RESO READING reali An eae Eu nice Patel aaah a BEGINNING LEVELRIGHT READING DEAN CURRY Supplementary Reading and Vocabulary Development Text for EFL Beginning Level Office of English Language Programs Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs United States Department of State Washington, D.C. 20547 1994PREFACE RIGHT READING has heen prepared as a supplem Ievel stud ary EFL text for beginning cture and vocabulary. [tis designed to increase vocabulary and to develop reading skills with quick comprehension of the salient points of the material read The exercises are of four basic types intended to appeal to the interest of students and teachers in the variety of subject matter presented and the challenge of the exer- cises, Comprehension and vocabulary development are the core elements in the eo position of the exercises which require minimal oral or written reproduction on the part of the student. Oral skills practice, in fact, ean be avoided at the diseretion of the teacher, Thi prehensio the WHAT'S MISSING? section, largely as a recognition exercise of adjectives, ad- verbs, nouns, prepositions, and verbs as these occur in the readingcontext. Hopefully , in this way, students will gain insight into the contextual function of these parts of speech by noting their usage as they occur in the reading, ‘The Appendices list the principal parts of the regular and irregular verbs that occur in the readings. Teachers may find that additional work with the verbs will be profitable in helping students to master their spelling and pronunciation which have to be learued individually, ‘The reading text includes 81 regular and 47 ts with basic knowledge of Ei phasis of the text is upon silent reading as rapidly as possible for quick com- heck as provided by the exercises, Some aspects of grammar are treated in rregular verbs.CONTENTS Chapter 1: THE FOUR SEASONS, Partl: SPRINGTIME .. Chapter 2: THE FOUR SEASONS, Part Il: SUMMER DAYS Chapter 3: THE FOUR SEASONS, Part Ill: AUTUMN .. Chapter 4: THE FOUR SEASONS, Part IV: Chapter 5: WHALES, Part! Chapter 6: WHALES, Part il Chapter 7: WHALES, Part ill Chapter 8: SAILPLANES Chapter 9: CYRUS H. MCCORMICK, Part | Chapter 10: CYRUS H. MCCORMICK, Part Il. Chapter 11: FROZEN FOODS .. Chapter 12: HUNTING EAGLES, Part! HUNTING EAGLES, Part Il WHAT IS A SEQUOIA? THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER Chapter 16: TELLING TIME, Part | Chapter 17: TELLING TIME, Part Il Chapter 18: TELLING TIME, Part Ill Chapter 19: SALTY, SOUR OR SWEET? Chapter 20: THE COVERED WAGON, Part | Chapter 21: THE COVERED WAGON, Part : CHEWING GUM. CHARLES A. LINDBERGH, Part | CHARLES A. LINDBERGH, Part It CHARLES A. LINDBERGH, Part Ill TELEVISION ‘AIR POLLUTION ‘ASTORY OF COURAGE, Part Ill. ASTORY OF COURAGE, Part IV. COLORS IN NATURE ‘APPENDIX | ‘APPENDIX IIThis page intentionally left blank.(CHAPTER 1 THE FOUR SEASONS Part |: Springtime A farmer plowing a field to plant crops in the spring. Days get longer and warmer in the spring. There arenew leaveson the trees. Flowers begin to grow. Rain makes the grass green and helps the plants grow. Spring is the time of new life. Nature puts on new clothes in many colors—red, yellow, blue. white, and purple. Birds build nests in the spring. Many baby animals appear. People like to make gardens srmers plant crops in the fields is the season for young love. “In the spring a young man’s thoughts turn to love,” according to an old sayingWORDS TO KNOW leaf (pl. leaves)—flat, green part of trees or plants ng for a person's body build—to make by putting materials together nest—place where birds lay their eggs arden—piece of ground used for growing vegetables, fruits, or flowers farmer—person having a piece of land to raise crops or animals plant—to put or set in the ground erop—product grown for use as food field—piece of land used to grow crops EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. there are longer and warmer days. flowers begin to appear. people build nests. farmers make the grass gre people plant garden: young love is popular. In the spring B. What's missing? Find the missing adjectives in the reading. 1. Days get_____and_im the spring. 2. Thereare leaves. 3. clothes in colors 4. season for love 5. according to an saying C. Paragraph one says: Spring is a time of growing flowers and plants. Rain gets warmer in the spring. Flowers help plants grow. D. Paragraph three says: 1. Baby animals build nests. 2. Birds build nests in the fields. People plant gardens. Circle the answer. 1. Rain makes the grass (a) red (b) yellow (e) green. 2. In the spring (a) big (b) baby (c) small animals are seen, 3. Crops are planted by (a) young men (b) nature (c) farmers. 4. A young man begins to think about (a) nests (b) love (¢) flowers.CHAPTER 2 THE FOUR SEASONS Part Il: Summer Days We 30 7A sunny partly cloudy \\ ( ZI\ (6 cloudy An umbrella. ‘Summer days are warm and long. They are sunny days. The days are bright and the sun is hot. The sky is blue and the air is warm. Flowers grow and the trees and the grass are green. ‘Sometimes there are clouds and the sky is gray. Then, it rains and people need a rain- coat or an umbrella. Sometimes there is thunder and lightning. Some people are afraid of lightning. People go swimming in the summer. They go on pienies in the park or in the country. They have vacations and go to the beach or to the mountains. No one needs to wear a warm coat in summer.WORDS TO KNOW raincoat—coat worn to protect against rain umbrella—a round cover carried by people to protect against rain thunder—loud noise made by lightning during a storm afraid—having fear lightning—bright, quick light in the sky caused by electricity during a storm swimming—moving along in the water using arms and legs picnic—a meal eaten outside in the open air vacation—time of rest away from school or business beach—seashore EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. there are hot days. a lot of snow fall trees and grass are gree Inthe summer people need umbrellas for the rain. __ swimming is popular. people need warm coats there are pienics in the country B. What's missing? Find the mis 1. The is blue. ing nouns in the reading. 2. Sometimes there are 3. Sometimes there is 4. They goon______ in the park. 5. and goto the or the C. Paragraph two says: 1. Flowers grow during the r There is rain, thunder, and lightning sometimes. People are afraid of the clouds. D. Paragraph three says: 1. Summer is a time for vacations. 2. There are picnics in the rain, People go swimming in warm coats. E. Circle the answer. 1. Summer days are (a) bright and hot (b) dark and cloudy (¢) cold and short. 2, The (a) sun (b) sky (c) grass is green. 3. Pienies take place in the (a) thunder (b) park (e) swimming. 4, In summer no one (a) grows (b) wears (¢) plants a warm coat,CHAPTER 3 THE FOUR SEASONS Part Ill: Autumn American football Autumn is also called fall. Autumn days are cool. Days get shorter in autumn. Leaves begin to fall from the trees. There are yellow, red, and brown leaves. The c beautiful v3 of fall are time. It is the time to gather apples, pump! Many hirds fly south. Students go back to seh it popular fall sport. nds of people go weekend. There are games for high schools and colleges on Fridays and Saturdays. Most ‘n. Squirrels he fall ¥e games on the professional football is played on Sundays.WORDS TO KNOW ‘cool—more cold than hot harvest—gathering in of food crops apple—round, red fruit pumpkin—large, round orange-yellow fruit used as food squirrel—small animal with a long tail gather—to bring together nut—dry fruit or seed usually of certain trees or plants, professional—earning a living from something other people do for pleasure EXERCISES A. Check (#) the true facts from the reading, the days are shorter and cooler. there are beautiful colors. the squirrels go back to school Inthe autumn, birds like to gather nuts. the most popular sport is football. football is played in college football games are played on Wednesday: B, What's missing? Find the missing nouns in the reading. 1. Autumn is also called 2, begin to fall. 3. time to gather apples, 4 gather nuts. 5. ______ fly south. 6. people go to the games on the and corn, C. Paragraph two say 1. Autumn is planting time. 2, Autumn is vacation time. 3. Autumn is harvest time, D. Paragraph three says: 1. Students go back to college. 2. College football is professional. 