SITE PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN 0 2iF House of Architects 11 2 Matulungin St., Barangay Central Diliman, Quezon City Telefax 436-1549 / ¢-mail cdep_qc@yahoo.com lee =) )) CENTER for the DESIGNED | ’ ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS FEBRUARY — JUNE 2005SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIG: URBAN DesiGN 1. BACKGROUND The field of architecture may be one of the deepest of all environmental professions. It involves understanding the past, present, and future. it engages itself with its potential users, their behavioral patterns, desires, and needs. It also involves laws, codes, regulations, theories, and concepts in design. Design does not only concern physical form, color, texture, size, and shape, but it also concems function. Functional components then connect with structural, electrical, mechanical, and sanitary systems, All ~ these must be recognized to build a structure. That structure alone is then a complete, yet isolated, piece of architecture. | this building is found alone in the countryside, then itis a plece of art in itself, though the landscape will play an important role in creating 2 beautiful picture. But put this building with half a dozen more in a city Block and an art other than architecture is created- an art of architecture and its relationship with the environment In this case then, an additional element must be included in the design process, and that is understanding how the building will ft wth its surroundings. Ultimately, this transiaies to the design of the urban environment, hence the term “urban design” To further illustrate the link between architecture and urban design consider the main concems when designing a building: the relationship of spaces with one another, circulation pattems, utity systems, and so on. All these are similar concerns, albeit in larger scale, in the design of the urban environment wherein this building will stand. The rooms become the buildings, the verandas and balconies the plazas and parks, the corridors and hallways the roads and pedestrian paths, and the plumbing and electrical works the same systems that they will connect to Thus, in the study of urban design, the same approach must be taken as in the study of architecture, appropriately beginning with understanding its past. 2. HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS 2.4. Ancient Times Even in ancient times our earliest ancestors chose to live in groups- for protection against the felements, for security against rival tribes, for ease in gathering food, and simply for man's natural need for companionship. And in choosing their place to live certain factors were considered- factors ‘of which to some extent, still apply to the development of present-day settlements ‘A Natural factors that affect the development and growth of urban areas: 1. potential for natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano eruptions, etc.) 2. presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other natural resources 3. slope and terrain and other forms of natural defenses 4. climate B. Innovations that influenced the development of early cities 1. thepiow = 7 Sores - 2. rectilinear town planning mor Ue 3. circular and radiocentric plans. —> ‘ir View of reciliniear land division in a farming area —> | 249pt meer By fe Februsry-June 2005 & wetSITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ©. 3000 - 4000 B.C. In this era, cites in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia © The City of Eridu- oldest city = The City of Damascus- oldest continually inhabited city ‘© Babylon: the largest city with 80,000 inhabitants Mesopotamia “Enger Babylon Thet ye Harappa “Indus Valley | Mohenjo—Dare 7 T Mediterranean emt Greek cities Europe Byblos "Roman citiss ios Anyang Huang—Ho Valiey Zhengzhou (Chengehou) ‘ Teotihuacen Mppomercn “Deibiehaltun av{lern tnt 7aggg 3000 2090 1000 8C_AD. D. 3000 BC. ‘+ Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley ~ these Egyplian cities were characterized by monumental architecture popularly symbolized by the pyramids E. 2500 BC. ‘+ Indus Valley (present day Pakistan) ‘+ Mohenjo ~ Daro : administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants F. 1900 B.C. ‘+ Yellow River Valley of China- “iand within the passes”. Precursor off ‘+ Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley * Cities also evolved in Mesoamerica, built by the Aztecs, Mextecs, and Zapotecs 2.2. Greek Classical Cities ver) A.T00B.C, Greek cities spread through the Aegean Region —westward to France and Spain ) defined as a ‘city-state’. Most famous is thé Acropolis religious and defensive structure OF the hils, with no definite geometrical pian Februsry-June 2005 ee eeSITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN + finite measurements of Greeks — built o the human scale ‘Sparta and Athens : the largest cities + Neopolis and Paleopolis ~ ‘new and “old” cities. A Neopolis became a Paleopolis once another new city was built B. 450 - 400 B.C. ‘* The City of Miletus - regarded as the first "planned" city * 3 sections of Miletus — for artisans, farmers, and the military + Hippodamus- the first noted urban planner. Introduced the grid system and ‘the Agora (public marketplace) 2.3. Roman Classical Cities ‘+ Roman Cities : adopted Greek forms but with different scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy ‘+ Roman Forums- focal points of Roman sity planning + Romans as conquerors- built forum after forum : . ‘+ Romans as engineers- built aqueducts, public baths, utility systems, fountains, etc, ‘+ Romans as physical and social planners - developed housing variations and other spaces: -Basilica- covered markets; law courts -Curia- the local meeting hall; the capitol = -Domus- traditional Roman house; with - % Repubtean forum a central atrium pea -Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with | The Repustcas anc imperal forum toguernet storefronts ‘+ Romans were also fond of public works and arts 2.4, Medieval Ages + Decline of Roman power left many outposts all around Europe. Growth then revolved around the fortifications or the monasteries “Feudalism” affected the urban design of most towns: ‘The rise of the Church as a main urban design component was signified in Constantinople (present day Turkey) and Sienna, Italy. ‘The Main Cathedral in Sienna Climaxes the Architectural massing of the Town + Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and sequenced views of the cathedral or military forifications. Expansion was limited to the size the city could support but was not limited in land area ‘+ There was a continuing increase in number of towns, although with a small population per town Feoman-June 2008 ep x3SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN = New 41th century towns in Europe were mostly Coastal port towns ‘+ Mercantilist cities: continuous increase in size while the power of the feudal lords declined ‘© Ownership shifted to a new variety- that of the wealthy merchants while the Church continued it's rise thus creating two privileged classes: the nobles and the cleray ‘= World trade and travel created major population concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice ‘* The growing population however, brought about congestion and slums, and ultimately led to the decline of the cities 2.5. The Renaissance and Baroque periods. ‘+ In 45th Century France the kings achieved unity and display their affluence and power by improving and beautifying their cities ‘= Arts and architecture thus became a major element of town planning WIA VAN Plan of an ideal city by Vasari Plan of an ideal city by G. Maggi ‘Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the arts- the first “university town” Landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens, best displayed in the plans of Lenotre for Versailles in France and its adaptation in the design of Karisruhe in Germany Karisruhe and Versailles- designed with gardens as major elements 2.6. Settlements in the Americas ‘+ Early American towns were primarily founded as colonial outposts with strong trading ties to the mother country ‘= Medieval Organic City- taken after the "boug" (military town) and “fauborg" (citizen's town) of the medieval ages. These towns did not have any regular street form ‘+ Medieval Bastide- taken from the French bastide. These were new towns placed in previously unsettled areas, Most bastides enjoyed locations in river valleys and were bullt in regular grid-like or radial form around them + The Spanish “Laws of the indies” town- built from King Philip I's city guidelines that produced 3 types of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio (miltary), and the mission (religious) «The English Renaissance. “the European Planned City” — two of these developed as capitals in Chesapeake Bay Region: Annapolis and Williamsburg (designed by territorial Governor Col, Francis February-June 2005 (= KeaSUTE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN * finite measurements of Greeks — built to the human scale + Sparta and Athens : the largest ces + Neopolis and Paleopols new’ and “ol” ces. A Neopols became a Paleopolis once another new city was butt B.450-4008.6 +The City of Miletus =Yegarded as the “Fist planned” ci 3 sections of Miletus — or artisans, -famfiers, and the military + Rippodarias>she fst noted urban ——pianner troduced the grd system and the Agora (public marketplace) 2.3, Roman Classical Citios «Roman Cities sadopted Greek forms But with diferent scale- monumental had a socal hierarchy <5 Roman Forums focal points of Roman iy planning + Romans as conguerore-bult forum - after forum } Romans as engineers, but aqueducts, publi baths, utlty systems. fountain, ee + Romans as physical and social planners - developed housing variations Bnd other spaces Basilica covered markets; law courts -Curid=the local meeting hall, the capitol »—-Domus>traditional Roman house; with @ central atrium > insulae? 3 to 6- storey apartments with | The Repubsoan and Impensl forum together storefronts ‘+ Romans were also fond of public works and arts 2.4, Medieval Ages ‘+ Deciine of Roman power left many outposts all around Europe. Growth then revolved around the fortifications or the monasteries “Feudalism” affected the urban design of most towns The rise of the Church as a main urban design component was signified in Constantinople (present day Turkey) and Sienna, Italy. Repuotecan forum ‘The Main Cathedral in Sienna Climaxes the Architectural massing of the Town, ‘+ Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and sequenced views of the cathedral or military fortifications. Expansion was limited to the size the city could support but was not limited in land area © There was a continuing increase in number of towns, although with a small population per town February-June 2005 ee %-3SUTE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ‘* New 11th century towns in Europe were mostly Coastal port towns ‘+ Mercantilist cities: continuous increase in size while the power of the feudal lords declined ‘+ Ownership shifted to a new variety- that of the wealthy merchants while the Church continued ifs rise thus creating two privileged classes: the nobles and the cleray ‘+ World trade and travel created major population concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice + The growing population however, brought about congestion and slums, and ultimately led to the decline of the cities Gat os 2.5. The Renaissance and Baroque periods ‘= In 18th Century France the kings achieved unity and display their affluence and power by improving and beautifying their cities ‘+ Arts and architecture thus became a major element of town planning ‘+ Geometrical forms of cities were proposed Plan of an ideal city by Vasari Plan of an ideal city by G. Maggi +. Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the arts- the first “university town” * Landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens, best displayed in the plans of Lenotre for Versailles in France and its adaptation in the design of Karlsruhe in Germany Karlsruhe and Versailles- designed with gardens as major 2.6. Settlements in the Americas + Early American towns were primarily founded as colonial outposts with strong trading ties to the mother country ‘+ Medieval Organic City- taken after thebouig” (military town) and.“faubora” (citizen's town) of the ‘medieval ages. These towns did not have any regular street form (Medieval Bastide- taken from the French bastide. These were new towns placed in previously unsettled areas. Most bastides enjoyed locations in river valleys and were builtin regular grid-ike or radial form around them ‘+ The Spanish “Laws ofthe Indies" town- built from King Philip I's city guidelines that produced 3 types of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio (military), and the mission (religious) ‘+The English Renaissance- “the European Planned City” — two of these developed as capitals in Chesapeake Bay Region: Annapolis and Williamsburg (designed by territorial Governor Col. Francis February-June 2005, e ep or lomentsSITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN / Nicholson. The other two became ports of the southeast coast: Charleston in South Carolina and Savannah in Georgia (designed by James Oglethorpe) SAVANNAH ‘The Speculators Town- developments were driven by speculation with emphasis on equality ‘+ Philadelphia, designed by William Penn, best ‘exemplifies the American Speculator's Town 2.7. The Industrial Revolution +The “Machine Age" - signified the change from manpower to assembly lines ‘2 schools of thought: the “raform movements", > that put emphasis on building from scratch to improve worker's living conditions, and the specialists",who believed that the problems of ‘ities should be tackied one item at a time, beginning with the improvement of health and -_Robert Owens spearheaded the Reform Movement by proposing his ideal city meant for 800 to 1200 persons on at least 600 to 1800 acres of land + Owens constructed an Industrial Village at New Lanark Mills in Manchester that was self-sufficient and complete with agricultural, light industrial, educational, and recreational facilities + Owens’ son later buita similar type of Industrial Vilage in Indiana, called New Harmony __ Tony Gamier also designed a hypothetical industrial town Une Cite Industrielle with an imaginary site consisting of a high plateau and level valley, all alongside a river. The plateau would be used for the residential component and the valley for factories, and other specialized spaces in areas where they develop a good relationship with complementary uses- these ideas may have been a precursor to modern zoning 3. EARLY THEORIES AND PRACTICES Though town planning and urban design emerged as early as the Greek and Roman Ancient times, the roots of our medem concepts were developed ata later era, when towns and cities were experiencing a decline brought about by congestion, disease, crime, and other negative factors. SA. The Garden Citi + EbenezerHoward — author of “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path To Social Reform’, fst conceptualized the “Garden Cities’. These were new cities built in the countryside with rail access to the original city. Garden cities would have a central city with an optimum size of 58,000 to 65,000 in 6,000 acres of land, with satelite cites, also connected by rail, wth an optimum size of 30,000 to 32,000 persons. The cities would all be surrounded by large greenbelts of agricultural land, February-June 2005 =P K-5SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN __The Garden City Association was established by-Howard in 1899, meant to provide financial machinery for the realization of his proposals ichworth ras the first developed Garden City, started in 1902 and designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker. The plan was a combination of landscaping, informal street layouts, and a main axis focusing on a town center, Itwas built in an area of 4,500 acres; 3000 for agricultural uges and 1500 for the city proper + Welwyn the second Garden City, builtin 1920 was designed by Louis de Soisson. Welwyn brought formality and Georgian taste to the town buit in a smaller land area of 2400 acres. The town's focal Point was a mile long mall with beautiful Georgian houses and shops facing it Hampstead Garden Suburbs- meant only for housing but with a variety of housing types lined along streets with terminating axes on civic buildings in a large common green 3.2. The City Beautiful Movement + The exact period of the City Beautiful era is vague, but theorist suggest it begun with the Columbian Exposition in i a 1891 + Emphasis of the movement was on grand formal design, but also with Hi il social motives ‘* Daniel Burnham spearheaded the wai a movement with his design of Chicago ‘and with his famous axiom of ‘make no. ve no magic to stir LN mens blood..." ‘ANT SSSI | AA ‘+ Burnham is also credited with the designs of Cleveland, San Francisco, and Manila and Baguio, among others BURNHAN'S PLAN of CHICAGO ‘+ During the same era, Baron Hausmann worked on the reconstruction of Paris FebruaryJune 2008 ep *A Brasil SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN Emphasis was on a linear connection between the place de concord, arc de triomph, and eiffel tower strengthened by a large boulevard, the now famous Champs De Ellysee The City Beautiful Movement spread to different parts of the word. Grand designs were sought after by different nations in the building of their new capitals, and proponents of the movement were invited to take part ‘+ The new capital of Brazil and a completely new ‘wentieth- century city was designed by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence from Le Corbusier. + Designed with two huge axes in the sign ofthe cross, with the principal multilevel traffic arteries traversing these axes. Separate centers for government, ‘commerce, and entertainment are located along one axis, and the residential districts are distributed about the other + Oscar Niemeyer was among the architects employed to design the buildings i B.Chandigarh + With the separation of India and Pakistan, the site of original indian capital of Lahore was given to Pakistan, thus creating a need for a new capital * Chandigarh was designed to be the Capital of Punjab province of India + The original Master Plan was by Albert Myer but Le Corbusier eventually took over * Designed with a regular grid of major roads fro rapid transport surrounding residential superblocks or sections each based on the rectangle, and measuring 800x1200 meters. +The whole pian represents a large scale application of the Radbum principle regularized by Le Corbusier's predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental, C. Canberra + The government of Australia sponsored a design ‘competition in 1901 for the new capital and invited such top urban designers as Daniel Burnham, Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie, and Frederick law Olmstead, but the winner was Walter Griffin, who was ‘a descendant of Frank Lloyd Wright. ‘+ Canberra's design reflected the principles of the city beautiful movement with a triangular formation of three important buildings: the Court of Justice, the Parliament House, and the Capitol Building, with each ‘apex pointing to another important building or ‘monument D. New Delhi, Ind 4 Walter Burley Grin’ prize-winning plan new pet /) + The Master Plan for new Delhi, designed by Sir Edward Lutyens is based on the great east-west axis of Kingsway, 1.5 miles long, with the Government House on a hilltop in the West end, and the eastern counterpoint a large hexagonal space reserved for palaces of the native princes. February-June 2005 leansSITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN + Kingsway forms the base of a triangle, the northern point of which is a busy commercial node * The planned area covers 2650 hectares, yet growth beyond a population of 57,000 people was not contemplated as extremely low garden-city type density was envisioned 3.4. The City of Towers ‘The problem of congestion incites and the need for open ‘space led to the conceptualization of high density living in tall structures that wil take up less space, ‘+ This idea was frst conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book “The Cities of Tomorrow” + His first plan of high density living was in Unite d Habitation in Marseiles, a "super building” 387 dwellings in only ten acres of land + Le Corbusier also planned Le Contemporaine, designed {or a population of 3,000,000 people fs ‘ + consisted of high rise office and a ~~ residential buildings with a greenbelt for institutions and recreational areas. Beyond this were industrial areas Designed with a grid pattern of E superblocks, 200 by 400 meters + Transit was Underground ‘ 3.5. Frank Lloyd Wright ‘A Broadacres _ Frank Lloyd Wright proposed that every family in the U.S. live in one acre of land, in a city complete with all necessary amenities. Critics argued that there was not enough land. This led to his own translation of high density living B, The Mile High Tower + Frank Lloyd Wright proposed to house a significant amount of Manhattan residents to free up space for greenfields, in a building a mile high * He suggested that 10 or more of these could possibly replace all Manhattan buildings 3.6. Radical Ideas + The Linear City- proposed by Spanish)» ‘The Arcology Alternative- the 3-dimensional Engineer Soria Y Mata : city by Paolo Soleri Februsry-June 2005,SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ‘The Barbican Development- an early type of Planned Unit development that had all ‘amenities in one compound with multi-level circulation patterns. «The Floating City by Kiyonori Kikutake 3.7. The Neighborhood Unit ‘+ Conceptualized by Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein, the neighborhood unit was defined as the physical environment wherein social, cultural, educational, and commercial are within easy reach of each other ‘+ Was not intended to segregate anybody by race, religion, or income, The unit was a template for new neighborhoods with the main objective being self sustainability of smaller units = The elementary school as the center of development and the size of the neighborhood was. dependent on the population of the school 3.8. Contemporary World Urbanization + ‘Milionare" cites- large cities were the exception prior tothe twentieth century, but a few did exist in antiquity. The table below refers to the earliest large cites: Leading World Cities in 900 A.D. city population Baghdad (Iraq) 3 900,000 Ghangan (China) 800,000 Constantinople (Turkey) 300,000 | Kyoto (Japan) 200,000 z Cordova (Spain) “200,000 + Large cies subsequently dwindled in the middle ages, Minar cies gonerlly dd not emerge unti the 120h century, as seen below: Leading World Cities in 1900 aily population aly population | London 6,480,000 Vienna 