346 | Cm ra erent Sarma ain, received 4 maj boost by the eho in pan ahr defeat The Sate fn my hares come wth UGX, but operates openly sod proudly even publing oem nce Ger OC oumaictas cube moc tn Aan Arcana Asa joys po he ‘dened exarnce of npnisnt ine | Looking back ar all the theories presented in this book, make a case for one of them as the bes ‘explaining organized ere ‘What do. you think the relationship any) is between the general evel of moral im soci and the prevalence (ut isthe increase or decrease 12 the mumber of indovduals involved ia) of onpae ‘ized rie? mina te Resour Opie Ce np? SEL ea artes BL Oxganized Game, www fo gow hayedorgcrime/ ‘vcsheme ita al 1. Com Noss “Tammacy Soty corporate medel Orgaizd cine “WinessProweton Progra Dine succennn danny romaon Feudal mode ICO (Racker ntuened und ‘Cormape Organizations) sates © Theones of organize crime tend to bein the ano rmie/stain tradivon whereby gangsers ate pre. sumed to be manly fom disadvantaged groups ‘umbang the “queer (llegtinate path wo success 5 law enforcement inthe Unis Sates is tse a Sanety of wins to combat ompanized ern, the ‘most usetul ving the vasious RICO sates such asthe Witness tection Program "Exercises and biseussion Questions » Some cbseres eve Lw enforcers response ‘© oqanzed cine in Arena (eg. the HOO sat tes) goes to fa and tentens eveyone Ge ees Do you are? \ Gang tand News provides infomation of many Tamous wiser Go to www gungutinems ce) and write a epor. on one of them o ate sth cnserates RICO Act. hp www seo3ct conn ‘alte Nations Ofice on Drugs and Crime: Onganized ‘hme ee unde om onede/e ‘ome/indox hl ae Glossary ‘Acrun cous: rally gully ai refers tothe principle that a person rust commit some forbiden act cr neglect some mandatory act before he or de ct be subjected to eri Adaptive behavior: Any bebavior tat contintes. directly oF ind feclly to an individvalssuvival 2nd reproductive succes. Adolescent limited (AL) offend: fers: ‘the vast- majority. of youth who offend during adolescence and desist. Age crime curve: The satsi- ‘al count ofthe number of known ‘Somes commited in = populs tion over a given period mapped acconling to age Agegeised theory: Theory stresing the power of informal social contol % explain onset, ontinvance, and desisting. from ‘ime, Emphasizes the concepts of social capital, turning poins in life, and human agency. Aggravated assault: An unlawful stack by one person ypon another fr the purpose of infleing eevere (f aggravated bodily injury Agpravated oe first-degree murder The most serious kind OF murder that equines Use att be committed with malice and forethought, deliberation, and remediation Ageceableness: The tendency t0 be frend, considerate, courteous, pl, nd cooperative with oes Alcoholism: A chronic disease ‘condition marked by » progressive Incapacty t0 contre alcohol coo sumption despite prychologcl Seclal, of physologi dsruptions. Alienation: A condition that eseribes the essangement or dis tancing of indeiduals from some thing, soch a6 another peson oF from Socety in general Allele: An akernate form of he seme gene ie, a "blue" alll ver ‘sis a "byown? allele of the gene coding for eye colo ALQaedas Not a single terorit ‘group bur rather the base (al-Qaeda means “the base") organization for 4 umber of Sunni Muslim teroit fous fom around the wodd Altewism: The action component of empathy, te. an actee concern forthe wellbeing of others. Anelpie: term meaning, “without hope” applied by cultural crim nologiste 10 describe the lowest segment of socery led primarily by their emotions and matked by cynics and aim, 90 realise expectations, no hope, and no fear of auto Amore: A tema meaning “lacking in rules" of “aormessness” used by Durkheim o describe a contin of ‘normative deregulation in society social personality disorder: ‘Ak payhatrie label described as "a pervasive patter of disregard fr, fd violation of the rights oF ethers that begins in ‘childhood or exy adolescence and continues into acuthood) Arraignment: A court proceeding in which the defend snswers (0 the ehanges against inno her by leading gulty, aot gully, or 09 fontet (aol contender), Acccrt: The at of being, legally ecsined to answer crmaizal charges fon the basis ofan ares: Warrant or saw enforcement officer's probable ‘cause to beliew the person atesed das commited a felony crime Acson: Any wilful or mal GGous, burning or attempting bum, with oF witout intent to defraud, 2 dovelling house, puble building, motor vehicle o aircraft ‘or pessoal propenty of another. Acavismt: Cesare Lombroso' term for his "bom ceiminals” meaning348 | ermine ssotats evolutionary "heowacks! to an came Ter ie form. Attachment: One ofthe elements ofthe social ols in social control theory; the emotional component of conformity referring to one's tachment to others and 10 social Attention deficit with hyper: activity disorder (ADHD): A homie nevrologieal condition manifested as constant reslese= ness, impulsiveness, difheuty wit peers, disrptive behavior, short attention span, academic ‘vader achievement, ssktaking behavier, and extreme boredom, Autonomic nervous system: Part of the peripheral nervous system that caries out the basic house- ‘keeping functions of the body by fanaeling messages from the envi ronment 10 the various intemal frgans, the physologkal back of the conscience Backgrouad of crime: Everything thar person is Gge, race, genden, impulsive, drug abuser or has