3. Football is a popular fall sport. A squirrel gathers a nut. E. Circle the answer. Beautiful (a) birds (b) nuts (c) colors are seen in autumn. (a) Apples (b) Squirrels (c) Flowers are gathered in the fall. Football games haye thousands of (a) nuts (b) people (c) pumpkins. ‘The day for (a) college (b) high school (c) professional football is Sunday.CHAPTER 4 THE FOUR SEASONS Part IV: Winter Winter days are short and cold. The days get dark early. People have to get up and go to bed in the dark. Sometimes on cold mornings there is frost on the grass and on the streets, sidewalks, and cars. ‘On some days in winter it snows. A snowy day is cloudy and cold. Sometimes the wind blows during a snow. A lot of snow and wind is called a blizzard. Winter is the time to wear warm clothing and to stay inside ne: the winter sport of skiing. Many people go to the mountains to ski. he fire, Itisalsoa time forWORDS TO KNOW frost—small drops of water frozen on the surface sidewalk—place to walk on the side of street, usually paved snow—white crystals of frozen water vapor falling from the sky ski—to go on snow wearing long, flat pieces of wood on the feet EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading, the days are shorter. __ frost appears on the grass, there are many warm, sunny days; In the winter people get up in the dar! is a good time for swimming. warm clothing is necessary skiing is a popular sport B. What's missing? Find the missing adjectives in the reading. 1. The days get carly. 2. On days in winter 3. time to wear __ clothing 4A wy is cloudy and cold. 5. people go to the mountains. C. Paragraph one says: 1. Winter mornings are dark. 2. There is frost on the bed: ‘The sidewalks get dark early. D. Paragraph three say 1. People ski near the fire. 2. Skiing is a winter sport. 3. The wind blows alot. E, Circle the answer. IW’s necessary for people to (a) eat lunch (b) get up (c) study in the dark. A blizzard has a lot of snow and (a) frost. (b) wind (c) fire. Frost gets on (a) cars (b) clothing (ec) people. In winter itis good to stay inside (a) away from (b) over (c) near the fire:__ CHAPTER 5 WHALES Part | Various kinds of whales. Whales are the biggest animals in the sea. They are much bigger than any animal on land. ‘The largest whales are more than 30 meters long. Whales live in water, but they are not fish. They have warm blood and they breathe air through a hole in the top of their head. They can stay under water for about an hour without breathing.10 WORDS TO KNOW whale—large sea animal with the form ofa fish blood—red, life-giving liquid in the body of people and animals breathe—to bring air into and send it out of the lungs hole—an open place top—the highest part EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. are land animals. need air to live have a nos are fish. Whales have warm blood breathe under water. live in the sea, have a hole in their head. are smaller than some land animals. B. What's missing? Find the missing words in the reading. 1. biggest animals the sea 2. bigger ‘any anim 3. breathe air ahole 4. canstay water C. Paragraph two says: 1, Whales are the biggest animals. 2. Whales can breathe under water. 3. Whales are not fish. D. Circle the answer. 1, Whales are not (a) animals (b) fish (c) heads. 2. Whales have (a) a hole (b) blood (c) a throat in the top of their head. 3. Whales have (a) warm air (b) warm blood (c) warm water.CHAPTER 6 WHALES Part Il A large killer whale. h with teeth. Its mouth measures 1s of the sea. This kind is ealled a killer There are two kinds of whales, One kind has a b four meters in depth. It can eat other lary whale. ‘The other kind of whale is much larger than the killer whale. [thas no teeth. Instead. rows of bone in its mouth. Small sea life is caught in these bones. These whales also have a very small throat. They eannot swallow anything larger than an apple. thas 1"12 WORDS TO KNOW depth—distance from front to back swallow—to take into the stomach through the throat EXERCISES A. Cheek (4) the true facts from the reading. have no teeth. have a big mouth. cat apples. Whales have teeth, catch small sea life in the teeth B. What's missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading, It eat, ‘This kind called. g 8 EF ‘They cannot C. Paragraph one says: 1. Whales have big mouths. Two kinds of whales exist 3. Killer whales exist D. Circle the answer. 1. Killer whales have (a) large mouths (b) teeth (c) small throats. 2. Killer whales eat (a) bones (b) whales (c) sea animals. 3. Instead of teeth, large whales have (a) an apple (b) a throat (c) bones.CHAPTER 7 WHALES Part Ill Whales have skin but not seales. Their skin is gray or black in color. Under their skin is a lot of fat. This fat is used to make oil. The oil is used for many things such as making soap or for burning in lamp: ‘Some whales have oil in their heads. This is pure oil and is very valuable, From 114 to 228 liters of oil can be found in the head of some whales. Sometimes one big whale has hundreds of liters of oil. WORDS TO KNOW seales—thin layers of hard, flat plates covering most fish and some reptiles EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the reading. have green skin. have oil in their tails, have no scales. a have a lot of fat have valuable oil. have fat under the skin. B. What is missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading. 1. Their fat used to make oil. 2. Hundreds of liters of oi found. C. The reading says: 1. Whales don’t have seales. 2. Whales have valuable oil. 3. Whales are gray or black in color. D. Circle the answer. 1. Whales don’t have (a) seales (b) skin (¢) fat. 2. Soap is made from (a) whale teeth (b) whale bone (c) whale oil. 3. Pure oil is found in the (a) skin (b) bone (c) head of some whales. 13CHAPTER 8 SAILPLANES Sailplanes don't haye engines. The wind keeps them up in the air. Sailplanes can fly on strong winds or gentle winds. ‘A regular airplane pulls a sailplane up into the air. After that the sailplane sails alone. It flies through the air on the wind making no sound. Some sailplanes have flown 960 kilometers without stopping. Sailplaning is a popular sport in many parts of the world. WORDS TO KNOW ‘engine—machine used for power gentle—not too much or too fast EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the reading. have no engine can't fly on strong win get into the air using wind. fly without sound. have flown thousands of kilometers without stopping. make sailplaning possible. Sailplanes B. What's missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading. 1. The wind them up in the air. 2. Sailplanes fly on strong winds. 3. A regular airplane asailplane. 4. Some sailplanes have 960 kilometers. C. Paragraph one say: ___1. Sailplanes use the wind to fly. 2. Sailplanes have engines. 3. Sailplanes are regular airplanes. D. Paragraph two says: 1, Sailplanes pall regular airplanes. 2. Sailplanes make no sound. 3, Sailplanes never have to stop. E. Circle the answer 1. Sailplaning is a (a) sport (b) engine (c) wind. 2. A.sailplane is pulled by (a) the wind (b) another sailplane (e) an 3. Sailplanes have (a) three engines (b) no engine (c) two engines(CHAPTER 9 CYRUS H. McCORMICK Part | CH ta (ae Cyrus McCormick was the first man to build a machine to cut wheat. The machine was called a reaper. McCormick built his first successful reaper in 1831. In 1831 a reaper cost $50.00, but farmers did not buy them at first. MeCormick didn’t sell his first reaper until 1840! Farmers finally began to buy reapers. “McCormick wanted to build a reaper factory. It had to be near farms. He decided to put his factory in a small town near Lake Michigan. The name of the town was Chicago. 1516 WORDS TO KNOW machine—device for doing work wheat—zrain used to make bread reaper—machine used to cut grain successfal—having good fortune finally—at last factory—building used to make things EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. made a reaper in 1831 built reapers to eut corn, sold reapers for $50. needed to build a farm. sold reapers to farmers put his factory in Chica, Cyrus McCormick B. What's missing? Find the missing prepositions in the reading. 1. first successful reaper__1831 2. his first reaper__1840 Ithad to be____farms. factory a small town. C. Paragraph two says: 1. Farmers bought reapers in 1831. 2. Farmers first bought reapers in 1840. Farmers never bought reapers. 3. D. Paragraph three says: 1. McCormick lived near Lake Michigan. 