1,682,000, New York ~_ [4.242.000 Tokyo ~ [1.497.000 Paris 3,330,000 Leningrad 7,439,000 Berlin 2,424,000 _| Philadelphia 1,418,000 Chicago, 4,717,000 | Manchester 1,255,000 + The Industrial Revolution generated jobs, increased productivity, and opened up mass markets for goods. Transportation innovations made factories more productive, generating additional capital to. support urban growth. + Compiex support systems are requited to employ, feed, and house people in big cities. Only recently have very large cities, as a group, been practical and efficient places to live February-June 2005 =P K-98SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN + Iron and steel construction technology, and the electric elevator represent two important factors in the growth of very large cities in recent times. + Improved medicine, transportation, and infrastructure are also frequently cited factors * Megalopoiis’ - concept coined by Jean Gottman for urban complexes in the Northeastern United States. The term means “Great City’ in Greek. Today itis used to refer to massive urban concentrations created from strong physical linkages between three or more large cites, © Boston — New York ~ Philadelphia — Washington (United States) ‘San Diego ~ Los Angeles ~ San Francisco Dortmund — Essen ~ Duesseldorf (Germany) ‘The Hague - Rotterdam — Amsterdam (Netherlands) Tokyo ~ Yokohama ~ Nagoya — Osaka ~ Kobe (Japan) 9000 4, SETTLEMENT PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES. 4.1, Pre-colonial Times ‘+ Like other cities in the world the earliest Filipino communities developed out of the need for their inhabitants to band together. They were formed for security, or to be close to critical resources like food and water. Most of the earliest towns were by the coast for the fisherfolk or were where there was abundant agricultural land for the farmers. + The community unit was the barangay, consisting of 30 to 100 families 4.2. The Spanish Colonial Times « A. Laws of the Indies + In 1873, King Philip Il proclaimed the Laws of the indies that established uniform standards and planning procedures for colonial settlements. + These laws provided guidelines for site selection, layout and dimensioning of streets and squares, the location of civic and religious buildings, open space, cultivation and pasturing lands, and even the main procedural phases of planning and construction. * The Plaza Complex was a result of several ordinances of the Laws of the Indies. + The plaza was surrounded by important buildings such as. Catholic church Municipal or town hal Marketplace and merchant's stores Elementary school “The homes of the “principalia” Other government buildings Pasene 8B. Intramuros + Known as the ‘walled city of Manila’, Intramuros was the home of the Spanish (except for the Friars & the high ranking officials) The city was 1.2 sq. KM in area, Containing large Churches, plazas, office and residential buildings, housing 7000 residents surrounded by high walls. Because of the physical limitations in growth, decentralization occurred and settlements were built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among other areas February-June 2005 ee %-10SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN 4.3. The American Period ‘A The American Agenda ‘With the arrival of the Americans their agenda was to guide urban growth and physical development In doing so, they put more emphasis on other values such as sanitation, housing, and aesthetic improvements. B, Daniel Burnham Daniel Burnham, an architect / planner who designed Chicago, San Francisco, and parts of ‘Washington D.C. was brought in and commissioned to design Manila based on the city beautiful movement theories he was known for Burnham's design of Manila was very similar to his design of Washington D.C., evident in the strong similarities of the Capitol mall with Luneta Park Burnham went as far as ordering reciamation of the sea to create a better view of the ports C. Burmham’s Design for Manila Washington D.C. Manila was designed with grand avenues and a strong central civic core Itincluded a civic mall to house national buildings (only the Finance & Agriculture buildings were built) It fronted Manila Bay like most Baroque plans fronted a large body of water ‘The Pasig River was to be an integral part of Manila as the main artery of trade and commerce ‘The plan was “too grand” that it was never fully realized D. Manila as the first chartered city ‘On July 31, 1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of Manila was incorporated Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of Binondo, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco, and Pandacan. ‘The population then was 190,000 people February-June 2005 maid weSITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN 4.4. Growth of Manila A The Arrabales + Quiapo- the ilustrado territory; the enciave of the rich and powerful. Also the manifestation of folk religiosity Tondo- coastal city adjacent to Manila Binondo- the trading port developed by the Chinese and Arabs Sta. Cruz- the main commercial district with swirls of shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc. San Nicolas- also a commercial town built by the Spanish with streets of “specialized” categories (le. ceramies, soap, etc.) + Sampaloc- centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua). Also known as the first “University Town" 2 Later Suburbs ‘San Miguel (Malacafiang)- where rest-houses were built for the Spanish government ‘Malate the early “summer resort’ of wealthy and cultured Filipinos. Then became the first fishing and salt-making town Ermita- early tourist belt (red-light district) Paco- first town built around a train station Pandacan- town built by the Americans for Oil depots, C. Further Suburbanization * Quezon City - Land of 15,000 tectares, was projected to be Capital ofthe Philippines where the three main seats of government would be housed ‘+ Itwas the location of Constitution Hill, envisioned to be the National Government Center, but the destruction of WWII interfered + Was revived as the capital in 1949 and remained until 1975 + Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation - built homes for >) the masses (‘the projects”, & proj 4, proj. 6) with urban design i principles adopted from the “Neighborhood Unit” of Perry and Stein ‘+ _ Philamlife Homes ~ the first of the Quezon City subdivisions along Highway 64 (present day edsa) was the icon of middle class suburbanization ‘+ Today Quezon City is one of the few areas in Metro Manila with an abundance of greens and open space D. Present Day Metro Manila + Metro Manila Cities and Municipalties population, area, and density City / Municipality ae rae ae Deny) City of Manila | 1,619,000 38.30 4227.54 Kalookan City 1,300,000 55.60 2329749, Las Pinas City 526,000 4150 126747 Makati City 498,000 29:00 q7i72.41 Mandaluyong City : 323,000 | 26.00 | 1242308 Marikina City ___ 387,000 38.90 | 9794.44 Muntinlupa City 527,000 46.70 112848 Paranaque City z 488,000 38.30 11968 22 Pasay City 416,000 13:90 29866.12 Pasig City 513,000| 31.00 1670968, Februry-sune 208 bp w-12SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ‘Quezon Cily 2,250,000 166.20 | 13837.91 Valenzuela City 528,000 47.00 11234.04 Malabon 414,000 23.40 | 17692.31 Neves 266,000 8.90 29887.64 Pateros 55,000| 2.10 26190.48, San Juan 111,000 450 2466.67 Taguig 497,000 33:70 1474777 Total [ 10,686,000 645.20 16562.31 E. Metro Manila Central Business Districts ‘+ Manila CBD- this traditional CBD is a center of business and commerce, has a population nucleus, and seats the national government ) + Makati CBD- a business, financial, commercial, convention, and recreational center of the 4 Metropolitan Region. Begun by the Ayala conglomerate in 1948. go! ‘+ Ortigas CBD- another business, financial, convention, shopping, and recreational node. Developed by the Ortigas conglomerate in the 1950s, it’s present configuration fully developed only in the late 80s. The area covers 600 hectares. + Cubao CBD- developed in the 1960s by the Araneta Family, Cubao was intended as an alternative business center in the Eastem side of the metropolis. This 37 hectare property now feflects more of a bazaar economy, though plans are now being developed to conver the area to. a more modern commercial and recreational center. + Emerging CBDs: © Fort Bonifacio Global City ~ The development of the former military base into another city that is envisioned to be the first inteligent and ecological city in the country. It covers 500 hectares of prime real estate land in between Makati CBD and Ortigas CBD © Boulevard 2000 ~ This is envisaged to usher in the Renaissance of the City of Manila. To be built under the auspices of the Philippine Estates Authority, the mixed use development will rise on the reclaimed 1,167 hectare area along the coast of Manila Bay to revive Manila as the center of commerce and tourism © Filinvest Corporate City - Located in the Southern margin of the metropolis, the Filinvest Corporate City is a joint Venture of the government and private sector. It would become ‘another major center surrounded by residential areas with high accessibility to nearby industrial estates and technological parks 5. KEVIN LYNCH’S IMAGE of the CITY {fan individual is to operate within a city, he must have an overall image of how the city is formed. Such images may be an overlap of several images, developed through ones understanding of the basic physical forms usually found in a city. These images can be conveniently classified into five different types of elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. Together, these five elements create a larger Picture of the entie city, represented either through abstract or representational symbols, landmarks February-June 2005, lead 13SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN Form of a Gity through Abstract Symbols, Form of a city through Representational Symbols 1. Paths * Channels along which the observer moves ‘+ Predominant element for many person's image + Other elements are arranged and related through paths , ‘+ Strong paths are: - easily identifiable - have continuity and direction aligned with a larger system ‘+ Spatial extremes highlight paths 2. Edges: + Linear elements not used or considered as paths + Lateral references, not coordinate axes ‘© May be barriers or seams * Notas dominant as paths but are important organizing features * Strong edges are: usually prominent = continuous + impenetrable to cross movement + Edges can be disruptive to city Eidges. form 3. Districts. ‘+ Medium to large sections of a city, ‘conceived of as two-dimensional + Observer can mentally enter “inside of” * Recognizable as having some ‘common, identifying character + Dominance depends upon the individual and the given district + Physical characteristics have a variety of coriponents a. activity and use ». building types and detail ©. inhabitants (ethnic or class) 4. physical characteristics (topography, boundaries, age, etc.) Fersan- June 2005, ep meteSITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN 4, Nodes + Points, strategic spots by which ‘an observer can enter Intensive foci from which observer is traveling * Junctions and Concentrations * Directly related to the concept of paths and the concept of districts ‘+ May be thematic concentrations 5. Landmarks ‘+ Point references considered to be external to the observer ‘+ Physical elements that may vary widely in scale '* Unique and