expe enced (abuse, poverty, broken home, dug) that may have ed hi rer to commit a crime. Behavior genetics: A Dranch of ‘penets that sides the relate Contributions of heredity and envi ronment to behavioral and personal ity characteris. Bichavioralsctivating system: A reward sjstem assocsted chem cally wih the neurotransmitter dopamine and anaomaiealy with pleasure areas inthe limbic sytem, chavioral inhibition eystem: Inhubis or modulates behavior and associated with serotonin, Detlef Refers tothe acceptance of ‘the social noms regulting conduct Binge driokers: People who fre quenly consume anywhere from 5 1 10 dink ina few hour time (go ona bing, ourgeoisie: In Marxism, the own cs of the means of production. ‘Burglary: The unlawful entry ofa strvture to comma felony o thet Carjacking: The theft or antempted thet of a motor vehicle from ts occupant by fore oF treat cof Force cartographic criminologists: Criminalogits who employ maps and other geographic information In their research to study where and ‘when rime is most prevalent Ccavsation: A legal principe stat ing that there must be an esta lished proximate causal link between the criminal act and the arm steed Cheat; Inavidvals in a population of cooperates who gain FesoNees from others by signaling thei coop eration and then detauting Chicago Arca Project: A project designed by Cliflord Shaw to "wea communities from which mos delinguents came Choice structuring: A. concept in tatlonal choice theory refering 10 how people decide Wo offend and defined as “the conselation ‘of opportunites, costs, and. bes fits staching > panicular kinds of ‘Clase struggles Marxist concept stating that ll history isthe history of ass sugges Classical school: The classic school of criminology was anon empirical mode of inquiry simile to the philosophy practiced by the lass Greek philosophers Classical conditioning: A mostly passive viceral form of learning depending on ANS. arousal tha forms an assocition between to paired simul Cleared offense: Acrime is eared by the arrest of a suspect or by exceptional means (cases in which 4 spect has been identified bt he or she is not immediately available foc anes). Cognitive dissonance: A. form oF psychological discomfort result ing from 2 contadiction between a person’ aitudes and his o her behavior Collective eficacy: The shared power of 2 group of connected and engaged individuals w influence ‘outcome the collective deems esi, ‘Commission: A. national nslig body of La Cosa Nesta consisting of the bosies of the five New York families and foor bosses from other impor families CCommianents One of the four social bonds in socal bonding ‘theory the rational component of conformity sefertng oa lifestyle in Which one has invested consider able cme and energy i the pursuit ofa wl career Compstat: A police management and accountability process that has boen mplemenced eros the nation. Conewrence The legal principle stating that the ac: (acts rus) and the mental sate (mens rea) coe inthe sense that the criminal inten- ion actuate the criminal act. Conduct disorder: The persistent cdspley of serous antisocial actions thar are extreme given the childs ‘developmental level and have a nilea nel on the ight of others Conformity: The most common of Merton's modes of adaptation; ie, the scceptnce of ctor gals and the legiimate means of ebiainig them, Conscience: A complex mix of emotional and. cognitive mecha- nisms anquired by internalizing the oral les of one’s social group in the ongoing Socialization process, Conseientiousness: A. personality trait composed of several second ary tris, such as well organind, disciplined, scrupulous, responsible, and reliable atone poe ad disorga ized, careless, unreliable, respon sible, and unscrupulous a the other, Consensus or functionalist per pective: A View of sclety a5 25) ‘em of mutually staining parts and charactrzed by broad. nomiatve Constrained vision: One of the two so-called ideological Visions of the work. The constrained vison views human sctvtles as con strained by an innate human nature that is selfcentered and largely unserable contrast effects ‘the effect of punishment on future behavior depends on how miich the punish mene and the usual life experience ofthe person being punished differ Corporate crime; Criminal activity on behalf ofa busines ganization. Corporate model: A model that seer Li Cosa Nowra as similar 10 corporae structure; ie, a formal hierarchy in which the’ ay1-day acivities of the organization are Planned and cocedinated at the top and earied oot by subordinates. Corpus delice Refers to the five cemess of rimieal labile tha must be proven beyond reasonable doube in order to comviet « person ‘fa crime ‘he reason or Ceime: An intentional act in viol tion of the exminal lw comantc ved without defense or excuse and penalized by the ste Crime mapping? The use of mod- ‘em technology such as Geographic Informason Systems (GIS) by police depaniments to “imap” and analyze paters of erie, Grime rate: The rate of a given Gime i the actual umber of reported crimes standardized by some unt ofthe population Criminality: A continuously dis. nue trait composed of @ com bination of other continuously isibuted tras that sgoals the vllingness t9 use free, fraud, oF guile wo deprive oer of the ves limbs, or property for personal gin. Cximinaloid One of Lomimoso's cximinal types They had aoe of ‘he piysial pecallaries of the born ‘or