2. McCormick chose Chicago for his factory. 3, Farmers built a reaper factory in Chicago. E. Circle the answer. 1. The reaper is used to (a) plant (b) grow (c) cut wheat. 2. In(a) 1831 (b) 1840 (c) 1850 farmers began to buy reapers. 3. Itwas necessary for the factory to be near (a)Chicago (b) farms (c) Lake Michigan. 4. Chicago became the place for the (a) farmers (b) lake (c) factory.CHAPTER 10 CYRUS H. McCORMICK Part Il A painting by eg ese shows 6 demonstration of McCormick's SN first reaper in Bouly 1831. R McCormick was 22 years old. In the 1840s, CI mud. It was dif ‘McCormick's factory, however, helped Chicago farmers were able to plant and harvest more wheat. C ago had no railr sult to travel in His machines were used around the world. Me- ’s reaper and other machines are still helping farmers grow more food for hungry 718 WORDS TO KNOW dirt—earth mud—soft, wet earth to move from place to place seem—appear however—in spite of that hharvest—to eut and gather in grain principal—main; most important market—place where goods are bought and sold still—yet EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the reading. helped Chicago grow. helped farmers grow more. one 7 made the streets of Chicago mud McCormick machines — helped make McCormick rich. are used only in Chicago. help grow food for hungry people. B. What's missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading. 1. difficult to in the town. 2. a good place to a factory 3. helped Chicago 4. soon a large city 5. are still farmers grow €. Paragraph one says: 1. Chicago was a bad place to start a factory in the 1840s, 2. Chicago had good streets in the 1840s. 3. Chicago built a railroad in the 1840s. D. Paragraph two says: 1. Farmers planted wheat in Chicago. 2. MeCormick’s factory harvested more wheat. 3. Chicago became a very important city and wheat market E. Circle the answer. 1, In the 1840s it was (a) difficult (b) easy (¢) fun to travel in Chicago. 2. Farmers used MeCormick’s machines to grow more (a) mud (b) wheat (c) markets, 3. MeCormick’s factory caused Chicago to become (a) rich (b) hungry (c) bigger. 4. MeCormick’s machines made him (a) hungry (b) rich (e) difficultCHAPTER 11 FROZEN FOODS In 1949 Clarence Birdseye found a better way to freeze food quickly. It was technology helping people to live and eat better. Soon frozen foods of all kinds began to appear in grocery stores. Meat, vegetables, and fruits were quick-frozen. Frozen fruits and vegetabl now possible to have fresh fruits and vegetables in any season of the year! Many people prefer natural foods to food in cans. Natural foods have more nutritional value. That's why frozen foods became so popular. tasted very fresh and natural. It was WORDS TO KNOW freeze—to make hard by cold frozen—past participle of freeze technology—science of industry grocery—store selling food season—one of the four parts of the year: spring, summer, fall, winter prefer—to like better nutritional value—having importance in making grow or keeping alive and well with food EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. are the result of technology. are found in grocery stores appeared in 1949, taste natural. have little nutritional value. have become popular, Frozen foods B. What's missing? Find the missing adverbs in the reading. 1. away to freeze food 2 frozen foods of all kinds 3. fresh and natural 4. possible to have CC. Paragraph one says: 1. Technology helps people. Frozen foods appeared in the 19th century Clarence Birdseye bought a grocery store. 19D. Paragraph two says: Frozen foods cost a lot. Frozen foods taste natural. Frozen foods replace food in cans. E. Circle the answer. 1. Birdseye’s better way to freeze food came in (a) 1949 (b) grocery stores (c) any Frozen foods began to appear in (a) banks (b) grocery stores (c) drugstores. People were able to eat fresh fruits in any season of the (a) week (b) month (e) year. Good (a) seasonal (b) nutritional (c) national value made frozen foods popular.CHAPTER 12 HUNTING EAGLES Part | golden eagle is used for hunt- takes a long time. Hunters catch youn, in nets made of he eagle is taken to afield. A blindfold over the bird’s eyes keeps it the arm of the hunter. The hunter's arm is covered with a long, special glove to protect it from the sharp claws of the bird. PyWORDS TO KNOW eagle—a large, powerful bird fox—wild animal of the dog family smaller than a wolf ‘wolf—meat-cating wild animal of the dog family shoulder net—a kind of open cloth used to catch birds, butterflies, and fish Dlindfold—something to cover the eyes glove—covering for the hand and arm ‘elay—a sharp nail on the feet of birds sometimes one meter high at the EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the reading. are birds. hunt wolves. catch hunters. Eagles have sharp claws. are trained to hunt, are avery old sport. are caught in nets, train eagles. have sharp claws catch young foxes. Hunters take eagles to a field wear a special glov use nets made of hai wear blindfolds, B. What's missing? Find the missing prepositions in the reading, 1. blindfold _the bird’s eye 2. used wanting wild animals 3. covered____a long, special glove 4. sits____the arm the hunter C. Paragraph two says: 1. Eagles sit on hunters’ arms. 2. Hunters train eagles. 3. Hunting is an old sport, D. Circle the answer. 1. Avery old sport is (a) nets (b) hunting (¢) hunters. 2. It takes a long time to (a) cover (b) quiet (c) train an eagle. 3. Young eagles are caught in nets made of (a) claws (b) hair (c) wood. 4. Abunting eagle’s eyes are covered with (a) a net (b) a glove (c) blindfold. 5. The trained eagle sits on the (a) arm (b) head (¢) leg of the hunter.CHAPTER 13 HUNTING EAGLES Part Il In the field, as soon as the hunter sees a fox or a wolf, he removes the blindfold. The e: quickly flies into the air and begins to look for the wild anim: ‘The eagle sees the animal and catches it with claws like steel. Its beak and laws are strong, enough to hold the animal. Usually, the bird carries the animal back to the hunter. Some- times fast animals with good eyes can get away. WORDS TO KNOW steel—a very hard metal beak—the mouth of a bird EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the reading. looks for the wild animal. ‘The trained eagle has claws like steel, carries the hunter home. B. What's missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading. 1. The hunter the blindfold. 2. The eagle quickly into the a 3. Theeagle it with claws like steel. 4, Thebird the animal to the hunter. C. The reading says: 1. sd eagles catch wild animals, blindfold trained eagles. 3. Fast animals have good eyes. D. Circle the answer. 1, The hunter removes the (a) claws (b) glove (e) blindfold. 2. The eagle looks for the (a) hunter (b) animal (c) blindfold. 3. The eagle catches the animal with (a) good eyes (b) a special glove (c)strongelaws. 4. The bird carries the animal (a) back to (b) away from (¢) as soon as the hunter.24 CHAPTER 14 WHAT IS A SEQUOIA?| WORDS TO KNOW | trunk—the main part of a tree ring—a cirele bark—the outside covering of a tree, its skin tough—very strong: hard to eut fireproof—almost impossible to burn. EXERCISES A. Check (#) the true facts from the reading. grow in California, are found in the Fast are very old. grow 80 meters high are evergreen plant have thin bark. have tree ring are almost fireproof. B. What's missing? Find the missing adverbs in the reading. 1 in California and Oregon 2. are among the biggest 3. They grow more than 4a older 5. bark is tough, 6. is fireproof C. Paragraph one says: 1, A sequoia has rings in its trunk. 2. A sequoia is one of the oldest living things. 3. A sequoia has fireproof bark. D. Paragraph two says: ‘The age of a tree is told by rings. ‘The age of a tree is told by its height. 3. ‘The age of a tree is told by its bark. Circle the answer. A sequoia is a (a) tree ring (b) redwood (¢) tree house. ‘The age of a tree is seen in its (a) color (b) bark (c) rings. Sequoia bark is very (a) thin and soft (b) thick and tough (c) big and tall. Sequoias have tough (a) trunks (b) rings (c) bark. pee 28CHAPTER 15 THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER ‘as a small creek and at the Gulf of Mexico itis nearly two kilometers wide, In s places itis very deep and in other places it is shallow. The river gets water from rain, snow, hail, and ice. Many small rivers run into the Missis- sippi. Half of the rain falling in the United States flows into the Mississippi Boats can go from the Gulf of Mexico up the Mississippi for 1,600 kilometers. Many of the boats are barges. Barges carry freight of many kinds up the river and down the river. 