special in piace of the continuities used earlier ‘+ Sequential series of landmarks as traveling guides Lemimarts, 6._IAN BENTLEY'S RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS 6.1 The design of the environment can greatly affect the choices people make at different levels, It affects ‘where people can go, the range of uses available, the understanding of these choices, the degree to which people can use different spaces of choice, and so on. Thus, the design must be responsive. The following are key Issues in designing responsive environments, A. Permeability + Places must be accessible to people to offer them choice + Public and private access must be complementary * Physical and visual permeability depends on how the network of public space divides the environment into blocks + There is a deciine in public permeability because of current design trends ‘© Scale of development © Hierarchical layout © Segregation B. Variety + Variety offers users a choice of experiences + Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, uses, and meanings + Developers & planners are more concerned with economic performance and easier management, than with variety + Variety of uses depends on three main factors: © range of acivies © possibilty of supply © extent to which design encourages positive interactions Variety also depends on feasibilty: economic, poltical, and functional a mixed-use block C. Legibitity * Degree of choice depends on how legible itis: how layout is understood + Legibilty is important at two levels: physical form and activity patterns * Legibilty in the old days- important buildings stood out ‘+ Legibility of form and use is reduced in the modem environment February-June 2005 15SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ‘+ Separating pedestrians from vehicles also reduces legibility + Legibilty is strengthened by Lynch's physical elements of the city Ee Meera! Sires In the older days, important public buildings were more legible than private buildings D. Robustness + Environments which can be used for many different purposes ‘+ There must be a distinction between large scale and small scale robustness + There are three key faciors that support long term robustness: © Building depth © Access . © Building height + The design of small scale robustness depends on extra factors © hard and soft spaces ‘© active and passive spaces E. Visual Appropriateness ‘+ Decisions already nesecoemosine | aaNes lye alll Yys, ofthe scheme-next | cuoice “natoxcw Crasaws seaman focus is on details : + Visual Sy BIL, 4 io ‘Appropriateness WIGTION focuses on details + Visual SLY “How monoronous| Appropriateness is Toven Ai ei THESE PLACES Ane concerned wih Ej] Nee i | designing the be om extemal mage of eo We Ae place + Regardless of what By designers want, ler people interpret : places as having euoice THs ryeuene ou Gast) Bea eee visual cues must be - 2 (0c DIFFERENT FebruaryJune 2005, oe K-16SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN F.Richness > + Decisions about appearances already discussed stil leave room for maneuvering at the most detailed level of design Richness is the variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy ‘There are two ways for users to choose from different sense experiences ‘© focusing their attention on different sources of sense experience © moving away from one source to another ‘The sense of motion: gained through movement ‘The sense of smell: can not be directed ‘The sense of hearing: user has limited control The sense of touch: voluntary and involuntary ‘The sense of sight: most dominant in terms of information input and is the one easiest to control ‘The basis of visual richness depends on the presence of visual contrasts G. Personalization * allows people to achieve an environment that bears the stamp of their own tastes and values + makes a person's pattem of activities more clear * Users personalize in two ways © to improve practical facilites and; © _to change the image of a place rinse Borough Count (1976) a plain apartment building personalized apartment building * Users personalize as an affirmation of their own tastes and values and because they perceive existing image as inappropriate * Personalization comes in two levels: © Private © Public ‘+ Personalization is affected by three key factors: © Tenure © building type ©. technology 6.2. Summary + permeability: designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks ‘+ variety: locating uses on the site ‘+ _ legibility: designing the massing of the buildings and the enclosure of public space ‘+ robustness: designing the spatial and constructional arrangement of individual buildings and outdoor spaces visual appropriateness: designing the extemal image richness: developing the design for sensory choice personalization: making the design encourage people to put their own mark on the places where they live and work February-June 2005 ee x177, |THE URBAN PATTERN SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ‘Components of the urban fabric thet create an urban patters 7.4. Landform ‘A. Topography- the topography of land can greatly affect the urban pattem’s circulation system, building form and texture, utility systems, size and shape, etc. 8. Relationship with Nature- landscaping, bodies of water, nature in general, and its relationship with the urban fabric are significant features of a city Ge! Bar ee: | at ge ee aru Ti ye ‘cities within nature + cities in hand with + nature within cities nature 7.2. Shape A. Radiocentric F. Branch ZL = allarge circle with radial | - alinear span with Sas corridors of intense connecting arms development emanating eae from the center apoctaeTme B. Rectiinear me |G. Sheet Het - Corridors of intense nectiLivean _| litle orno articulation development crossing the See center; usually found in | ‘small cites rather than in large C.Star_ H. AMticulated Sheet | open spaces between the ‘one or more central cpene Outreaching corridors of eran Clusters and several weer development subclusters February lune 2005 18 fe!SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN D. Ring |. Constellation - a city built around a - _asseries of nearly large open space equal sized cities in close BING proximity E. Linear J. Satelite i | = usually the result of ptt — |= constellation of cities, : re natural topography which ‘round a main center 2 restricts growth; may also tnean es be a transportation spine 7.3. Size & Density > * physical extent ~ measured in KMs across, or center to outskirts, or square KM * density formulas- number of inhabitants with respect to physical size; can be computed in several ways: + number of people per sa. KM + number of people per hectare + number of houses per sq, KM or hectare + amount of building floor area per section + automobile population, Floor Area Ratio (FAR), etc i] ] al [Jolo {Us | Pio Lio 5 jo fs Hi jp |o 1000 = 100 /he 480°%00/be 100-40 /be ‘= outlying routes traversing the cily and approach routes to the city play a significant role in the users understanding of the urban fabric 1H a Routes can approach architecture or cities in many ways — The foreground of a city should reinforce a view. 1 a te wih ts on neh not distract from it 7.5. Architecture + Anurban pattem is the geometry, regular or irregular, formed by routes, open spaces, and buildings. Thus, the architecture of each building and their relationship with one another contributes to the overall visual pattern, ‘+ Inunderstanding the link between the buildings and its immediate environment certain architectural aspects must be considered, such as scale, character! theme, and grain! texture February-June 2005 a K-19SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN * Details, architectural or otherwise, also contribute to the overall visual effect of urban environments, ‘Such details include traffic signs, billboards, store signs, sidewalks, street furniture, urban landscaping, pavers, street vendors, traffic enforcers, entertainers, etc. * Grain is the degree of fineness or coarseness in an urban area + Texture is the degree of mixture of fine and coarse elements elem fxn. 7.6. Inhabitants > + The ethnic backgrounds, social classes, or dominant sex of the inhabitants of a locality translates to Unique architecture, special activites, etc. that form the physical environment 7.7. Movement ‘he of the primary considerations in Understanding the circulation patterns of a city is breaking it into two: pedestrian and vehicular movement ‘+ Abasic urban design concept isto provide pedestrian friendly environments, white stil inevitably accommodating vehicular trafic * Separate routes can be designed for each type of mode, with mass transit systems complimenting pedestrians * Its ideal however, to mix vehicular and pedestrian routes in one urban pattern without compromising pedestrian safety nor limiting the walking experience with vehicular roads and sidewalks ee ERE er eet ce hos tae 8, URBAN MODELS ‘Spatial models of urban growth have been used to describe the land use patterns in the traditional North ‘American city. These have however, been universally used to describe most cities, including third world cities, and especially cities with a colonial past. 8.1. Concentric Zone Theory Feoruary—June 2005 = 1-20SITE PLANNING & URBAN DE: ‘* Attributed to the research work of the geographer E,W. Burgess and his students at the University of Chicago in the early 1900s + itis dervived from a Central Business District atthe center, around which all other uses formed + Itincludes transition zone for eventual CBD expansion, where factories, slums, or ethnic villages existed ‘+ Has some deficiencies but simplicity has stood the test of time 8.2. Sector Model ‘+ Formulated by the ‘economist Homer Hoyt in 1939 ‘© Developed under the premise that other uses ‘grow with the CBD in Concentric Zone Model specific directions, often following rail or highway arteries, high or low ground, or simply clustering on the fe same side of the city * tis consistent with the observation that most cities grow in the direction of the higher income Sector Modal 1.CBD Bh S.residential 7. 9. industrial residential _ — high outlying suburb -low business 2. light 4. 