insane criminal and were const fered less dangerous Criminology: An interdiscplinary science that gars and analy ra on crime and criminal behavior. Citic criminology: An umbrella term for a varie of theories united ‘only bythe assumption that colic land power relations berween var ‘us lasses of people best char tere the nature of society CCeony capitalism The clese re tionship berween business and pol tian for purposes of lining each others pockets. Cukural cciminology: A theory sometines elledanazchie ciminol ‘fy that is opposed to the state. Ie rea [349 champions the role of emotions in ‘instigating erime he thill and rus) rather than sstionalty Cybercrime: A wide vase of crimes commited. with computer technology Dare figure of crimes The dark (or hidden) figure of exime refers to all of the eximes committed that, ever come to offical atetio, Decommodification: The process of freeing social restonship from fconomic considerations Defensible space: A model for residential environments thet inhibit time by creating the physical expression of 2 social fabric that ‘defends scl Definitions: Term used by Edwin Southend to refer Wo the meanings ‘ur experiences have for us and our actudes, valves, and habia ways oF viewing the woe Detingveneys A legal rm that dis ringuishes beeween youthful Guve nile) fenders and adult fenders. fats forbidden by law ae called delinguens acts when commit by juveniles Department of Homeland Security: Organization whose mission isto detect, preven, pee- pate for, andl recover Irom teres, stacks within the United Stas, Determinism: The pasion that events have causes that precede them. Deterrence: The prevention of minal acts by the use oF test of punishment; deterrence may be ‘ether specie or ener Developmental theories: Empha size that inividvals develop along different pathways, and as. they do, Tacors that were previously360 amis: te sents meaningful to them (eg, accep- tance by antisocial peers) n0 lon per are, and factors that previously ‘meant litle to them Garage and & ‘cateed become meaningful Differential association theory: Criminoiogeal theory devised by win Swhedand asserting. that ‘criminal behaviors learned thro0g ‘sociation with others who com -nnnicate thet values snd ationdes. Differential reinforcement: The tlance of acipated or actual rewards and postmen at flow orate consequences of bebavior Diverinsinations A term applied to simul that provide clues sgnal= ing whether a particular behavior is ikely to be followed by reward ot punishment Domestic vialenee: Any abusive ac. (physical, sexu, of paycholog (aD that occurs within the famaly seiting,Isimate partner violence 5 he most commen form Drug addiction: Compulsive drug- secking behavior where aoquiing and using a drug becomes the most important activity inthe usr’ life Ecological flacy: The process fof making inferences about ind viduals and groups on the basis of information derived fom # lrger population of which they are a pare eonomic-compulsive violence: Violence assocated with elforts to rain money o finance the cost of i crv, economic marginalization hypo- thesis: Argues that much of female rime is related 10 economic need Emancipation hypothesis: Ria Simon view that increased pe ticipation in the workforce affords women greater oppoctunities 10 commit job-elated crime without Undergoing “masculniation Rmbexslenent: The misup propriation or misapplication of money of property entrusted so the embeer’ care, custody, oF conte. Emotiens: Subjective feelings of wurying stength prompted by ner ‘ous system arousal in zespoase to seme percelved event Entions are divided ito primary and secondary Empathy: The emotional and cos: nitive ability 9 understand the feelings and distess of otbers a5 if they Were one’ own—20 be able fo “walkin anes shoes” alightenment: A major intl Jectual shift inthe way people viewed the world and cel place in 4 questioning tacoma zligions fn pola! yas and esbeeting humanism, ntonalism, ad mata sm for supematuaisn, Ethnic succession theory: Thoory about the causes of ore nized crime posing that upon arival in the United States each fetiaic group was faced with pre ‘dela and disriminatory atudes that denid it leptimate means 10 succes in Amerie, Brolutionary paychology: A way ‘of thinking out man behave ‘sing & Darwinian evoonary the cortical framework Fence: A person who regulasty buys sen propeny for resale and who fin has a legsimate Business (0 ‘ve: his ates. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): A bone condition affecting the bain resulting from an individual’ prena- ta leah exposure. Financial Crimes Report: The Fale annual tally of financial (Cwbiae-collar) crimes inthe United ‘Sates Plight/fight system: An auo: nome nervous system mechanism that mobilizes the body for acon i response to thteas by pornping out epinephrine lynn effect: The upward crcep in average 1Q scores taking place 27085 the asthe oF four gener tions in ll countzice exaanine, Focal concerns: Miler’ description of the value system and ese of the lowest clases; they are toubl, toughness, exchement, smartness, fit, and astonomy, oreible eape: ‘The carnal know! lege of female forcibi and agains ber wil Forgery: The creation or alter dom of documents give them the appearance of legality and validity ‘wth the intention of gaining some Fraudulent benef from cing 50 Foreground of crime: The imme bate sition and the thought eo ‘esses ofthe