G)) CENTER for the DESIGNED NVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS / | 5| 3| a> ° FEBRUARY — JUNE 2005ch . TROPICAL DESIGN CLIMATE = defined a region with certain temperature, dryness, wind, light etc. = an integration in time of the atmospheric environment of a certain geographical location ‘Weather and climatic forces are products of solar radiation. The atmosphere of the earth absorbs solar energy, which in tun warms the planet's surface. The air close to the surface is heated and rises, creating low pressure. As the earth is not heated evenly, pockets of relatively high and low pressures are formed over its surface and wind is a direct consequence of this pressure differential, as air is moved from areas Of high pressure to areas of low pressure. CLIMATIC FACTORS 1. Solar Radiation : a. UV radiation b. Visible Light ©. Short Infra-Red Radiation (Radiant Heat) Tilt of the Earth's Axis 2 Thermal Balance Winds Topography CLIMATIC ELEMENTS: 1. Solar Radiation ~ absorbs direct scattered source of almost all earth's energy occurs in short wavelengths Radiant Heat Affects the Structures a. Direct Short Wave Radiation b. Diffused Short Wave Radiation ©. Reflected Short Wave Radiation Gd. Long Wave Radiation (From heated ground and surrounding structures) 2. Air Temperature ~ annual, monthly and diurnal maximum and minimum temperature ORY BULB TEMPERATURE (DBT) - This is the measurement of the temperature of the alr and as far 5 possible excludes any radiant temperature. It is always measured in the shade. DBT is measure using a thermometer and can either be in units of °F or °C. 3. Atmospheric Humidity ‘a. Absolute Humidity - amount of moisture present in the air (gim3) b. Specific Humidity — weight of unit vapor per unit weight of air (g/kg) ¢. Vapor Pressure — partial pressure of water vapor present in the air d. Relative humidity (RH) - refers to the amount of water in the air. RH is measured using a hygrometer and can be in the from of Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) in °F or °C or in Relative Humility (RH) in percent(%), RH — abs. hum. X 100 saturation pt RH ~ Act. Amt of moisture present ‘Amt of moisture the air could hold 4. Precipitation ~ data in the form of total monthly rainfall of maximum rainfall during the 24 hr. period. This is mainly rainfall but can also be in the form of dew. Precipitation is measured using rain gauge in units of inches or centimeters. 5. Wind —The direction, frequency and force of the wind throughout the year. MICROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS 2, February-June 2005 Time of day Topography Water Ground Surfaces Vegetation WORLD CLIMATES GENERAL TYPES OF CLIMATE 4. Hot Humid (Tropical) 2. Hot Arid 3. Temperate 4. ColdTROPICAL DESIGN IIR ry Sean] Noy Secen (sonnets peat 8 parmast (] shertory serio Ey ori vier” J nooryseanm © EJore C=] senecrevin EE orm inter THERMAL COMFORT Human comfort as determined by the ability ofthe body to dissipate the heat and moisture t produces by ‘metabolic action, ‘Thermal comfort is a condition of both physical and mental well-being, and designers are responsible for providing an internal climatic environment that can produce it. The ventilation of a building is directly related to thermal comfod. By increasing the air velocity, the comfort zone shits to a higher temperature This means that occupants ofthe building will fee! more comfortable, even though the building fs not actual being cooled. MICROCLIMATE If @ building is to relate to and gain from its environment, itis important to understand regional weather Patterns, but the microclimate of the area must also be carefully examined. The following factors can alter the macroclimate to produce a quite different microclimate: ‘TIME OF DAY — Day and night will produce two quite different conditions sometimes reversing the direction of the prevailing win. This is particulary the case in mountainous regions, where air will rise up a ‘mountain during the day and fall during the night, Large bodies of water can also have the effect of reversing the wind flow as day tums to night. VEGETATION AND SOIL TYPE - Vegetation can produced enclosed conditions, either altering or reducing the wind speed or direction. The heat capacity, color and water content soil will affect the amount of heat absorption and therefore the ground temperature. This can have a significant effect on the microclimate because the ground temperature influences