6. heavy Bres. 10. manufacturing residential manufacturing suburb commuter = middle zone —__8.3. Multiple Nuclei Model * Developed by the Geographers Chauncy Harris & Edward Pullman ‘+ Provides an alternative conceptualization of urban form, one ‘based on the premise that uses do not evolve around a single core but at several nodes or focal points ‘+ recognizes that different activities have varying accessibility requirements (i.e. a commercial area could develop around a government complex, a cultural center, or at major ‘transportation intersections) Multiple Nuclei Model 8.4. Urban Realms > ‘* Developed by the sociologist James Vance under the observation that cities tended to identify with each of the three previous conceptualizatons, rather than one exclusively * The Urban Realms Model presents the emergence of large self-sufficient suburban sectors, each focused on @ downtown independent of the central city * This conceptualization represents the culmination of the impact ofthe automobile on urban form + The best application of this concept is Metropolitan Los Angeles, US.A ‘The Urban Realms Model February-June 2005 @ K-21SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN URBAN DESIGN CONTROLS 9.4. Zoning + Defined as the legal regulation of the use of land + Used by the government to “protect and guide development” with the goal of preventing one use from Creating negative impacts on another by permitting only compatible uses in close proximity + A'so defined as “an application of the police power for the protection of the public health, welfare, and safety" mare 1 Maney rane rads 9.2. Floor Area Ratio the proportions between the built area of the building and the lot area + also referred to as ‘Plot Ratio’ '* used to limit heights and bulks, create setbacks and open space, and ultimately to generate a relatively uniform urban fabric, ‘sample floor area ratios * 9.3. Floor Space Index (FSI) + similar to the Floor Area Ratio, but the index is established by dividing the area of the total floor-space of the buildings on any particular site by the site area, including half the area of any roads adjoining it 9.4. Urban Design Guidelines * urban design guidelines are frequently used in smaller sized urban developments such as residential vilages, tourist zones, planned unit developments, historical districts, etc. * the basic objective of these guidelines is to ensure a relatively uniform urban character in such localities, even if sections are designed separately by different architects and planners + urban design guidelines are also formulated for safety and security, to prevent overly contrasting structures adjacent to one another, to establish ‘open spaces, to retain a certain feel or atmosphere associated with the area, and so on = some urban design guidelines include regulations on: + building heights. building bulk setbacks ‘et wm ee architectural character Fi amr size of roads, sidewalks, etc. ‘sample design guidelines 9.8. Land Use Planning Allocating types of uses for particular sections of a city, based on growth pattems and demand Generally, land uses conform to a regular predictable pattern However, strong historical, cultural, and technological based traditions at work have created cities around the world that have exhibited differences in form ‘+ Basic land use categories include: February-Jupe 2005 ep K-22Ens | yk Sfp tof SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN Residential land Commercial land Industrial land Office and institutional land ‘Agricultural and Open space 9.6. Urban Redevelopment Strategies ‘A. Conservation #2 term used interchangeably with preservation but having the rather more positive connotation of adaptation of parts of building (or the countryside) while retaining the essential spirit of the original ‘conservation area—an area containing a group of buldings of special architectural or historical significance, which a Local Authority may designate. Such designation does not preclude the redevelopment of buildings within, bt it does not ensure a proper consideration of the desirability, form and material of any proposed development. B. Urban Renewal + ageneral term to describe the idea of consciously renewing the outworn areas of towns & cities —+_covers most aspects of renewal, including both re-development and re-habilitation C. Adaptive Reuse = The conversion of buildings into different uses without significantly altering the structure + Commonly performed in old warehouse districts, converting these structures to residential uses D. Rehabilitation ‘ term used to describe the idea of repairing, redecorating and in some cases converting, existing structurally sound property to a standard compatible with modern requirements of amenity and health + termis frequently interchanged with renovation 10. EMERGING THEORIES , 1.01. Planned Unit Developments mid-sized developments built wth the intentions of self-sustainability used in areas that are being intensively developed for the first time with mixed uses often the primary land use, itis sometimes referred to as cluster zoning ordinary zoning regulations can be suspended for this particular property 10.2. Transit Oriented Developments + officially defined as a mixed use community with an average distance of 670 meters from a transit stop and commercial core area. + T.0.D-s mix residential, retail, office, ‘open space, and public uses in a walkable environment, making it convenient for residents and employees to travel by transit, bicycle, foot, or car. + T.0.D.s can be developed throughout a metropolitan region + Main proponent ofthe concept is Peter Calthorpe and other members of the Congress for New Urbanism Diagram of an Urban T.O.D February-June 2005 ep +e"1 SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN > Urban TOD. ‘© Urban T.0.0.s are located directly on the trunk line of a transit network at light rail, heavy rail, or express. bus stops + They should be developed with high commercial intensities, job clusters, and moderate to high residential densities ‘© Each Urban T.0.D may assume a different character and mix of uses depending on its location within the : region, market demands, and the Sweordary Arve, Gheaelneo Diagram of a Neighborhood T.O.D. + The intensity of development along the trunk line network should refiect the significant investment necessary to construct the transit system, and should generate the greatest number of transit-bound trips 2 Neighborhood TOD ‘+ Neighborhood T.O.D.s are located on a local or feeder bus line within 10 minutes transit travel time (n0 more than 3 miles) from a trunk line transit stop, ‘* They should place an emphasis on moderate density residential, service, retail, entertainment, civic, and recreational uses. . + They should have a residential and local serving shopping focus at densities appropriate for its context, C. Distribution of T.0.D.s + T.O.D.s should be located to maximize access to their Core Commercial Areas from surrounding areas without relying solely on arterials, ‘+ T.0.0.s with major competing retail centers should be spaced a minimum of one mile apart, and should be distributed top serve different neighborhoods ‘When located on fixed rail transit systems, they should be located to allow efficient station spacing T.0.Ds should be distributed throughout a new growth area in a pattern that allows the greatest ‘number of residents and workers access to a variety of shopping opportunities * They should also be distributed to permit residents to walk to retail and public facilities without having to cross an arterial street NEW URBANISM, 11.4. Background of New Urbanism A Suburban Sprawl ‘+ The physical expansion of a town, city, or metropolitan area as a result of a continually increasing number of new developments at the outlying areas * Results to a waste of energy resources, time, and money, and bight in the central city ‘+ Fragments the region and creates a series of Unrelated developments that consequently creates weak urban fabric ‘+ Also creates unpleasant environments at the street level + Initiated by the automobile, greedy developers, and the “American Dream" Unsightly Suburban Streets February—June 2005 iad e246SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN B. the Congress for New Urbanism (CNU) Because of the effects of suburban sprawl on the urban environment, and ultimately on the quality of life of those atfected by it, a group of concerned architects and planners formed the Congress of New Urbanism as a venue for resolving the problems of a fragmented region ‘+The founders of this group were Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Katz, and Daniel ‘Solomon, among others ‘+The goal of the CNU was to generate public awareness on the ills of sprawi and bring back traditional city form SErAaL PLANNED Comparative diagrams illustrating the physical patterns of suburban sprawl and traditional neighborhoods 11.2. Hierarchy of Spaces ( Region, City, Community, District, Block, Street ) A. The Region ‘+ Urbanism, defined by its diversity, pedestrian’ scale, public space structure of bounded neighborhoods, should be applied throughout a ‘metropolitan region regardless of location ‘+The entire region should be designed according to similar urban principles. New Urbanism in a Regional and District Sc: The Neighborhood, the District, and the Corridor These three are the fundamental organizing elements of New Urbanism Neighborhoods are urbanized areas with a balanced mix of human activity Districts are areas dominated by a single activity Corridors are connectors and separators of neighborhoods and districts February-June 2005 ep 25 2SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN C. The Street, the Block, and the Building ‘the form of New Urbanism is realized by the deliberate assembly of streets, blocks, and buildings neighborhoods blocks streets building + Streets are not the dividing lines within a city, but are to be communal rooms and passages * Blocks are the field on which unfolds both the building fabric and the public realm ofthe city * Buildings are the smallest increment of growth in the city. Their proper configuration and placement relative to each other determines the character of each settlement 11.3. The Context of New Urbanism (basic rules) + The neighborhood has a discernible center or a focal point ‘+ Most of the dwellings are within a five-minute walk of the center, an average of roughly 600 to 700 meters (2,000 feet) + There exists a variety of dwelling types + There are @ wide mix of uses. + Steets within the neighborhood are ‘a connected network, preferably @ grid pattern, which disperses traffic by providing a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination + There are small playgrounds near every dweling- not more than 200 meters away. ‘+ An elementary school (and maybe even a high school) is close ‘enough so that most children can walk from their home. + The streets and sidewalks are covered with rows of trees and other landscaping elements that provide shade to pedestrians and an overall pleasant environment + Parallel parking wil also be allowed along the streets, with trees in between each designated space + Sidewalks are wide, at least 3.0 meters, and will be free from dangerous obstructions except for landscaping elements and street furniture that will invite pedestrians to sit. + Buildings in tie neighbornood center are placed close to the street, creating well-defined “outdoor room’ + Storefronts are also built close to the sidewalk, with wide window openings and visible entrances that are inviting to the pedestrian Pare ae ee a tunical New Urbanism sidewalk 25SITE PLANNING & URMAN Dé: * Parking lots and garage doors rarely front the street, Parking is relegated to underground, to mult- level structures, or to the rear of buildings, usually accessed by alleys, + Certain prominent sites at the termination of street vistas or in the neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings. + Inareas with bodies of water of significant size, buildings wil be built facing the water, rather than having the water in its backyard ‘+ The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing. A formal association debates and decides matters of maintenance, security and physical change 11.4. New Urbanism Strategies A. Redevelopment + Priority projects of the New Urbanism movement involve redeveloping blighted areas, particularly those in the inner city, + In redeveloping downtown areas, design adheres to the applicable principles formulated by the Congress for New Urbanism + Such projects increase land values, revitalize the areas, and encourages people to move back to the city core, while discouraging further suburbanization 4 blighted downtown area and a computerized simulation of its redevelopment 