individual criminal at the time of committing the erie. ‘Feaud: Obsining the movey 0° property of another throug decep- the pracices such ay false adver: ising, impersonation, and other smisepresenatons Free sill: Tea which enables human beings to purpose'y and deliberately choose 1 fellow 2 calculated course of ation. Feudal model: Sees La Cose Nostra a5 similar tothe old European feudal system based on patronage, oaths of loyalty, and semlauonom Gonder ratio problem: An istue in feminist criminology esking why always and everywhere females Commit fe less erie than males Genc/envisonment correlation: “The notion that genotypes and the environments they find themselves in are elated because parents pro- vide children with both Cenc/environment intersetion: The interaction of a genetype with ls eavironment people are differen Sally sense © iencal envison- mesial influences because of thet genes and wal thos respond in df= ferent ways to chem, (General deterrence: Th assumed preventive effect of the threat of punishment oa the general popula ion i, gotta eflenders. General strain theory: Agnew’ extension of encie theory into the realm of social psychology stressing mulple sowces of stan und how people cope witht Goneralizabilty problem: Aa Igoe ia Feminist ciminology asking if wadtional theories based on male offender samples apply i> women ollenders Genes; Sands of DNA tht code for the amino aid sequences of pret Genetic polymorphism ati ions in the same gene allele ae rite form of gene) suc a8 SNPs and VNTRS, Genotype: A person's genetic makeup, Grand jury: An investigatory jury composed of seven to 28 citzens before which the prosecunr pres cents evidence that uliient grounds exist to ty the suspect for a erime Ifthe prosecutor i succes he or she obzains an indictment from the rand jury lsng the charges 2 per on is accused of Macker: A person who ilictly accesses someone else's computer system. lac: The legal principle stating that a ere must ave 2 negative Impact on ether the vitim or the general vahies ofthe community to be crime. arm reduction: Refers to polices, programs, and pracies tat ata to redice the harms amocsated itn the use of psychoactive drugs in ‘People unable or unwilling to sop, Harrison Narcotic Act A 1914 congressional act that eriminalized the se and use of narcotic, Hedosism: A doctrine assuming that the achlevement of pleasure oF [happiness iste main goal of ie Hedonistle calculus: Combining, hodonism and rationality 10 log cally weigh the andcpatedenetts ff alven course of acon agains is possible costs. Hedonist serial killer: A killer that ils forthe pure thal and joy oft Hegemonie masculinity: Concept In stractred action theory posting the cultural ideal of masculinity men arc expected tolive up‘; Le, "wok in the paidabor marke, the subor ination of women, heterosexism, and the driven uncontrolable sexi ality of men” Heritability: A concept defined by {number ranging from 0 to 1 in ‘ating the exten to which variance ina phenotypic tt ina population Is de to gene factors Hezbollale (Panty of God" The best contemporary example of a suxe-sponsored [odst organ zation. Directed and financed by Ian, Hezbollah is headquartered Cnty | 351 In Lebanon and as established cells in Furope, Noh and South ‘America, and Africa, Hierarchy cule: A rule requiting the police wo report only the mest serious offense committed in a mh tipleoffense single incident 10 the FEI and to ignore the other. ome invasion: A ype of break {ng and encering into residential home in which the express purpose ‘sto catch occupants at home so that, criminals can 708, rape, or essilt the occupants as well a sea their property. Honor subcultures: Communities In which young men are ypersens- tive 0 insul, eushing to defend hele repuaton i dominance cones Human agency: A concept that maintains fomans have the capacity ‘to make choices andthe response inp male meval nes ganas of {he intemal or extemal constrains fon one's aily todo 50. Human ecology: Descibes the ‘aterelations of human beings and the environments in whieh they live and views the ety a8 a kind of superorganism wih areas diferen tially adaptive for different ethnic soups. Human trafficking: The reer mont, tansporaion, transfer, ar boring, or receipt of persons by means of threat oF use of force or ‘other forms of coercion, of ahie- ‘ion, of Fad, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a postion of vulnerabily, oF of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits achieve the consent ofa person hav= Ing cont aver anche person for the purpose of exploitation. Hypotheses: Sutements about relalonships between and among352 | arimratage Me ens factors we expect to find based on the logic of our theories Mdontity theft The ase of some fone else's personal information without thelr permission w peeform an legal act. deology: A way of foking atthe word, 4 general emotional picture ‘of “how things should be" that forms, shapes, and colors our con ‘cepts ofthe phenomena we sud. eypuleivenest: A personality tat -eflecing people’ varying tendencies toact on mates wets ging much thought othe possible consequences (clocking before one eas). Insane criminal: One of ombrosos criminal types. Insane iminals bore some stigmata but vere not bom ctiminal Among thir ranks were aleoholics,klepo ‘maniacs, nymphomaniacs, and child molesters Institutional anomie theory: Messner and Rosenfeld extension ‘of