26WORDS TO KNOW ‘creck—a small stream of water shallow—not deep hail—small, round pieces of ice falling like rain flow—to move or run like water barge—a boat with a flat bottom freight—a load of goods EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. is over 5,000 kilometers long. starts as a small stream. is both deep and shallow. is 10 kilometers wide. gets water from other rivers. gets half the rainfall of the U.S. ‘The Mississippi River B. What's missing? Find the missing adjectives in the reading. the rin the United States ‘more than 3,700 kilometers begins as a creek nearly two kilometers small rivers run Half of the rain C. What's missing? Find the mis ing prepositions in the reading. begins___a small river the longest river___the United States ___other places itis shallow flows ___the Mississippi the Gulf of Mexico__the Mississippi the river and____the river eee D. Paragraph two says: ‘The Mississippi gets wider. 2. The Mississippi 3. The Mississippi is always deep. a creek. E. Paragraph three sa 1. The Mississippi gets half of the rainfall in the U.S. 2. The Mississippi runs into many rivers. ‘The Mississippi flows into the Mississippi.F. Paragraph four says: |. The Mississippi is 1,600 kilometers long. Barges carry freight on the Mississippi. Boats never go up the Mississippi. G. Circle the answer. ‘The Mississippi begin as a small (a) river (b) creek (c) gulf. ‘The Mississippi is (a) two (b) 3,700 (c) 1,600 kilometers wide at the Gulf of Mexico. ‘The Mississippi is the (a) widest (b) deepest. (c) longest river in the U.S. Many small (a) boats (b) barges (c) rivers flow into the Mississippi. A small ship and barges on the Mississippi River.CHAPTER 16 TELLING TIME Part | Early men did not have clocks. They told time by the sun and the shadows of trees. Atfirst, they used sticks placed in the ground instead of trees. They made marks on the ground, and the shadows from the sticks told the time of day. Later, men began to use sundials. Some sundials were boxes with a stick to cast a shadow. Men were able to carry the sundial box with them. The mark for noon was very important. ‘The sundial always had to face the same way or the time was wrong. Sundials were good only ‘on sunny days, not on cloudy days. They were the first kind of clock. WORDS TO KNOW shadow—shade made by something stiek—a long, thin piece of wood ‘sundial—device for telling the time of day by the position of a shadow cast by the sun ‘east—to throw; let fallEXERCISES A. Check (#) the true facts from the reading. told time with animal had clocks made of trees. Early men } used sticks to tell time. told time by shadows. used the sun to tell time, cast shadows ‘were small enough to carry. Sundials had many sticks in a box. were often used at night, had to face the same way. became the first clocks. B. What's missing? Find the missing adverbs in the reading. ds they used sticks. 2 men began to use 3. thesundial___ had to face 4 ‘were good on sunny days C. What's missing? Find the missing adjectives in the reading. men did not have clocks. were boxes oaeeee ea may only on days the kind of clock D. Paragraph one says: 1. Barly men used the moon to tell time. Early men used shadows to tell time. 3. Early men began to make clocks. E. Paragraph two says: Sundials were the first clocks. Sundials used trees to tell time. Sundials were used on cloudy days. Je the answer. ‘To tell time sticks were placed in the (a) tree (b) shadow (c) ground. The shadow cast by (a) men (b) trees (c) marks told time. In sundials the mark for (a) noon (b) night (c) shadows was very important. Facing the same way with a sundial made the time (a) late (b) right (c) wrong.CHAPTER 17 TELLING TIME Part Il ‘Men had many ideas for telling time. One idea was to use rope made from plants. Knots were put in the rope at certain places. The rope was burned from knot to knot. The distance between knots was a certs Candles ‘The candle burned and melted from mark to mark. Usually the mark showed a hal ymount of time. marks to indicate a length of time were used much like the rope with knots. -an-hour or an hour. ‘The hourglass was popular for telling time. Sand in the hourglass passed through a small ‘opening from an upper glass toa glass below. The changinglevel of the sand marked the pass- ing of time. WORDS TO KNOW rope knot—round, hard spot made on rope by tying Tength—how long somethi melt upper—higher in place strong, thick line to change from solid to liquid from the effect of heat EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the reading. rope was used, rope was burned. knots showed distance. For telling time 4 knots were put in candle: candles were melted. sand was placed in boxes. hourglasses were used. B. What's missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading, Knots were in the rope. The rope was from knot to knot, ‘The candle burned and ‘The mark The sand passing of time 31C. What's missing? Find the missing nouns in the reading. had many for telling time burned from to knot - toindicate the of time 4. The ‘was popular. 5. changing _ of the sand D. Paragraph one say Plants were used to tell time. Rope was burned to tell time. Knots were made from plants. E, Paragraph two says: Candles had knots to tell time. Candles burned rope to tell time. 3. Candles melted to tell time. F. Circle the answer. he distance between (a) knots (b) candles (c) hourglasses on a rope showed pass- ing time. 2, Hourglasses contain (a) candles (b) knots (c) sand. 3. Sand in an hourglass moves from (a) side to side (b) level to level. (c) knot to knot. 4. The changing level of sand in an hourglass marked the passing of (a) night (b) weeks (©) time.CHAPTER 18 TELLING TIME Part Ill People began making clocks over 500 years ago. The first clocks had only one hand—the hour hand. The minute hand appeared at a later time. The first elocks were big and heavy. Som re passed and clocks became smaller. Clockmakers were able to make smaller parts for clocks and the size was reduced. Bells beeame a part of some large clocks in cities and towns. They were for people unable to see the clock. Some clocks were put in large towers. Many of these clocks still exist today in Europe. Some of them are 400 to 500 years old. Big Ben in London is a very fi clock: ‘The first alarm clocks we by monks to wake them for prayers. Many people have alarm clocks to wake them to go to work. Many clocks today even alarm clocks—are electric. ich people had servants to carry their clocks. T nous tower WORDS TO KNOW hell—device making a ringing sound tower—a high structure standing alone o forming part of another building alarm clock—clock set to ring at a desired time monk—man living a solitary life devoted to religious duties prayer—speaking to God EXERC A, Check (#) the true facts from the reading. had only an hour hand. were made 1,000 years ago. were very big. were carried by horses.became bigger and bigger. finally had a minute hand. added bells Clocks 4 were put in towers, E. Paragraph two, were invented by monk can wake people. are electric today . What's missing? Find the mis 1g adjectives in the reading. 1. The clocks had only 2. appeared at a time 3. clocks were ad 4. were able to make 5. some clocks in cities and towns 6 avery tower clock 7, even alarm clocks are What's missing? Find the missing prepositions in the reading making clocks_500 years ago appeared____a later time some large clocks__cities still exist today__Europe clocks were used____ monks . Paragraph one says: 1. The first clocks were made by monks. 2. The first elocks were very small. The first elocks had only one hand. ‘Tower clocks have bells. Big Ben is a famous alarm clock. ‘There are no more tower clocks. Paragraph three say: 1. Alarm clocks have prayers. 2. People are unable to sce alarm clocks. Alarm clocks wake people. Je the answer. 1. The first clocks were (a) heavy (b) small. (c) electric 2. Making clocks began (a) 500 (b) 1,000 (c) 400 years ago. 3. Clockmakers reduced the (a) hands (b) bells (c) size of clocks. 4. Tower clocks have (a) monks (b) alarms (c) bells. 