ‘The elements that make up the reach must be aumbered in order from the headwater to the most downstream point in the system. In addition the type of each element 1 be designated. There ace seven element types: 2 3, Element just upstream fom a j 4, Junetion element 5, Lastelement in system 6. 1 1) 2 and 22 are type 6 because they he standard type 2 defined, we can create a data file «9 run present problem is shown in Fig. 26.7. Note thatthe data in of course). This is because QUAL2B is written in FORTRAN 77. Thus each ine of input comesponds to an 80-colum input-card format that derives from the punched cards used in ealy FORTRAN programs. shouldbe noted that atthe time ofthis books printing, user-friendly interface for entering the input 1995). Te interface ther you employ 496 rer sd Oxygen and Pathogens each no, Element no, Element ype NSHEAD 1 istoossoeo 2 usoao-wsoeo 3 usoso-msoo 4 wsoso-Msozo 8s wusoz0-wso00 6 FIGURE 25.6 ‘The QUALZE sogmentation scheme conforming to te rver shown in Fig. 26.5. FIGURE 26:7 QUAL 498 rar Dissolved Oxygen and Pathogens ‘Title data, “These specify identification information for the run and set the con- rents that are tobe simulated. Notice that we have typed “YES” for BOD and dissolved oxygen Program control (data type 1). These consist of two parts. The first defines the program control options. The second sets the characteristics of the stream sys tem configuration as well s some of the geographicalmeteoroogical conditions for ismotnec- ted orsetto zero, For example use we are ing temperature, The “MAXIMUM ROUTE TIME (HRS)" entry bears additional explanation, When performing a steady-state computation, this entry sets the maximum umber of iterations ofthe numerical method. This way, ifthe solution does not converge it will be halted. I have found that a value of 30.0 works well for the applications { have developed with QUAL2E. However, for other systems some adjustment of this parameter might be necessary. Reach identification and river mile/kilometer data (data type 2). The cards is group identify the steam reach system by name and river milekilometer, The is done by listing the stream reaches from the most upstream point to the most,

    You might also like