anomie theory avering that high ‘cite rte re inrnsc to the src= tural and cultural atangemenis of American society Integrated cognitive antisocial potential (ICAP) theory: Theory based on the ation that people have varying levels of asc! pro peasy ce to a variety of emsiton- ‘ental and bologiealfators. Intellectual imbalance: A signif ‘aot difference hawween @ person's verbal and peeformance 10 Seores. Intelligence: The aggregate or slobal capacity ofthe individual to ‘ct purposefully, think tionally, and deal eflecsvely wath his oF het Involuntary mansinughter: A cim- ral homie where an uriesnal kiling rests fom a reckless act Involvement: A direct consequence oF commitment, part of an overall, onvertional pattern of exisence Italian school of erininology: Postivst school of criminology associated with Cesare Lombroso, Reffacl Garoflo, and Earco Fer, La Cosa Nostra iteily, “our thing”) An organized crime group of talianSillan origins also com ‘monly refereed 10a the Mafia Larceay.thefte The unlawful tak sng, lading odin sway from the possesion or constricine. posse: ‘Son of another Latent Cale An assumed “master trai” such as selicontol said co {influence behavioral choles across tine and situations Left sealists, Group of Marxist, ciminologts who wane to work within the sje © make things ‘ester forthe working lasses. Level of analysis: That segment of Inenomendon of soterest that 36 messed and analyze eg, indvie- ual, fabs, neighborhoods, ste, Life course-persistent (LCP) offenders: Individuals who begin ‘offending price to puberty and eon tinue wel io adulthood and who are saddled with zevopsycholoical fand temperamental deficits mani {ested in low 1Q, hyperactivity, iat tentiveness, negatively emotionality, and low impulse contol Lifestyle theory: A theory s1es {ng that rime i not ust a behavior bata general pattern of ie Lumpenprolaariats The lowest (Cerimioal class) class in Mareist, theory Madeasas: Islamic religious schools that sres the immoray and mat. rials of Wester life and the ed ‘to conver al infidel 9 Isa, crimes that are "inerendy bad” Mata probit: Cines that ae “oad amply Beem they ar po ited Masculinisation hypothesis: Freda Adler idea that a8 femaley increasingly adopt male oles they wll increasingl masclinze the attitudes and behavior and become Mass mosdee: The kiling of sev cal people atone location within ‘nutes oe hous. Mating effort: The proportion of total reproductive effort allotted to acquiring sexual pariners tats facinating mating effort are asso: ciated with antiocial behavior. Maturity gap: In Mott's theory, the gap between the average age of puberty and the acquistion of ‘orally respi at roles ‘Mechanical solldariy: A form of socal. solidarity exiting in small, isolated, restate soci in ‘which indwidls sharing commen experiences and escumstances share common values and develop song femtional tes othe collect. Mens rea: “uity nin” Ciinal Tiabilty does not attach based on sctions alone; there must also be ‘iia Middlcclase meanuting sods: According to Cohea, because lor ‘dass youths cannot measure Up 10 middle-class standards they expe rience states Gustntion, and (6 fusion spawn an epee Minority power groups: Groups ‘whose interests ace sulicenty on ibe margins of mainsream socesy so that jus about all ther acavies ate cemialined Mistion-oriented serial killer A lel that fel to be «mss in fe wo al ean kinds of people Modes of adaptation: Robert Motions concept of “how peo- ple adapt to the alleged disunc Yon between cultural goals and ssructurl barriers to the means of ‘obtaining them. These modes. are confoemay, uals, retest, Jnovation, and rebellion, Moffitt’s duatpathway devel- ‘opmental theory: Theocy based fon the otion of two main path= ‘ways to offending) One pathway is followed by individuals with ewological and. temperamental dificaies exacerbated by inept parenting, the other by “normal? Indwvidvals temporarily deriled uring adolescence Moral haraed. The tendency to take unwarranted sks when costs are not horne hy the party taking the tk Motor vehiele ubett The theft of attempted thet of a motor vebile ‘Muses: The willful Gronnegl ge killing f one human being by snother National Grime Victimization Survey (NCVS):A blannual survey of = lage umber of people and houseiolds requesting information fn crimes comaied agains ind viduals and households (whether reported to the police of mo.) and cercumsances of the offense (ime land. place occurred, perpen tors use of a weapen, anf injures jncured, and financial las) National Incident Based Repor- fing System (NIBRS): 4 compre hensive crime statistic collection system currently a component of the UCR progam and eventually expected 2 replace ten Negative emotionality: person aly tat that refers tothe tendency to experience many stations a8 aversive and to react to them with ination and anger mote readily than with positive alfecve stats. Negligent mandaughter: An tunincentional homicide charged ‘when a death of deus aise fom some negligent act that cares @ Substantial i of death to others Neurons: Brain cells consisting of the cell body, an exon, and 2 num ber of dendrites Neurotransmitters: Brain chemi cas that cay mesages fom neuron rw newoa acoss the synaptic pap Nonshared. environment: ‘That art ofthe environment eeering to the unique experiences that make clilen fom the same family diferent Occupational crime: Cee com ritted by individuals is the course