8. Infill * Strategy used when redevelopment is no longer an option while still avoiding further physical expansion. ‘+ The best utilization of existing infrastructure comes from infill development ‘+ Infill should therefore, always be a central part of a region’s growth policy ‘= _Inill sites can vary in size and shape, ranging from surface parking lots to large open spaces between built-up areas. Infill of a large surface parking lot surrounding a shopping mall February-June 2005 ai K-27SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN C. New Towns + When urban and suburban infil can not accommodate the quantity or rate of growth of a region, new growth areas or satelite towns may be considered + New growth areas are easiest to develop with transit and pedestrian oriented patterns However, they may also spread the city's size Satelite towns are typically larger than new growth areas and provide a complete spectrum Of shopping, jobs, and civic facilities + But if well planned and transit oriented, can compliment infill and help to structure and revitalize the metropolitan region Village of Windor by Andres Duany 11.5. Famous Case Studies A Seaside ‘© Designed by Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk ‘Walton County, Florida, 1981 © Fosters strong sense of ‘community with a variety of dwelling units built close to each other, complete neighborhood amenities, open spaces, terminating vistas, etc. * Built by the sea, the plan was designed to optimize waterfront access and views for all of the town’s residents, not just those with beachfront homesites B. Jackson Taylor + ATS- acre redevelopment in San Jose, California by Peter Calthorpe and Associates in 1997 * Originally an industrial town, redeveloped with new housing and commercial uses + Includes edges of two ethnic neighborhoods, one Japanese and the other predominantly Hispanic * Also includes a historic district with the city’s largest ‘concentration of Victorian homes ‘+ Amajor element that weaves the neighborhood together is an underutilized rail line that was, converted to commuter use C. Laguna West + A1,045-acre new development in Sacramento County, California, also designed by Peter Calthorpe and Associates and developed by Phil Angelides in 1990 Focal Point of Laguna West * Plan puts emphasis on well-defined public spaces and amenities ‘+ The focal point is a 100-acre town center that includes civic and commercial uses with high and ‘medium density housing D. Kentlands * A.365-acre new development in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Designed by Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk February-June 2008 ep x28 Plan of SeasideSITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ‘+ Master plan includes six neighborhoods, each combining elements of residential, office, civic, cultural, and retail usage = Also includes a variely of civic facilities ‘and public open spaces. A lake, greenbelts, and several small squares help to define individual neighborhoods 12. OTHER NOTABLE PLANNERS. Abercrombie, Sir Leslie Patrick + In 1913 he won a competition fro the re- planning of Dublin * Founder of the Town Planning Review * In 1944 ne published his Greater London gs conttande Bacon, Edmund Norwood ‘+ Author of the book Design of Cities (1967), which serves as a reference for urban designers ‘* Architect designer instrumental in the emergence of Shanghai, China Garnier, Tony ‘+ Designer of Cité industrielle, designed between 1898 and 1904 + Conceptualized distinct functional zoning thraughout a large development + Hiideas have been discerned in many suburban developments in Europe Geddes, Sir Patrick ‘+ _ His mark in planning circles is made by his extensive contribution to fresh thought on the shape and location of contemporary human communities + Author of the book Cities in Evolution (1915) Gropius, Walter + Gropius owes his piace in any account of the history of planning to his invention of the residential layout in which slab blocks of flats are placed laterally or obliquely to a street rather than parallel with it ‘+ Presented this layout in his book The New Architecture and the Bauhaus (1935) Gruen, Victor ‘+ planner and author who has pioneered the development in America of both regional and city centre pedestrian shopping areas * Planner of Northland Centre near Detroit and Southdale Center in Minneapolis, with shops clustered at the center and encircled with car parks, rather than placed on each side of a strip Jacobs, Jane ‘+ American author and former associate editor of Architectural Forum ‘+ Author of the book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1962) ‘+ Concentrated on how people actually behave and not how designers intend them to Kahn, Louis ‘+ American architect noted for his imaginative sequence of plans for the redevelopment of Philadelphia, designed intermittently between 1952 and 1961 ‘+ Put emphasis on utilitarian elements of a city structure, and made them focal points of his ‘conceptually designed cities Mayer, Albert ‘+ Believed that housing developments should blend in with the neighboring city to produce a change of character, but not a shock + Thus proposed the planning concept of ‘differentiation without division” + Conceptualized the original plan for Chandigarh ‘Mumford, Lewis ‘+ An influential American writer on planning and sociology. ‘+ His first book on planning, The Story of Utopias, was published in 1922. February-June 2005 ee %-29SITE PLANNING & URBAN Des ‘+ Arecurring theme in his writings is the need to take a “long running startin history, in order to solve the problems of today’. + Has consistently advocated the regional city and the balanced neighborhood as the solution to the problems of the congested and overgrown city Nash, John * Believed in curving forms, rather than formal grid patterns + Designer of London's Park Crescent and Regent's Park Osborn, Sir Frederic James ‘+ Author, planner and propagandist, Sir Frederic Osborn has acquired an intemational reputation for his sustained and tireless espousal of the principles behind Howard's Garden City idea + Advocated that these garden city principles be accepted as integral elements of government planning policies Silkin, Lewis + Earned his place in the history of planning by the legislation which he introduced into Parliament while minister of Town and Country Planning form 1945 to 1950 ‘+ Introduced the New Towns Act of 1946 and the Town and Country Planning Act of 1947 * These were of outstanding importance in determining the future quality and direction of urban and regional planning in Britain Sitte, Camillo + Austrian art historian and writer of the book Der Stéatebau nach seinen kunstlerischen Grundsatzen (City Planning According to Artistic Principles) ‘+ Had a distaste for the regular and classical mode of town planning Tange, Kenzo + Architect and planner who analyzed major cities of the world's industrialized countries, finding that characteristcally they comprise about 15% of a country's population + His recognition of this phenomenon was the beginning of his creative designs for a rebuilt Tokyo of 16 million people Vitruvius (1st Century B.C.) ‘+ Undoubtedly the most famous architect and planner of antiquity ‘+ the 4th to 7th chapters of his first book De Architectura are concerned generally with town planning ‘and embody fundamental principles for the layout and form of whole towns. ‘+ These principles have been the main reference to classical architecture and planning during the Renaissance times Wood, John * An early advocate of formalism in town planning highlighted by simple curved buildings + Designer of the Royal Circus and the Royal Crescent in Bath, England Wren, Christopher ‘+ Credited for rebuilding London after the great fire of 1966 ‘+ The stock exchange building was the symbolic focal point of his plan, instead of the traditional palace cr cathedral Fabniaryiupe 2008 ep K-30SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN SITE PLANNING 1. INTRODUCTION Site Planning: + ‘the art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces between; an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture and city planning.” (Site Planning by Kevin Lynch) * “the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land. These uses are designated in detail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans, organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation, developing visual form and materials concepts, readjusting the existing landforms by design grading, Providing proper drainage, and developing the construction details necessary to carry out the Projects’. (A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning, 1980 by Harvey M. Rubenstein) ‘the critical thinking process of research, analysis and synthesis that makes a major contribution to the formation of design decisions. + Research is made from existing projects, books photographs, or experiments; a program is, formulated and the elements required to develop the project is iste. ‘+ Analysis of the site considering existing natural and man-made features to determine inherent qualities that gives a site its ‘personality. A topographical analysis is mandatory. Emphasis should bbe made on the site's relationship with the total environment and its special values or potentials. ‘Two methods of establishing a site: —-1. SITE SELECTION PROCESS ~ selecis a site that suits best the given use and requirements of the project; 2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS — selects the best use and development suited for a given site, SITE ANALYSIS involves the study of the site in terms of the following: ‘Natural factors op : “1 Geology — 2. Geomorphology ~ physiography, landforms, sols, drainage, topography and slopes, soil erosion. Hydrology ~ surface and ground water Vegetation — pant ecology Wildlife — habitats Climate - solar orientation, wind, and humidity ultural factors: Existing land use — ownership of adjacent property, off-site nuisances Traffic and transit - vehicular and pedestrian circulation on or agjacent to site Density and zoning — legal and regulatory controls Socio-economic factors Utiites — sanitary, storm-water, water supply, power supply, and communications Historic factors — historic buildings, landmarks, and archeology, Aesthetic factors: : 4. Natural features 2. Spatial patterns — spaces and sequences 3. Visual Resources — views and vistas eset en Cree erent 2._ THE NATURAL FACTORS GEOLOGY is the natural science that studies the Earth — its composition; the processes that shaped its surface; and its history. Earth is made up of rocks (including soll, sand, silt and dust); rocks are composed of minerals; minerals are made up of atoms. Igneous Rocks ~ rocks produced by Sedimentary Rocks — ‘Metamorphosed Rocks — when crystalization from a liquid, igneous rocks are exposed to sedimentary rocks are pushed to surface and weathering reduces deeper levels of the earth, they them to particles, these parties are transform into metamorphosed rocks moved by erosional process and due to changes in pressure and deposited into rivers and oceans. temperature, February-June 2005 =P 31SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN Soil Erosion — when rocks are broken down (weathered) into small fragments, and carried by wind, water, ice and gravity. Energy for this process is solar and gravitational SGEOMORPHOLOGY)s that branch of geology that deals with the origin, nature and distribution of landforms. Physiography > refers to the description of landforms. Landforms “irregularities on the earth's surface, derived from volcanic, glacial, or erosional processes. When designing a piece of property, itis essential to first confront the nature of the land, its form, slopes, and inherent capabilites for surface and subsurface discharge of water, for supporting vertical and horizontal structures, and for resisting erosion. This exercise requires basic geomorphologic information such as: + Soil Properties - Composition and Soil Texture + Drainage + Topography and Slopes * Soil Erosion SOIL AND SOIL DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY {hn site planning, itis important to establish the relationship between soil composition and land uses (other than agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in site selection for residential, industrial, and other forms of development that involve surface and subsurface structures. 