5. (a) Big Ben (b) Monks (c) Rich people first used alarm clocks.CHAPTER 19 SALTY, SOUR, OR SWEET? HaaO PALATE SOFT PALATE PAPILLAE TONGUE THROAT MUSCLES OF TONGUE TASTE PORE TASTE CELL NeAVE View of a tastebud. What causes taste? Why does sugar taste sweet and a lemon taste sour? The answer is tastebuds. These are little bumps on the surface of the tongue. Different parts of the tongue tell each taste ‘We taste sweet things on the tip of the tongue and salty things on the tip and sides of the tongue. We taste sour things on the sides of the tongue. Bitter things are tasted at the back of the tongue. Smell also is important to taste. So, the nose helps us taste, For example, the smell of an. pple or an orange becomes th chuds of the tongue. People have colds and food does not taste good because the nose is not helping to taste the food. ste" on the tas 35WORDS TO KNOW taste—to get the flavor of: flavor (n.) Jemon—a small yellow-green fruit wz an acid taste bump—swelling tip—end: point | 1er—having a sharp, unpleasant taste | smell—to perceive odor; odor (n.) cold—infecting the nose and throat sour—hav' EXERCIS! A. Check (#) the true facts from the reading, comes from tastebuds. is told by the tongu ‘can be sweet, sour, or bitter. Taste 4 for sugar is on the side of the mouth. on the back of the tongue is for sal needs smell, too. is less with a cold B. What's missing? Find the missing nouns in the reading. 1. ‘These are little ‘on the surface 2 of the tongue 3. ngs on the of the tongue 4 also is important 5, ste” on the C. Paragraph one says: 1. Tastebuds cause taste, 2. The tongue causes taste. 3, Tastebuds can smell D. Paragraph three says: 1. Colds improve taste. 2. Smell helps tastebuds. The tastebuds of an orange are in the nose. Circle the answer. 1. Tastebuds are small (a) tips (b) surface (c) bumps. 2. The (a) tip (b) back (c) sides of the tongue taste sweet things 3. The (a) tip (b) back (c) sides of tongue taste bitter things. 4. The nose helps people taste (a) better (b) longer (c) later.___ HAPTER 20 THE COVERED WAGON Part | A covered wagon called a “Conestoga.” important in the history of the United States. Some covere rly as 1717. They carried heavy loads for long distances. The front ‘agons were built higher than the middle. These kept loads from falling de to float on water like a boat. It was able to float across deep ind the load didn't get wet. The wheels were wide to keep the wagon from sinking into soft earth or mud. 37WORDS TO KNOW ‘wagon—large cart with four wheels load—anything carried distance—place far away middle—eenter steep—almost straight up and down float—to be held up by water deep—going a long way down from the surface wet—covered with water sink—to go down mud—soft, wet earth EXERCISES A, Check () the true facts from the reading. ‘went long distances with heavy load: had a center lower than the front. fell down steep hills. floated like a boat. had wide wheel floated on mud. ‘The covered wagon B. What's missing? Find the missing adjectives in the reading, 1. They carried loads. 2. The front and part. 3. on hills 4. across rivers 5. load didn't get 6. from sinking into earth C. Paragraph one says: Covered wagons were used to carry heavy loads. 2. Covered wagons were used as trains. Covered wagons had two w D. Paragraph two says: 1. Wagon loads didn't get wet, 2. Steep hills kept the wagons in the mud. 3. Covered wagons were put on boats. E, Circle the answer. 1. Covered wagons were built in the (a) West (b) East (e) North in 1717. 2. The high front and back parts of the wagon kept loads (a) wet (b) inside (c) heavy. 3. Covered wagons were able to (a) float (b) sink (c) fall across rivers. 4. Wide wheels were good for (a) water (b) hills (ec) mud.(CHAPTER 21 THE COVERED WAGON Part Il covered wagons. A group of settlers going west A covered wagon usually carried 360 to 720 kilos of cargo. A team of four to six horses pulled the wagon. The wagon was covered with white canvas. In the 18th and 19th centuries thousands of covered wagons were used to carry cargoes from the east coast to the Ohio River. Settlers going west to Oregon and California used covered wagons as homes on wheels. By 1865 railroads took the place of covered wagons and they were no longer needed 39WORDS TO KNOW team—two or more horses working together ceargo—carried goods; freight ‘eanvas—strong cloth century—each 100 years ‘coast—land along the sea settler—person going to a new land or country to live ‘wheel—round frame turning under a wagon to make it go EXERCISES A. Check (() the true facts from the reading, carried cargoes of more than 500 kilo: were pulled by people. Covered wagons J had covers made of wood. went from the became homes on wheels. were replaced by railroads. B, What's missing? Find the missing nouns in the reading. 360 to 720 kilos of four to six pulled the wagon covered with white In the 18th and 19th were used to carry from the east as homes on oe eee 2 Paragraph one says: 1. Horses carried 720 kilos of cargo. 2. Horses pulled covered wagons. 3. Horses earried white canv: D. Paragraph two says: 1. Covered wagons followed railroads. 2. Covered wagons carried settlers west. 3. Covered wagons needed railroads. E. Circle the answer. Cargo usually weighed as much as (a) 1200 (b) 720. (c) 100 kilos. Cargoes went from the East to the (a) Ohio (b) Oregon (c) California River. Settlers used covered wagons as (a) cargoes (b) railroads (c) homes on wheels. Covered wagons were no longer needed after (a) 1717 (b) 1865 (c) 1848,CHAPTER 22 CHEWING GUM Chewing gum is made from chicle. Chicle comes from the sap of the sapodilla tree. This tree {grows in many parts of tropical America. It is like a rubber tree. ‘Thomas Adams made the first chewing gum. He wanted to make rubber from chiele, but it made better chewing gum. The first chewing gum had no flavor. It was sold as little balls for one cent each, Later, Adams put licorice flavor in his gum. He called it “Adams Black Jack. It's still popular. Other gum companies made different flavors. Fruit and cinnamon flavors beeame popu- lar. The favorite flavor, however, is peppermint. More than 50 percent of the gum sold has peppermint flavor. Spearmint flavor was added by a man named Wrigley. ‘Today. plastic is used to make a lot of gum. WORDS TO KNOW chew—to use the teeth to break into small pieces sap—the vital fluid of a tree or plant | rubber—a juice like milk taken from certain tropical plants and used to make tires | favor—taste cinnamon—spice made from tree bark. rice—a sweet, black flavor made from the root of a plant. plastie—synthetic substance EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the reading. ‘comes from chicle. was first made by Wrigley is made from rubber. Chewing gum 4 had no flavor at first has cinnamon flavor. sometimes has fruit flavor can be made from plast B. What's missing? Find the if adjectives in the reading. in many parts of, America the first gum sold as a ball He called it Adams Jack. um companies made flavors became ‘The flavor is peppermint. at42 . Paragraph three says: . Paragraph one says: 1, Chicle comes from the rubber tree 2. Chicle is a kind of plastic. 3. Chicle comes from the sapodilla tree. Paragraph two says: 1. Rubber was made Licorice was made into little balls. 3. Chewing gum was first made by Thomas Adams. 1. Wrigley was the first to add flavors. 2. Most gum has a fruit flavor. 3. The most popular flavor is peppermint. 1 plant (b) cinnamon bark (c) a rubber tree. 2. Chewing gum first had the form of (a) a stick (b) a ball (c) an egg, 3. Black Jack is a kind of (a) car (b) song (c) flavor. 4. Spearmint flavor came from (a) Adams (b) Wrigley (c) Jack.(CHAPTER 23 CHARLES A. LINDBERGH Part | pirit of wis Lebo Charles A. Lindbergh and the Spirit of Saint Louis.” In the 1920s inte in flying began to grow. Many young men wanted to hecome flyers. It took courage to ise airplanes were small and not very strong Charles A. we courage to become a flyer. He knew how to work hard in order to learn. His father had taught him to think and to do things for himself, In 1924 L bergh became the pilot of a mail plane. His father’s training had helped him to have the dé to become a flyer.WORDS TO KNOW interest—a feeling of wanting to do or know about grow—to become bigger courage—meeting danger without fear; bravery pilot—person flying airplanes sail plane—airplane used to carry mail to different parts of the country training—practical education desire—strong wish EXERCISES A. Check (#) the true facts from the reading. had a small airplan knew how to work hard. learned from his mothe Charles A. Lindbergh 4 became a pilot__ flew a mail plane. was afraid to fly, earned to think for h self B. What's missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading. 