oftheir employment. Operant psychology: A per spective on leering asserting that behavior is governed and shaped by ts consequences reward ‘= punishmen). Opportunity: In selfcontl the- ‘ory, opportunity is 2 situation that presents self 1 those wih low Se-conirol by which they can ‘immediately satsy thet needs with minimal for. Opportunity structure theory: An erension of anomie. theory aiming that lower-class youth join gangs a5 a path to monetary Organic solidarity: form of sia solidarity charaewelsie of modern sovities it which thee is high degree of occupational specialization and weak normative consensus Cleary | 262 Organized crime: A continu ing crimioal enterprise tht works rationally o profit fom illic acti tiss often in great public demand bis continuing exisence is main tained through the Use of force threats, andor corruption of public officals Parenting «fect The propontion of toal reproductive effort invested in rearing offspring, traits Falta, parenting efor ae associated with prosocal behavior Pact I offenses(or index orimed) The four vilent (homicide, assault, foccble rape, and robbery) and four property offenses arcony/ thet, burglary, mevor vehide the and arson) repomted in the Unfoea, Came Repons Part 1 offenses: The fess serious ‘offenses reported in the Uniform ime Reperts and recorded based om are made eather than ‘cases reported tthe police, ‘Pateiarehy: Any socal sytem that ss male dominated tal levels from the family to the highest reaches of government snd supported by the Dele of male superior: Peacemalsing criminology: Theory bused on the postmodernist ad tion that reees the notion chit the scenic view ls beter thaa any exer View and believes that any method of understanding «an be objecve ereeptual deterrence theory: A thoory of deserence thar eefers clfenders' perception of the likel hood of arfest and how severe they believe the punishment willbe for crime if eaugh Personality: the eelatvely endur fing, distinctive, integrated, and functional “set of poychological characeristies chat results from258 | Coma, 7 aerate people's temperaments interacting ‘with heir cultural and develope mental experences, Pharmacological violence: Violence indsced by the phanaeo- logical properties of a drug Phenotype: The observable and measurable behavioral and person ality characeisies of any living thing a6 a result of genes interacting ‘withthe envzonmen Physical dependence: The state in hich a person is pysially depen ‘dant oa & drug because of changes tothe body that have occured afer repeated use of t and necessitates is continued administration to avoid ‘withdrawal spmpcoms Policy: Acourse of action designed to soe some problem and selected by appropiate authorities from among alternate courses of action, Poniivis: An extension ofthe st cent method—fom which more posse Kaawledge can be (obiained-—to social ie Powor/control serial killer: A killer that gains most satisfaction fom cxscing compe poner Power-control theory: A feminist theory tat views gendee differences in riminal ad dlinguene Dehavioe wo be a function of power difzen- alsin the Fai. Prefrontal cortex: Occupies about foneshird of the front part of the Drains cerebrum. fas many con rections with other brain sructres and plays the major integrative and ‘supervisory les in the brain Primary deviance: In labeling theory, the inital nonconforming act that comes wo the atceton of the authors reuking in the applica ‘on of eiinal abe Primitive rebellion hypothesis: Marxist idea that crime is simply the product of people rebeling gains unjust and alienating social ‘ondilons. Principle of utiiey: Posts that human action should be judged moral or immoral by is effect on the happiness of the community and tha the proper funtion of de legisianure is t0. promulgate laws aimed at maximizing the pleasure ‘nel minimizing the pin ofthe larg ‘st number in societ)—"the grates ‘00d forthe greatest number” Prulibion: Common term for the Volstad Act that prolubied the Sale, manufscure, of importation of imoxicating liquors within the United States Proletariat: The wrvking clase Mars theory. Prostitution: The provision of sex tual services in exchange for mosey for osher tangible reward as the pe sary source af income, Peyehological dependences The deep craving for a dg and the Fee Ing that one cannot function without i. psychological dependence is sy ‘enjmous wah addiction, Peyehopathy: A syndrome charc- terized bythe nasty ote the soil ‘enotions with copnsson Psychopaths ‘come fom all socal cases and may for may not be exinals Peychopathy Checklist Revised ‘The major “penel and paper ins rent used worldwe tases py hopatty Ponishments A process intended vo lead 10 the weakening or elimi nating ofthe behavior preceding Rape trauma syadcome: A syn drome sometimes slfeed by rape vitims similar to pos-trumatic stress syndrome (reesperencing the event via “lashbucls,”" avoiding any. thing aszoclated wih the event, and a general numbeess of fled. Matoeal: Rational behavior is consistent with logis logical “et Detsven the goals people strive for and means they use to achieve them. Rational choice theory: A ne: classical theory asserting tht offenders afe free actors respon. sible for ther own actions. Rational choice theorists view criminal acts 4 specific examples of the general principle that all human behavice reflects the rational pursuit of bene- fits and advantages. People are con- sous