Practical lesson 6. Basic mechanisms of microcirculation disorders.

Types of
peripheral circulation disorders.

1) Classification of microcirculation disorders.

2) What disorders at the level of the wall of microvessels can cause microcirculation
disorders?
3) What disorders in the lumen of the vessels can lead to disorders of microcirculation?
4) What types of sludge exist, what are the causes and consequences of shedding?
5) What extravascular changes can lead to a disturbance of microcirculation?
6) What forms of lymphatic insufficiency exist? What are their causes, pathogenesis and
consequences?
7) What characterizes the state of arterial hyperemia, how does the state of blood vessels,
volume of flowing blood, volumetric and linear velocity of blood flow change with it?
8) What neurogenic and humoral factors play a role in the pathogenesis of arterial
hyperemia?
9) How does microcirculation change in arterial hyperemia?
10) What is the significance of arterial hyperemia for the body?
11) What is "ischemia"? What are its causes, the mechanism of development, the main
symptoms?
12) How does microcirculation change and what changes in tissues are observed with
ischemia?
13) How are circulatory disturbances compensated for ischemia?
14) What characterizes the state of venous hyperemia? What are its causes, the mechanism of
development, the main symptoms?
15) What are the features of microcirculation in venous hyperemia?
16) What is "thrombosis"? What factors are involved in thrombosis?
17) What is embolism? What is the origin of emboli?
18) What is "stasis"? What types of stasis exist? What are the reasons and mechanisms for
their development?

Practical lesson 7. Inflammation and fever.

1) What is meant by the terms "inflammation" and "phlogogen"?
2) Etiological types of inflammation.
3) Local and general changes in the body during inflammation.
4) Alteration. Primary and secondary alteration. Characteristic.
5) Physico-chemical changes in the inflammation focus in case of alteration (acidosis,
hyperosmia, hyperionia, hyperonkia).
6) Mediators of inflammation. Their types. The role of the mediators in the development of
inflammation.
7) Vascular reactions during inflammation, their stages.
8) Arterial hyperemia in inflammation. Causes and mechanism of development. Signs.
9) Venous hyperemia in inflammation. The mechanism of development. Signs.
10) What is "exudation" and "exudate"? Mechanism of exudation.
11) Emigration of leukocytes. Mechanism of emigration. Biological significance.
12) Proliferative phenomena in inflammation.
13) Outcomes of inflammation. The role of the organism's reactivity in the development of
inflammation (the role of the nervous, endocrine, immune systems).
14) Definition of the concepts "fever" and "pyrogen". Classification of pyrogens.
15) Which cells can synthesize secondary pyrogens? What are the stimuli for their
formation?
16) The general pathogenesis of fever. Mechanism of action of pyrogens.
 17) How does the neuronal function of the thermoregulatory center change under the
influence of pyrogens?
18) What is the mechanism of increase in body temperature in the development of fever?
What is the difference between fever and overheating?
19) Stages of fever, changes in heat regulation in each of them.
20) Features of the metabolism and functioning of organs with fever.
21) Significance of fever for the organism.
22) Classification of fever types according to the degree of temperature rise and the type of
temperature curves.
23) Feverish states. What is their difference from fever?
24) Principles of antipyretic therapy.

Practical lesson 8. Tumor growth, cancerogenesis, morphogenesis of tumors.

1) Definition of the concept of "tumor growth". Its differences from other types of tissue
growth.
2) Etiology of tumor growth. What is a "carcinogen"? Classification of carcinogenic
factors.
3) Biological features of tumor growth (unlimited growth, autonomy, infiltrating growth,
metastasis, anaplasia, clonal growth, tumor progression).
4) Unlimited growth of tumors, its mechanism. Contact growth inhibition.
5) Autonomy of tumor growth, its mechanism. Paracrine and autocrine regulation of tumor
cell growth.
6) Infiltrating and expansive growth of tumors. Characteristics and mechanism.
7) Metastasis. Stages of development. The mechanism of development. The role of
proteases in metastasis. Their classification.
8) Anaplasia. Definition of the concept. Varieties of anaplasia: morphological, biochemical,
functional, immunological.
9) Features of metabolism (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, etc.) in tumor cells.
10) Clone nature of tumor growth.
11) Mechanism of tumor progression.
12) The relationship between the tumor and the body. Influence of the organism on the
tumor. Mechanisms of antitumor resistance of the organism.
13) The role of the immune system in protecting against the development of tumors.
14) The effect of the tumor on the body. Changes in the organism of cancer patients.
Paraneoplastic syndromes. Definition of the concept. Types.
15) Cancer cachexia, the mechanism of development.
16) Differential criteria for benign and malignant tumors.
17) Methods of diagnosis of tumors - laboratory and instrumental (visualization). Their types
and principles.
18) What are "tumor markers"?