1, interest in flying to grow 2. Tt ‘courage to become 3. He how to work hard. 4. His father had him to think. 5. training helped him to have C. Paragraph one s 1. Tobe a flyer took courage. 2. Everybody wanted to be a flyer. 3. Airplanes were easy to fly. D. Paragraph two says: 1. Lindbergh's father was a pilot. 2. Lindbergh learned to fly. Lindbergh bought some airplanes. rele the answer. In the 1920s airplanes were (a) heavy (b) big (c) small. him to do things for himself. (a) Interest (b) Courage (c) Desire was necessary to become a flyer in the 1920s. Lindbergh became the (a) trainer (b) pilot (c) father of a mail plane. Lindbergh’s father (a) taught him to fly (b) trained him in small planes (c) taughtCHAPTER 24 CHARLES A. LINDBERGH Part Il In the 1920s flyers were trying to set new records. Many prizes were offered for flying. A prize of $25,000 was offered for someone to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone, From New York to Paris was 5,760 kilometers. There was a big problem. Small planes could not hold ‘enough gasoline for the long trip. Some men had tried to ly across the ocean, but their planes crashed. A lot of gasoline made planes too heavy. Then they crashed on take-off. Lindbergh wanted to make the trip. He began to make plans to solve the problems. WORDS TO KNOW set a record—to do the best yet done prize—reward cerash—to fall from the sky hheavy—hard to lift or carry take-off—Ieaving the ground | solve—to find the answer to EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the read me crossed the Atlantic Ocean. gave prizes to each other. tried to set flying records. flew in small plan crashed on take-off sometimes. had some problem Flyers in the 1920s B. What's missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading, 1. prizes were for fying 2. Small planes not hold enough 3. Some men had to fly. 1. gasoline planes too heavy 5. they e-oft C. Paragraph one says: 1. Prizes were offered for flying, Flyers were giving prizes. Someone flew across the Atlantic Ocean.46 D. Paragraph two says: 1. Lindhergh tried to fly across the ocean. 2. Some planes crashed on take-off. 3. Small planes held a lot of gasoline. E, Circle the answer. ‘Small planes could not hold enough (a) pilots (b) prizes (c) gasoline. Flyers in the 1920s tried to (a) set records (b) buy gasoline (c) crash on take-off. To receive a $25,000 prize someone had to cross the Atlantic Ocean (a) quickly (b) alone ( e) by 1925. Lindbergh wanted to (a) buy a plane (b) offer a prize (c) cross the Atlantic.CHAPTER 25 CHARLES A. LINDBERGH Part Ill ‘To cross the Atlantic Ocean Lindbergh needed money to build a plane. He looked for peo- ple to help him. Finally, some men in Saint Louis, Missouri promised to lend him money to build the plane, Lindbergh made the plans for the special plane. He tested the plane many times. It had to be strong. He ealled the plane “The Spirit of Saint Louis. ‘On May 20, 1927, the plane was ready. Lindbergh planned to cross the Atlantic alone. He was not afraid. He had confidence in himself. He took off from Long Island, New York and landed at a feld near Paris 33% hours later. Thousands of people were there to meet him. ‘They shouted and cheered. Charles A. Lindbergh was famous. He was called “The Lone Eagle.” WORDS TO KNOW Iend—to let someone use for a time test—to try out confidence—strong belief land—to come to earth shout—to call or ery loudly cheer—to shout praise or approval Jone—without others: single ‘eagle—large bird EXERCISES A. Cheek (4) the true facts from the reading, needed help to build a pla got money in Saint Loui built the plane alone. needed a strong plane. believed in himself left from Philadelphia. took a friend with him. landed on a Paris street Lindbergh took more than a day to arrive ‘was called “Lonely Lindbergh. B. What's missing? Find the missing prepositions in the reading. 1. He looked people for help. 2. made the plans the special pl 4748 May 20, 1927 confidence himself took off Long Island, New York Ianded ‘field near Paris Paragraph one says: 1. Lindbergh got money from people to build a plane, 2. Lindbergh wanted to fly from Saint Louis, 3. Lindbergh asked his father for help. . Paragraph three says: 1. Lindbergh began to have doubts and fears. ‘The plane began to have problems over the ocean. ‘The first to fly across the Atlantic alone was C Circle the answer. 1. 2. 3 4 Men in Saint Louis promised to (a) lend (b) give (c) sell Lindbergh money. Lindbergh himself made the (a) wings (b) plans (c) gasoline for the plane. The “Spirit of Saint Louis” took off from (a) New Jersey (b) Saint Louis (©) New York “The Lone Eagle” refers to (a) Saint Louis (b) a field near Paris (c) Lindbergh.CHAPTER 26 TELEVISION ‘The first commercial television broadcast was made on April 20, 1939 by Radio Corpora- tion of America (RCA). Since 1939, it has become one of the most important facts of modern life. Television is very much a part of the modern world. Its effects are felt all over the world. ‘Television is a reflection of the modern world, say some people. It shows contemporary s0- ciety. It affects customs and culture, others say. Television is bad for culture because it keeps culture from growing, say still others. Good or had, television is difficult to av« factories, Ibis here to stay! Its pictures enter homes, stores, airports, and WORDS TO KNOW commereial—made to sell for profit corporation—business organizs sinee—from the time that effect—influence reflection—image contemporary—of the present time society—all the people affeet—to influence or change stilleven; yet avoid—to keep away from EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. has wide influence, isa modern day fact. can influence culture. Television 4 is easy to avoid. reflects the sun and moor is found in homes, can’t last long. B. What's missing? Find the missing nouns in the reading. 1. Radio of America 2. one of the most important 3. apart of the modern 4, Television is a of the modern world. 5. It shows contemporary 6. itkeeps from growing 49C. Paragraph one say 1. Television affects radio. 2. Television is the same as movies. 3. Television is important in the modern world. mn influences culture. 2. Society and television are bad. 3. Cultures grow out of television. Circle the answer. 1. The effects of television are (a) reflections (b) commercial (c) facts. 2. RCA made the (a) longest (b) first (c) second commercial television broadcast. 3. Television is not found in (a) rivers (b) factories (ec) airports. 4. Ibis difficult to (a) watch (b) hear (c) avoid television.CHAPTER 27 AIR POLLUTION Air pollution in Saint Louis, Missouri. What is air pollution? Itis dirt in the air. This is a big problem in some parts of the world. ‘What causes air pollution? People cause it by burning fuel in buses, cars. factories, homes, schools, and trains, The smoke from burning fuel has poison gases and dust. These enter the air and make it dirty. Why is air pollution bad? The dirty air hurts people. Ithelps to cause more colds, coughs, and diseases of the heart and lungs. It also hurts plants and animals and makes clothing and buildings dirty. 5152 WORDS TO KNOW pollution—not being clean dirty—of dust or earth fuel—anything burned to produce heat or power, such as coal, oil, or wood poison—something causing death gas—substance not solid, liquid, or having form dust—fine, dry earth, cold—infecting the nose and throat ‘cough—forcing air from the lungs suddenly disease—illness; poor health Jungs—organs for breathing EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. comes from smoke in the is not much of a proble causes burning cars and bus comes from poison gases and dust. makes dirty ai helps people stay healthy. can affect the heart, hurts only people. Air pollution B. What's missing? Find the missing nouns in the reading. 1 ‘cause it by burning fuel. 2. The from burning fuel 3. has poison and dust 4. to-cause more colds and diseases makes ___and buildings dirty = Paragraph two says: 1. People cause air pollution. 2. Animals like air pollution. 3. Burning fuel comes from dirty elothing. D. Paragraph three says: 1. Dirty air is everywher 2. Dirty air hurts people and things. 