sodal actors fe to choose ime, and they will do so if they perceive that 8 utility exceeds the pains they might enneeeahiy mxpct discovered ccidivines: Refers to “fling back txo criminal behaviee after having being punished, Reinforcement: A. process that leads othe repestion aad stzength ening of behave. Rostorative justice: A gstem of smediaion and conflict resolution oriented toward justice by repairing the harm exused by the cme using, 2 faceo-age confrontation beoween victim and perpertoe Reticular activating system: A suall bundle of eels atthe top of the spinal cord that fier al iacom Ing simul fom all human senses and determine which of those tin ‘ll are iraportant to pay immediate Reward dominance theory: A neurological theory based on the proposition that behavior Is sequ Jated by two opposing mechanisms, the behavioral scuvating system (BAS) and the behavior inhibition system (BIS [RICO statutes: Sates that spec cally ager te continuing racketee- ing ative of organized criminals and provide for more severe per thie forthe same crimes tha fll Under taditional criminal statues and for the seine of propesty and ‘assets obeained from oF involied in egal activities. Risk factors Something in ind vials” personal characteristics or their environmen that increases the probability offending Robbery: The taleng of attempted taking of anything of valve fom the cre, custody, or contol af a pesson ‘or person by fare or threat of force forviokence andor puting the vite, ‘a fer Routine activities theory: A neoclassical theory pointing to the routine actives in that society ot neighborhood that invite or preven: ‘ime. Routine aces are defined fs recurrent and prevalent activites which prove for basic population and individual reeds” Crime 6 the result of motivated offenders meet- Ing suable targets that lack eapable spardians Routine activities/lifestyle the- ory: A vicimization theory that states there are certain. Mees (Goutine setitied that dispropar ionately expose some people 10 high ifr victimization, Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOA) An act passed in 2002 in response fo umerous corporate scandals Provisions include increased fund ing. for the Seouriy Exchange Commission, penalty enhancement foc whe-collr eines, and the ‘lazing of some legal impedinenis to gaining convzons Secondary deviance, Deviance that resus from society reaction to collet’ primary devizne. Sccond degree murder: The ‘mxertional killing of aster human being wthout premedtaon and selbersion Selfcomivol: The extent to which people are vulnerable othe tpt ‘ons ofthe moment. Self control theory! Theory deve- ‘oped by Gonredson and Hirsi ‘ha maining all cme is atubut able to an individuals lack of self ‘contr Selereport surveys: The colecting ‘of data by criminelogiss themselves asking people o disclose der dein- ‘quent apd crimizal involvement on ony questianates Sensation seeking: The active dese for novel, vase, and externe sensations and experiences often to the point of raking physical and sci rs to obtain hem, Seeial murder: The kiling of three for more vicims over an exended petiod of dime Shared cavironnent ‘The envi- ronment expertenced by ehldren seared inthe same family ¢parenal SES, religion, values and tides parenting sje, family abe, intact ret of home, and neighborhood) assumed to make the silat Short hedouisun The secking ‘of immediote gtifestion of desires ‘without regan for any longterm exnsequences. Social oad theory: A theory focising on a persons bonds to fothers. The four elements of the lseay | 355 social bond ae attachment, com ‘mtmest, Invelvement, and belief The absence of these bonds in criminals does not cause eximes st permis i Social capitals The store of posi- tie relationships in soi networks bik on aoems of reciprocty and trust developed over time upon ‘whlch the individual can draw for suppor Social —conteol: — Mechanisms esigned to. minimize nonconfoe- ‘may and deviance, Social defense: A theoey of pon she asering tht its Purpose is fot to deter or to rehabiliate ut fen! society against criminals Social disorganization: The con teal concept of the Chicsgo schoo of social ecology Ik refers 10 the breakdown of serious dion ofthe ‘poner of informal community rules to regulate conduct in pooe neigh= bothoods, Social ecology? Term used by the Chicago school to desribe the inter relations of human beings and the ‘comiiunities in which they live Social learning theory: A theory designed 10 explain how people learn criminal behaviee using. the poychologial principles of operant ‘condsioning Social push hypothesis: The idea that if an individal lacks environ ‘ental rise factors that prodspose toward antisocial behavior ye stl engages in ansisocial behavior, the fcuses of this behavior are more likely tobe biological than social Social sentiments: Willem ongers propostion that individuals sary in thei sk for crime because they vary in the innate socal sent ‘ments ofakeuism and egos.256 | cnn te sens Soviet structure: How society is cxginized by socal insnuions—the family and educational, religious, economic, and political instutons fad stated on the has of various roles and statuses ‘Soclopaths: All sociopaths ae c= minal by definition, Tey develop: ment of sociopath isnot as closely Wed to genetics as itis in psycho: paths bur i developed primal ‘through inadequate socialization and hose childhood experiences Software piracy: Megally