Practical lesson 9. Pathology of the basic, energy, carbohydrate, lipid metabolism.

1) What is the "metabolism"? Its main stages and factors of disorders. Concepts of
assimilation and dissimilation.
2) The essence of energy exchange. Pairing and separation: matching and separating
factors.
3) The concept of basal metabolism. Its level in children and adults, dependence on sex,
age, time of day, season, etc.
4) Causes of increase and decrease in basal metabolism.

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 5) The role of carbohydrates in the body. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and the
causes of its disorders.
6) Causes, mechanisms and manifestations of disorders of the digestion and absorption of
carbohydrates of food, intermediate metabolism of carbohydrates.
7) Hypo-and hyperglycemia: causes and consequences.
8) Diabetes mellitus (diabetes). Classification. The main manifestations.
9) Etiology and pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1).
10) Etiology and pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2).
11) Mechanisms and consequences of glucosuria and polyuria. Complications of diabetes.
12) The role of lipids in the body. Regulation of lipid metabolism and the causes of its
disorders.
13) Causes and consequences of disruption of digestion and absorption of lipids.
14) The main groups of lipoproteins and their transport in the blood. Hyper- and
dyslipidemia (species, mechanism of development, consequences).
15) Disorders of the deposition of fats. Characteristics of primary and secondary obesity.
16) Types of obesity in the pathogenesis and distribution of adipose tissue. The effect of
obesity on the body.
17) The biological role of cholesterol. Causes and consequences of hyper- and
hypocholesterolemia.
18) Features of the main, energy, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in case of tumor
growth.

Practical lesson 10. Pathology of protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Starvation.

1) The biological role of proteins. Regulation of protein metabolism at individual stages

and the causes of its disorders.
2) Causes and consequences of disruption of food protein digestion and assimilation of
amino acids.
3) Types of protein synthesis, their characteristics. The causes and consequences of a
disorders of protein synthesis.
4) The causes, mechanism and consequences of increased protein breakdown. Negative and
positive nitrogen balance.
5) Causes and consequences of disruption of the processes of deamination, reamination and
decarboxylation.
6) Causes and consequences of a breakdown in urea synthesis. Hyperazotemia, its types
and causes.
7) Causes and consequences of hypo-, hyper- and paraproteinemia. Dysproteinemia.
8) Features of protein metabolism in case of tumor growth.
9) Biological role of nucleic acids. Causes and consequences of disruption of endogenous
synthesis of nucleic acids.
10) What is "hyperuricemia"? Its types and causes. Etiology, pathogenesis and
manifestations of gout.
11) Fasting - types. Stages of fasting and their characteristics.
12) Metabolic disorders and their manifestations during fasting. Causes of death in fasting.

Practical lesson 11. Pathology of water-electrolyte, mineral metabolism. Disorders of

the acid-base state.

1) The content and balance of water in the body. Water sectors of the body. What are the
losses and the need for human water in the norm and in pathology?

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2) Regulation of water-salt metabolism - the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS). Causes of disorders.
3) The role of the kidneys, liver and other organs in the regulation of water-salt
metabolism.
4) What is "dehydration" (dehydration), its types? What effect does dehydration have on
the body?
5) What are the causes and types of water retention in the body? What is "edema" and
"dropsy"?
6) How is the regulation of homeostasis of sodium and water regulated?
7) Types of edema by pathogenesis - which pathogenetic factors play a role in their
development? The role of lymph circulation disorders in the development of edema.
8) Pathogenesis of cardiac, renal, inflammatory, toxic, allergic, neurogenic, hunger edema
and ascites in cirrhosis.
9) Common causes of insufficiency and accumulation of macro- and microelements in the
body.
10) Pathogenesis of manifestations of insufficiency and excessive accumulation of
potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the body.
11) The main manifestations of hypomicroelementosis.
12) Etiological groups and the main manifestations of hypermicroelementosis.
13) What is meant by the acid-base state (ABS)? Sources of acidic and basic equivalents in
the body. The main indicators of ABS. Buffer systems of blood.
14) Classification of disorders of ABS.
15) The role of organs (lungs, kidneys, liver, digestive organs, bones) in compensating ABS
disorders.
16) Gas (respiratory) acidosis and alkalosis: causes, mechanisms of pathological
manifestations and compensations.
17) Negative (metabolic) acidosis and alkalosis: causes, mechanisms of pathological
manifestations and compensations.
18) At what conditions can concomitant disturbances of ABS occur?
19) Peculiarities of water-electrolyte and mineral metabolism disturbances in case of tumor
growth.
20) ABS and tumor process. Pathogenesis of acid-base balance disorders.