2.4, SOIL PROPERTIES — describes soil for use in site design: a. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil: mineral particles, organic matter, water, air > Mineral Particles — comprise 60% to 80% of the volume of the soil; forms the skeletal structure of the soil, built of particles lodged against each other, to enable soil to support its own mass and that of water, the overlaying landscape and buildings. Sand and gravel particles provide for the greatest stabilty, yielding a relatively high bearing capacity. Clays tend to be more vanable in stabilly with loosely packed, wet particle masses having a tendency to compress and slip laterally under weight (stress). Be itpyreters to a soi's resistance to penetration from a weighted object such as a building fo jation BEARING CAPACITY FOR ROCK AND SOIL MATERIALS (orasy ‘Material Allowable Bearing Value (ps 7 Massive crystalline bedrock, e.g, granite, gneiss 200,000 Z| ROCK | Metamorphosed rook, e.g. schist, slate 20,000 3 ‘Sedimentary rocks, eg, shale, sandstone 30,000 4 Weil compacted gravels and sands 20,000 5 Compact gravel, sandigravel midures 72,000 © | sow _ | Loose gravel, compact coarse sand 8,000 7 |MATERIALS |"[oose coarse sand; loose sand/gravel mixtures; 6,000 | ‘compact fine sand, wet coarse sand é Loose fine sand, wet fine sand 4000 3 ‘Sif clay (ery) 000 10 Medium-stif ciay 4000 1 Soft clay 2,000 2 Fill, organic material, or sit (xed by fed tests) _| source: Code Manual, New York State Building Code Commission | > Organic Matter quantity varies radically in soils, its skeletal structure of organic particles is Usually weak; but is important in soil ferilty, moisture absorption and retention, and use in landscaping, February-June 2005 oy nsSITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN > Water - water content varies with particle sizes, local drainage, topography, and climate. Water ‘occupies spaces between the pattcles; in organic soils, they absorb measurable amounts of water. As gravity water moves downward to accumulate in the subsoil and underlying bedrock to form groundwater, it completely fils the interparticle spaces; thus below the watertable, the soil is largely devoid of air. o b. TEXTURE Is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soll sample. To measure soil texture, the sand, silt and clay particles are sorted out and weighed. sat GAY ‘The weights of each size class are then expressed as a percentage of the sample weight. Soil scientists use tweive basic terms for texture, at the center of which is the class Joam, an intermediate mixture of 40 percent sand, 40 percent sit and 20 percent clay. THREE MAIN CLASSES OF SOIL: RU eae Py : }:Good drainage’ usually refers to soil's ablity to transfer this gravity water downward, and that the soil is not conducive to protonged periods of saturation. Three terms are used to describe this process: which is the rate at which water in a soll pit or pipe within the 'Sold'Is taken up by the soil (used mainly in wastewater absorption tests ‘and measured in inches per hour) _ | "Peor drainage! is when the soil is frequenty or permanently saturated ‘and may offen have water standing on it Soil saturation may be caused: + by the local accumulation of surface water + _ by arise in the level of groundwater within the soil column because the particles in the soil are too small to transmit infiltration February-June 2008 eee 33——_SITR PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN 2.3. TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES) (SLOPE FORM or siope profié or a sifhouette of a slope drawn to known proportions with distance on “the horizontal axis and elevation on the vertical axis. The vertical axis is often exaggerated to ease Construction and accentuate topographic details. Four basic slope forms are detectable on contour maps: straight S-shape~ concave convex > — Se = =e accurately the meaning of different inclinations, For any earth material, there is maximum angle, called the angle of repose, at which it can be safely inclined and beyond which it will fal, | ANGLES OF REPOSE FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF SLOPE MATERIALS ‘Topographic Ma ‘contour lines. Contours — are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation on the surface of the land above or below a reference surface such as the mean sea level. Contours make it possible to measure the height cof mountains, depth of the ocean bottoms, and steepness of slopes. ‘a map of @ portion of the earth that describes the shape of the earth's surface by Contour maps are comprised of lines, called contours, connecting points of equal elevation. In modem mapping programs, such as the one practiced by the US Geological Survey, the contours are drawn from specially prepared sets of aerial Photographs. These photographs and optical apparatus used to view them enable the mapper to see an enlarged, three-dimensional image of the terrain, and based on the image, the mapper is able to trace a line, the contour, onto the terrain at a prescribed elevation SLOPE ANALYSIS is an anaiytical process made on a topographic map thal produces an overall pattern of slopes which helps the site planner in determining the best uses for various portions of the site, along with the feasipilty of construction. The process involves breaking down of topography into grades which are categorized as in the following example: ‘SLOPE PATTERN for ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL CAMPUS. 0~5% Generally flat Highly buildable + 5~10% Gently roling Moderately buildable + 10-15% Gentle to mild slopes Moderately difficult terrain = 15-20% Mild to steep slopes Difficult terrain > | &e + 20% and over Harsh, steep slopes Unbuildable ‘February-June 2005, bana K-34SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ‘The suggested slope pattern above indicates the level of ease or difficulty attributed to the various grades found on site, and therefore determines to a large part the ease or difficulty of developing on them. These ‘rades are established by measuring the distance between contours at a given scale and contour interval. ‘A SLOPE MAP is prepared to visually express these slope patterns on the topographic map. Here's how to: a. Establish the site boundaries on the map. b. Make a constructed graduated scale on the edge of a cardboard sheet, representing the distances of each slope pattem (using same scale as the topo map), ©. Place the scale on the map (see illustration above) and mark the edges where the scale matches the distances between contour lines. 4. Color- or hatch-code each area delineated by these edges. The result is 2 colored or gradientthatched SLOPE MAP. DESIRABLE SLOPES ~ when slopes are selected according to building type and the activities associated with it In searching for building ste, an arcitet or landscape architect wil often be guided by topographic considerations. Depending on the sort of building to be designed and the actvties associated with i, level site, sloping site, orl site may be desired. Flat or genly sloping ste’ are usually prefered for industrial and commercial buildings whereas hilly sites are preferred for fashionable Suburban residences, The influence of slopes on the alignment of modern roads depends on the class of roads; the higher the class, the lower the maximum grades allowable, Expressways (divided, limited access, 4 to 6 lanes) are designed for high speed, uninterrupted movement and limited grades of 4 percent. On city streets, where speed limits are 20 to 30 mph, grades may be as steep as 10 percent, whereas driveways may be up to 15 percent ‘SLOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS LAND USES Land Use ‘Maximum Minimum ‘Optimum or —{ Housing Sites 20% — 25%. O% 2 5 “ Playgrounds 2% 3% 05% 1% Public Stairs 50% 25% Lawns (mowed) 25% = 2h — 3% Seplic Drainfields™ 15% 0% 05% Paved Surfaces [=~ Parking Lots ah 05% 1%, 2e ‘Sidewalks 10% 0% 1% FI ‘Streets and Roads 15% — 17% = 1% o [Pf 20 mph 12% 30:mph 10% 40 mph 8% ait 50mph Th {60 mph. 3% nh: 70 mph 4% Tndustrial Sites Factories 3% - ah 0% 2% Lay Down Storage 3% (05%, 1% a Parking 3% (05% 1%. * Spocial drainfield designs are required at slopes above 10 fo 12 percent. z | February-June 2005 oP 1-38ae SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN 2.4, |SOIL EROSION! when rocks are broken down (weathered) into small fragments, and carried by ‘Wind, Water, ice and gravity. Energy for this process is solar and gravitational. At least four factors must be taken into account in any attempt to forecast erosion rates 2. vegetation b. solltype c. slope size and inclination, and d. frequency and intensity of rainfall Vegetation _ ‘On most surfaces, vegetation appears to be the most important single control on soil erosion. Foliage intercepts raindrops, reducing the force at which they strike the soil surface. Organic litter on the ground further reduces the impact of raindrops, and plant roots bind together aggregates of soil particles, increasing the soi's resistance to the force of running water. The one feature of vegetation that appears to have the greatest influence on erosion is cover density: the heavier the cover, either in form of ground cover or tree canopy, the lower the soil loss to runoff. Soll type Trrunning water is applied to soils of different textures, sand will usually yield (erode) first. In order to erode clay, the velocity of the runoff would have to be increase to create sufficient stress to overcome Cohesive forces that bind the particles together. Similarly, high velocities would also be needed to move pebbles and larger particles because their masses are so much greater than those of sand particles. Thus in considering the role of soil type in soil erosion problems, it appears that intermediate textures tend to be most erodible, whereas clay and particles coarser than sand are measurably more resistant. Other soil characteristics, such as compactness and structure, also influence erodibilty, but in general, texture can be taken as the leading soil parameter in assessing the potential for soil erosion. Slope size and inclination i ‘The velocity that runoff is able to attain i$ closely related to the slope of the ground over which it flows. In addition, slope also influences the quantity of runoff inasmuch as long slopes collect more rainfall and thus generate a larger volume of runoff. In general, then, slopes that are both steep and long tend to produce the greatest erosion because they generate runoff that is high in both velocdy and mass. But this 's true only for slopes