copying and dieting computer software. Specific deterrence: The effect of ponishment on che future behavior ‘of the person sho experiences the punishment Speve murder The killing of sever people ifexers locations ove sev eral days, ‘States frastrasion: A form of frus- tration experiences by lowercase youth who desire approval and sta tus bur who cannot meet middle: ‘ess rer and thus sek status ia ‘kemate means Staying-alive hypothesis: Camp- Dells thesis thar staying ave is more crucial #9 a mothers reproductive ‘scoess than 10 a fther’s snd that sreuer fear in Females isa ees Strain theory: The inabilay 1 tain resources lgiimaely gener fates unhappiness train) and some sims lead 0 effors to obtain them ‘legate, Structured action theory: A fem nist theory formulated by. James Messerschmide that focuses on how Individuals “do gender” Subcettuce of viokewwe: A part of a larger cultse i which the norms, attudes, and values of &s people Tepkimizes the use of violence Super traits theory: A develop menial theory asserting. chat five life domains inueract over the life course once individuals re set on & praicubr developmental wajectory Dy their degree of low self-control and iabiiy Symbolic interactioniem: A per spective in sociology tht focuses ‘on how people interpret and define their socal realy and the mean- Ings they atach #0 fen the process of interacting with one another via language Gymbols, Systemic violence: Violence 2580- ciated with aggresive parerns of faction within the sytem of deus disebution nd use ‘Tammany Society: A coup polit teal machine that ran New York itso the easy 200% century asodisted ‘with the Democratic Pasty a with conpanized crime. ‘Teclmiques of neutealization: “Techniques by which offenders jus tify ther behavior as “acceptable” on a mumbe of grounds. ‘Temperament: An individual ara terse Herifable as ea as infin that consis habitual mode of emotionally responding f stimu -texsoriam: The FBI defines teroe- fam a5 “the unlawful use of force violence sins persons or property to itimidate or coerce gover ‘mess, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in fortherance of polsical or social goals” “Theory A tof logically intercon nected propostions explaining how phenomena are telated and fom Which a number of hypotheses can be derived and tested ‘Thinking exore Criminal typi cal patens of fauky thoughts and belie Tolerance: The tendency to require larger and larger doses of 4 drug ta produce the same eects after the body adjusts to lower dosages “Traneaiion sone: An are of neigh brood in the process of being “invaded” by members of “sien” racial or ethaie groups bringing ‘with them values and pracioes thar confies with chose established by the “natural” inhabitants of the ‘Turning poiats: Tansiion events fm Me (geting married, nding @ Job, moving toa new neighborhood) that may change a person's life Feetory in prosocal evecsons ‘Type I alcoholieme A form of alco hollom charted by mil abe, ‘inimal criminality, and a pasive- dependent personaly ‘Type 1 alcoholism: A form of alcolism characterined by exy conse, violence, and criminality and largely limite fo males ‘Unconstratned viston: One of the ‘wo so-called Keological visions of the world, The unconsteaine 9500, ‘san innate ‘haman name, wiewing i formed anew in each cure ‘Uoiform Crime Reports (UCR): Annual port compiled by the Federal ‘Hurem of Tavestigation (FB) conmining crimes known to the nations poke and shes departments, the number of arrests made by these agencies, and other crime rated information. USA Patriot Act: Gran federal agencies greater authonty to track nd Imesceptpeivate communications, grants greater powers the Tessury Deparment 10 combat compton and prevert money laundering, and creates new crimes, penal, and procedures for use aginst dome And foreign tertorss, Victim precipitation theory: A theory in vitimology that examines bow violent victimization may have been precipitated by the vic by he or she acting in erin proves te ways Victimology: A sublidd of crm ology that specializes in stung the victims of crime. ‘Violent crime: The use of force exerised wihout excuse oF js lfcation 10 achieve 2 goal atthe expense of a victim, Visionary serial killer: A killer that fees impelled to commit murder by visions o "voices in my head” Voluntary manslaughter: The {centional killing of another bumaa, being wihout malice and afore- though, offen in response to the mistaken belief thar seldefense requied the use of deadly force or to adequate provocation while in the heat of passion. Wertrationatiset: One of Max “Weber fos of rational. ts ato maky rested to value ch s honor and ixy t0 some revered entity nner than a selerving ational. \White-collar extme: An gal act Cor seis of legal acs commited by onphysical means and by conceal ‘ment or guile © obtain money ony | 387 property or 10 obtain @ business of personal advantage. Withdrawal: A. process invoiving a number of adverse piysical rea tions that occur wen the body of 2 deug abuser ia deprived of his 0 her droge. Witness Protection Progeait: Program administered by the US Marshals Service tha provides wit css awating court appearances with around-the-clock protection and new ideation documents, femplayment, housing, and other assitance afer texting Zweckrationalttat: One of Max ‘Weber forms of rationally. I an inseumental selserving means- nds etionaly thar Weber assumed to be innate ia everyone,