3. Dirty buildings cause pollution. Cirele the answer. Dirt in the air is called (a) disease (b) pollution (e) gases. Burning fuel comes from (a) dust (b) coughs (ec) cars. Smoke carries (a) poison colds (b) poison gases (c) poison plants. Dirty airis bad for the (a) hands and fect (b) arms and legs (c) heart and lungs.CHAPTER 28 WHAT IS QWERTY? ‘The first modern typewriter was developed by Christopher Sholes and two of his friends, Carlos Glidden and Samuel Soulé, They worked on a newspaper in Milwaukee, Wiseonsin in the 1860. Sholes put each letter on the end of a metal bar. A key was pushed down and the end of the bar hit the paper. The typewriter keys were put in alphabetical order, but alphabetical order caused a problem. Fast typing made some of the letter bars get caught on one another. The bars were too close together. Sholes solved the problem. He found out the most-used letters these letters far apart on the typewriter keyboard. The letter bars ly. The first six letters on the top of the keyboard are QWERTY! English. Then he put not hit each other easi- WORDS TO KNOW typewriter—machine for wri develop—to make better newspaper—a daily or weekly paper with news metal—a hard material like iron, gold, key—a small lever pressed down by the finger solve—to find the answer apart—away from each other top—the highest part keyboard—group of keys on a piano, organ or typewriter EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. worked in Wisconsin. made the typewriter better. Christopher Sholes {put keys on the end of paper. ot caught in a typewriter. ‘changed the order of the keys. B. What's missing? Find the missing adjectives in the reading. 1. The first __ typewriter 2. Sholes put letter 3. were put in order 4. were too close 7 5. he put letters far apart 6. The first letters on the top line 53D. Paragraph two says: 1. The alphabetical order of the keys caused a problem. 2. The keys were too far apart. Sholes didn’t like fast typing. Paragraph three says: 1. Sholes’s friends solved the problem. QWERTY was taken off the keyboad. Sholes put the most-used letters far apart. Circle the answer. Sholes worked for (a) the government (b) a typewriter company (c) a newspaper. Letters were put on the end of metal (a) bars (b) keys (c) alphabets (a) The metal (b) Fast typing (c) The letters caused the bars to get caught on one another: 4. Sholes needed to know (a) QWERTY (b) the most-used letters. (c) Samuel So to solve the problem.CHAPTER 29 A STORY OF COURAGE Part | Glenn Cunningham and his brother, Floyd, wanted to become runners. They lived in the state of Kansas. Every morning the two boys ran to school. They always arrived before the other students. Their job was to make a fire in the oil stove. One morning the two brothers put the oil in the stove and started the fire. The stove ex- ploded. Someone had put gasoline in the oil e At first, Glenn was unconscious, then he came to his senses. He got up from the floor and ran out of the burning schoolhouse. Outside he remembered Floyd. He shouted Floyd's name. He heard a moan from inside the schoolhouse. He ran back inside to look for Floyd. WORDS TO KNOW ila liquid used to burn as fuel stove—device used for cooking and heating using wood, coal, gas, oil or electricity explode—to blow up can—container made of metal unconseious—not able to feel or think shout—to ery out in a loud voice moan—tong, low sound of suffering EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. had a brother named Floyd. ran to school every morning, was a teacher. Glenn Cunningham 4 started a fire in the school stove. put gasoline in the oil can, stayed in the schoolhouse, heard music inside the school B. What's missing? Find the inissing verbs in the reading, 1. the two boys to school 2. they always before 3. the stove 4. He up from the floor 5. He ‘a moanWhat's missing? Find the missi 1g adverbs in the reading. 1. they wrrived before 2. jlenn was unconscious 3. he remembered 4. from the schoolhouse 5. He ran inside to look Paragraph one says: 1. Glenn and Floyd went to school on horses. 2. Glenn and Floyd lived in Kansas City. 3. Glenn and Floyd had the job of making a fire. Paragraph three says: 1, Glenn carried Floyd out of the burning school. 2. Glenn remembered to get some oil. 3. Glenn became unconscious. Circle the answer. 1, The Cunningham boys wanted to be (a) runners (b) teachers (c) farmers. 2, Someone had placed gasoline in the oil (a) stove (b) can (c) desk. 3. Gasoline caused the stove to (a) run_(b) explode (e) moan 4, Glenn came to his (a) brother (b) moan (c) senses and ran outside.CHAPTER 30 A STORY OF COURAGE Part Il The inside of the schoolhouse was in flames. Glenn's pants were on fire. The building was full of smoke. He looked for his brother but couldn't see him. There was not much air in the building and Glenn fell to the floor unconscious again. People came running to help. They found Glenn and pulled him from the burning building. Glenn woke up in his bed at home. His legs were covered with bandages. His legs hurt alot His family told him the sad news. Floyd had died in the fi WORDS TO KNOW flames—bright burning of fire pants—clothing usually worn by men to cover the legs building—structure ‘smoke—cloud rising from anything burning bandage—pieces of cloth used to cover injuries to protect them EXERCISES A. Check () the true facts from the reading. found his brother. put out the flames. rran to get help. Glenn 4 was taken from the burning schoolhouse. woke up in the hospital. had bandages on his legs heard about Floyd's death B. What's missing? Find the missing verbs in the reading 1. Glenn to the floor. 2. People running. 3. They Glenn and pulled 4. Glenn p in his bed. 5. His family him C. Paragraph two says: 1. People took Glenn out of the burning schoolhouse. 2. People helped look for his brother. 3. People fell to the floor unconscious. 87D. Paragraph two says: 1. Glenn's face was badly burned 2. Glonn’s legs had a lot of bandages on them 3. Floyd came to see Glenn in bed. E. Circle the answer. 1. Glenn's (a) shirt (b) pants (c) socks were in flames, 2. The schoolhouse was filled with (a) students (b) smoke (¢) ai 3. Glenn woke up (a) in the schoolhouse (b) at home (c) in Floyd's room, 4. Floyd had died (a) at home (b) in the hospital (c) in the fire.CHAPTER 31 A STORY OF COURAGE Part III Glenn was only seven years old at the time of the accident. He lay in bed for many weeks. It took a long time for his legs to heal. ‘Time passed slovly for Glenn. His legs finally healed, but there were some problems. His right leg was crooked, and the toes of his left foot were gone. He might never walk again, the doctors said. But he learned to walk with crutches. After four years he was able to walk without erutches. His legs were still very stiff. Every day his parents and his older brother rubbed his legs. He rubbed his legs. too. It hurt to walk but running didn’t hurt very much. So, Glenn ran everywhere! | WORDS TO KNOW | Seeldeat—unfortanate happening heal—to make whole | crooked—not straight | eruteh—support to hard to move | rub—to move one’s hand over the surface lp someone walk. EXERCISES A. Check (#) the true facts from the rea healed very slow! were both crooked. were without toes, worked with erutehs became stiff, were rubbed by his friend Glenn's legs B. What's missing? Find the missing adverbs in the reading. 1. Glenn was seven years old, 2. Time passed for Glenn. 3. His legs healed. 4, Hislegs were very stiff, 5. didn’t hurt ‘much C. Paragraph one sa afew weeks. 1. Glenn’s legs healed Healing of Glenn's legs took a long time. Glenn’s bed helped him to h 5960 . Paragraph two says: 1, Glenn's toes were stiff. 2. Glenn's right leg was not straight. 3. Glenn's doctor had some problems. 