up to about 50 degrees, because at steeper angles, the exposure of the siope face to rainfall grows rapidly smaller, vanishing altogether for vertical cls Frequency and intensity of rainfall Tesis show that intensive rainfalls such as those produced by thunderstorms promote the highest rates of erosion. Accordingly, the incidence of such storms together with the total annual rainfall can be taken as a reliable measure of the effectiveness of rainfall in promoting soil erosion. In the USA, the Soil Conservation Service has translated this into a rainfall erosion index that represents the erosive energy delivered to the soil annually by rainfall HYDROLOGY - the natural science that studies the Waters of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical and physical properties, and their reaction to the living environment including their relation to all living things. ge ; eoeeery a a ; ; oy “renee: We. Hydrologic cycle — or the planet's water cycle, described by the movement of water from the oceans to the atmosphere to the continents, and back to the sea. February-June 2005 ep 1-36SUTE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ._ unsaturated soil . S Water table — is the upper boundary of the ae i zone of groundwater; the top of unconfined . aquifer. Sc suitate 0. $ \ ater water ~ ground water: table~’ unsaturated” ~~ {Saturated sol) | ‘soil oe A A nscbivest jomboar) ior guy AO artannec ocean [ae Saas pany omar 7 zutes ‘Coca by Goran Bare ore OT Teese Aquifer— A permeable geological stratum or formation that can both store and transmit groundwater in significant quantities, Watershed ~ a geographic area of land bounded by topographic features and height of land that captures Precipitation, fiters and stores water and drains waters to a shared destination, Knowledge of watershed boundaries is critical to water quality and storm water management. VEGETATION ~ The relevance of Plant Materials in site planning is in their role in : Climatic controt 2. Solar Radiation ~ is Earth's source of light and heat. It warms the earth's surface, is reflected by paving and other objects, and produces glare. ‘Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation because: + they block or fiter sunlight; + _ they cool the air under their canopies providing natural air conditioning; Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of 84deg F, surface temp of a concrete paving was 108 deg, while surface temp under shade trees were 20deg lower. b. Wind — helps to control temperature. When winds are of low velocity, they may be pleasant, but when velocity increases, may cause discomfort or damage. Trees help to buffer winds in urban areas caused by convection and Venturi effects. February-June 2005 ep K-37SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN ©. Precipitation . Piants help by intercepting rain and slowing it down, they aid in moisture retention, and in the prevention of soil erosion; also by retaining water, by providing shade, or protection from the wind, or by water shedding function of trees’ roots. 2. Environmental Engineering a5 @. Air Purification — through photosynthesis, plants use up carbon dioxide emissions of cars and ‘tucks and in the process release oxygen into the air. Trees also help filter out other pollutants, ie. sulfur dioxide, dust, pollen, and smoke. Noise ~ Pants absorb sound waves through their leaves, branches, twigs, especially those with thick fleshy leaves and thin petioles. Tree trunks deflect sounds and it has been estimated that a 100 ft. depth of forest can reduce sound by 21 decibels. ©. Glare and Reflection ~ Plants reduce glare and reflection caused by sunlight. A light source received directly produces primary glare while reflected light is secondary glare. Plants may be Used to fier or block glare by use of plants with the appropriate size, shape, and foliage density. 4. Erosion Control — Plants are a primary means of preventing erosion from stormwater runoff and of controling erosion during construction. Erosion is also minimized by the plants action of intercepting rain, decreasing splash, and increased water absorption. Vegetation with extensive root systems imparts stability to slopes. On sandy slopes, the presence of woody vegetation can increase the angle of repose by 10 to 15 degrees. ato Soe = : i a /itiveria zizlainoldes or Vitiver Grass is the i CERNZARES) “miracle” grass of amazing bio-engineering ites capabilfies. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses 2. Space Definition - Plants can help in many ways: as wall elements to form outdoor spaces, as canopies to provide shade, of as ground covers to provide color and texture on the base plane. ©. View Control — While trees and shrubs can screen out objectionable views, they can also provide backdrops for sculpture and fountains. Additionally, they may provide fitered views of buildings or spaces, or frame a view, maximizing its effect. ©. Mood ~ Plants attect peoples’ moods, WILDLIFE: Wildlife relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities, The three groups of habitat elements essential to the different species of wildlife are: 1 Openiand Wildlife ~ includes birds and mammals commonly associated with crop fields, meadows, pastures, and non-forested lands. Habitat elements essential for openiand wife include: @ Grain and seed crops b. Grasses and legumes ©. Wild herbaceous upiand plants d._ Hardwood woody plants Woodland Wildlife - These species need various combinations of: a. Grasses and legumes . Wild herbaceous upland plants, ©. Hardwood woody plants d. Cone-bearing shrubs such as pines Wetland Wildlife ~ wetiand species include birds and mammals needing habitats with: ‘a, Wetland food plants or wild herbaceous plants of moist to wet sites, excluding submerged or floating aquatic plants; ‘Shallow water development with water impoundments not deeper than 5 ft; Excavated ponds with ample supply of water at least one acre and average 6 depth. Streams pee February-June 2005, ee K-38SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN CLIMATE Climates can be generally classified into four types: COLD, TEMPERATE, HOT ARID and HOT HUMID. In each, a site should be investigated for. ind Flows PASSIVE COOLING - the technology of cooling spaces through proper siting of structure and use of energy- efficient materials, with the overall objective of energy conservation, g Deena. HE CULTURAL FACTORS < EXISTING LAND USE Existing Land Use plans are available in each city and municipality to determine the ‘afeas for commercial, institutional, industrial, residential, and open space uses. These were planned according to the most rational use of land in relation to'the natural and socio-economic factors, and in accordance with compatibility with adjacent land uses. Each site must conform to the land use plan: 2 residential subdivision, for example, cannot be developed in a site designated as industrial. TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT SYSTEMS - The relationship of traffic pattern to each other and to the site must be studied for adequacy of access and efficiency of circulation within and outside ofthe site. Efficient traffic and transportation systems will result in successful integration of the different developments in the vicinity. Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular and pedestrian will also help establish points of highest visual impact for the site. Access must also consider pedestrian movement. DENSITY AND ZONING - Density refers to the population per unit land area. This data will determine whether existing utilities and land areas will be sufficient to sustain additional future development, which will naturally ‘add to the existing population and bear on the capacity of these uliliies. Density is expressed in number of \\ families or dweling units per hectare. It may also be expressed in Floor Area Ratio (FAR). Density influences sg the privacy, social contact among people, and freedom of movement of an individual or a group of people. Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in every city and municipality to regulate the type of development. It divides the city or municipality into land use areas that are designated by building height, building coverage, density of population, and open space. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS - The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done to determine whether there is @ need, an interest, or any objections on the project. Any proposed project ‘must be compatible with the economy ofthe particular community. For example, a high-end boutique is hardly suitable in a low-income community. The social structure of the community must be taken into consideration 10 ‘ensure that a proposed development will not result in any displaced families, and any major disruption in their businesses and other activities, UTILITIES 7 SERVICES - It is important to determine the existing availabilty of utities on site in terms of ‘adequacy and efficiency. This includes. + Sanitary/sewage system <2 + Electric power’supply + Water supply + Drainage x Most water systems will supply domestic, industrial, and fire stand-by supply from a distribution system, Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it to rivers, creeks, or other bodies of water. February-lune 2008 ae K-39SITE PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN HISTORIC FACTORS >takes into consideration the logal responsibilities when the folowing are found inside the site: historic buildings, historical landmarks, and archeological finds 2. THE AESTHETIC FACTORS NATURAL FEATURES - When sites are | SPATIAL PATTERNS - is defined as the way an | characterized by outstanding natural features of | open space of a given site is configured according | earth, rock, water or plant material, these may be | to an arrangement of elements that evoke activity | | incorporated in the site development as natural | or flow, both physically or visually assels of the land. VISUAL RESOURCES - 1. View — is a scene observed from a vantage point. A view can be a theme that may suggest and give ‘added meaning to buildings. And the full view is not always the best view. 2. Vista ~ is a confined view, usually directed toward a terminal or dominant feature. It has three Components: a viewing station, a view, and a foreground. A view is usually better if enframed or seen through an appropriate screen, February—June 2005 ep Ks 40URBAN DESIGN ADDENDA FURTHER SUBURBANIZATION ~ Quezon City as the new capitol city ~ In 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 457, authorized the transfer of the capitol to an area of 1572 hectares - Amaster plan of Quezon City was completed in 1941 by Architects Juan Arellano, Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft, and Eng. A.D. Williams “City beautiful” plan reflected the aspirations of an emerging nation and the visions of a passionate leader - Constitution Hill =In 1946, a search committee was formed to find a new site ~a 158 ha area in the Novaliches watershed was sclected and called ‘Constitution Hill and National Government Center ~ The three seats of government were to form a triangle at the center of the complex ~It included a 20 hectare civic space referred to as the Plaza of the Republic ~ Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation a ote ~ Precursor of the National Housing Authority ; “uit homes forthe masses the ress Le. poi4, pro. 6,

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