4 2, & 4. Circle the answer. Glenn burned his legs at (a) eleven (b) seven (c) twelve years of age. Glenn lost the (a) toes (b) back (c) side of one of his feet. It took four years for Glenn to walk without (a) rubbing (b) crutches (c) legs. Glenn began to run (a) home (b) everywhere (c) to work.CHAPTER 32 A STORY OF COURAGE Part IV At age 14 Glenn got a job. He ran to work and home again. He ran as he worked, and his legs began to get better. Glenn still wanted to be a runner. He ran in high school as a member of the track team. He seta high school record for running the mile, He was in the third year of high school. Later, Glenn went to college in Kansas. In 1933 he set a new record for running the more than four minute proved the doctors wrong. He did run agai he became the holder of a world record in the mile run! WORDS TO KNOW job—work done for money member—person belonging to a group track team—group of runners set—to establish record—the best yet done mile—I.6 kilometers wrong—not correct EXERCISES A, Check () the true facts from the reading. got a job at age 14 ‘was on the high school track team, was afraid to ru set a record his third year in high school ran the mile in fewer than four minutes. Glenn set a record in the mile in 1933. B. What's missing? Find the missing nouns in the readi 1. Glem ajob. 2. wanted to bea 3. asa of the track team 4. for running the 5. hesetanew for running 6. became the of a world record Paragraph two says: 1. Glenn ran the mile in high school. -ack team sent Glenn to college. got a job asa runner. 6162 D. Paragraph three says: 1. Glenn never learned to run well. 2. Glenn set a world record in the mile run. 3. Glenn helped his doctor in college. E. Circle the answer. Beir Glenn ran as he (a) worked (b) studied (c) ate Glenn set a mile record his (a) first (b) second. (c) third year of high school Glenn set a new mile record in (a) 1923. (b) 1933. (c) 1943. Glenn ran the mile in (a) high school and college (b) college only (c) work and college.CHAPTER 33 COLORS IN NATURE The monarch butterfly has a bad taste to birds Beauty in nature is seen everywhere. Nature is full of color. Plants, animals, birds, and in- sects have many beautiful colors. Color, however, for animals, birds, and insects is not only for beauty. It means life to them because it helps them hide from their enemies. Birds, for example, use their color to tell other birds to stay away from their nests. They sing and move their wings to show their color as a warning to other birds. ‘One kind of butterfly is orange and black. It has a bad taste to birds, Once a bird eats this kind of butterfly it remembers the bad taste. After that, it will never eat another orange and black butterfly! Some moths use color to make hirds afraid of them. The color or the marks on the moth’s body is a sign to a bird. The bird sees the color or the marks and does not eat the moth! ‘One kind of fish can change its color. The color is the same as the surroundingsea plants or rocks. Then the fish's enemy can’t se Color is very lives! iportant to nature’s animals, birds, and insects, Often it can save their worDS TO KNOW however—in spite of that; nevertheless; yet hide—to keep out of sight nest—place made by birds for their eges ‘wing—movable part of a bird or insect used for flying warning—information about danger or something bad butterfly—a flying insect with large wings, usually of bright colors taste—flavor moth—a flying i sign—mark; surrounding—shutting in on all sides often—many times; frequently ect similar to a butterfly but not having bright colors 63EXERCISES A. Check (4) the true facts from the reading. protect from enemies, are used as warnings help hide fish make birds sing. Nature’s colors 4 change butterflies to moth ‘make birds afraid of moths. can save lives. ‘make things beautiful. ‘make trees taste bad. B. What's missing? Find the missing adverbs in the reading. Beauty in nature is seen Color. . for animals, birds, and insects ‘a bird eats this kind eat another the fish’s enem L 2 3. 4. tw 5. 6. Color is 1 C. Paragraph one says: 1. Nature's colors are only for beauty. 2. Nature's colors help animals, birds, and insects, 3. Nature’s colors are not important. D. Paragraph three says: 1. Orange and black butterflies catch birds. 2. Orange and black butterfi 3. Orange and black butterfi E. Paragraph four says: __1. Moths are afraid of birds 2. Birds are afraid of some moths. 3. Some moths sing. F. Girele the answer. 1. The colors of birds (a) hide (b) save (c) warn other birds The color of some moths is (a) a sign (b) a taste (c) a beauty to birds, Some fish can change their (a) bodies (b) color (c) water. ‘The colors of animals, birds, and insects can (a) hide (b) warn (c) save their livAPPENDIX! PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE REGULAR VERBS APPEARING IN THE TEXT Regular verbs form the past tense and past participle by adding the sound of (t),(d),or (td) to the simple or present tense; or they spell the past tense and past participle by adding d or ed. The past tense and past participle of regular verbs are pronounced and spelled the same. Most verbs in English are regular. Present Past Past Participle Present Parti add added added adding affect affected affected affecting appear appeared appeared appearing avoid avoided avoided avoiding breathe breathed breathed breathing burn burned burned burning call called called calling carry carried carried carrying cause caused caused causing change changed changed changing cheer cheered cheered cheering chew chewed chewed chewing ‘count counted counted counting cover covered covered covering ° crashed crashed crashing cross crossed crossed crossing decide decided decided deciding develop developed developed developing die died i dying enter entered entered entering exi existed existed existing explode exploded exploded exploding face faced faced facing float floated floated floating flow flowed flowed flowing gather gathered gathered gathering harvest harvested harvested harvesting heal healed healed healing help helped helped helping hunt hunted hunted hunting indicated i indicating landed landed landing earned earned earning liked liked liking lived lived living looked looked looking marked marked marking 65Present measure melt need offer pass place plan pl play prefer promise protect prove pull push, \t reduce remember rub sail shout show ski solve start stay stop surround swallow taste test teavel try turn walk want work Past measured melted moved needed offered passed placed planned planted played preferred promised protected proved pulled pushed rained reduced remembered removed rubbed sailed saved seemed shouted showed skied snowed solved started stayed stopped surrounded swallowed ted tested trained traveled tried turned used walked wanted worked Past Participle measured melted moved needed offered passed placed planned planted played preferred promised protected proved pulled pushed rained reduced remembered removed rubbed sailed saved seemed shouted showed skied snowed solved started stayed stopped surrounded swallowed tasted tested trained traveled tried turned used walked wanted worked Present Participle measuring melting moving needing offering passing placing planning planting playing protecting proving pulling pushing raining reducing remembering removing rubbing sailing saving seeming shouting showing skiing snowing staying stopping surrounding swallowing tasting testing training traveling trying turning using walking wanting working,APPENDIX II PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS APPEARING IN THE TEXT Irregular verbs do not add the sound (t), (4), or (td) to the past tense and past participle form, nor do they spell the past tense and past participle by adding d or ed to the simple or present tense form, Often the past tense and past participle of irregular verbs are different in form. ‘The number of irregular verbs in English is somewhat small—only about 200. They are, however, very frequent in use. Present Past Past Participle Present Participle be was, were been become became become begin began begun blow blew blown blowing build built built building ought bought buying cast cast casting caught caught catching cor came come ‘coming cost cost cost costing cut cut cut cutting do aid done doing eat ate eaten eating fall fell fallen falling feel felt felt fee find found found finding fly fl flown flying freene frozen frozen freezing get ot gotten getting 50 went gone going grow grew grown growing have had had having hear heard heard hearing hide hid hidden hiding hit hit hit hitting hold held held holding hurt hurt hurt hurting keep kept kept keeping lend Tent Tent lending lie lay Jain lying make made made making ‘mean meant mcant meaning pat put put putting run ran run running say said said saying see saw seen seeing sell sold sold selling 67Present set sing sink sit take teach tell think wake Past set sang sank sat took taught told thought woke, waked Past Participle set sung sunk sat taken taught told thought waked Present Participle setting singing nking sitting taking teaching telling thinking waking wearingCag