pressure systems. MAN-MADE STRUCTURES ~ The built environment can significantly alter a microclimate. Overall, wind speed will be 25% lower in built-up areas, though very high local wind speeds can occur due to urban ‘canyons (buildings and streets that channel wind flow), TOPOGRAPHY ~ Generally, wind speeds will increase with altitude. The steeper the slope of land, the faster the temperature will drop at night, and this will alter the wind direction. The topography of the earth's surface has a major effect on microclimate, diverting or biocking winds, are therefore more desirable than north-facing slopes. PROXIMITY TO BODIES OF WATER - The proximity of land to a water mass will create air currents, ‘Water has a high heat capacity and therefore a large water mass will not absorb heal as quickly, but will retain itlonger than a similar area of land mass. Temperature changes over water therefore tend to be February-June 2005 ep X-2TROPICAL DESIGN ‘more moderate and produce a different pressure system from that over land. This pressure difference can ‘generate daily alternating land and sea breezes. TROPICAL CLIMATE = those regions where heat is the dominant problem, where the annual mean temperature is not less than 20 degrees TROPICAL DESIGN This is concemed with countries where discomfort due to heat and humidity are the dominant problems. ‘Tropical Design is applicable to Tropical, Sub-Tropical and Equatorial Climates covering the Southeast Asian Countries CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CLIMATES 1. Temperature ~ average mean temperature (dbt) 20 ~ 30 deg ‘Sail diurnal temperature change/range 2-5 deg C 2. Humidity Levels - 50% - 100% Relative Humidity 3. Wind Conditions ~ Slow Wind Flow ‘Average of 2 mis Prevailing Wind in the Philippines : ‘Amihan (NE) ~ November to April Habagat (SW) - May to October 4. Sky Conditions — Overcast Sky most of the time ~ alot of reflected heat/ solar gain 6. Precipitation ~ high during the year - average of 1000mm/yr. 7. Others : a, Climate conditions breed insects (fies, mosquitoes, termites) b. Damp Ground Conditions PROBLEMS IN AREAS WITH TROPICAL CLIMATES. 1. HIGH TEMPERATURE LEVEL (HEAT) -due to direct solar radiatio reflected solar radiation— heat gain long wave radiation heat transfer (convection) others 2. HIGH HUMIDITY LEVELS. -water content in the air an on the body does not evaporate as fast resulting in very low comfort levels, 3. SLOW WIND VELOCITIES 4, HIGH PRECIPITATION LEVELS DURING RAINY DAYS HIGH INCIDENCE OF TYPHOONS 5. ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS AND RODENTS. 6. DAMP GROUND CONDITIONS Design Objectives in Tropical Climates : 1. Minimize Heat Gain a. Protect from Direct and Reflected Solar Radiation within a given urban or interior space. b. Prevent occurrence of Long Wave Radiation within a given urban ar interior space. c. Prevent materials from storing heat/ Protect materials from heat gain. Maximize Ventilation (but protect from typhoon wind) Prevent unnecessary increase in humidity levels, avoid use of water element within a given urban or interior space 4. Have good drainage systems to accommodate high precipitation during the year. 5. Protect spaces from insects and rodents, HEAT TRANSFER A designer's objective is to create comfort conditions within the structure, within the enclosed space. Comfort, though is greally affected by heat coming into or going out of the space. This process of heat transfer must be understood by the designer. Heat transfer in buildings may take place in four (4) different ways, Februery-vune 2005 = a]TROPICAL DESIGN radiation: Hear travel trough space Ine form orirores ras ‘Stranwenredtozne creating ‘CONDUCTION Conduction is the flow of heat through a material by transfer from warmer to cooler molecules in ‘contact with each other. The amount of heat which is conducted though solid materials will depend in the conductivity; thats the rate of heat trensfer that occurs through a unit thickness of material for a unit area subjected to a unit difference in temperature, CONVECTION Convection isthe transfer of heat from one place to another by the flow of molecules from one place to another, The flow of heat in fluids (liquids or gases) can either be by natural convection that is the ‘movement of the molecules as a result ofthe heat energy they possess (.c. hot ar rising) or forced Convection which results from the movement of luids by pumps, fans or other movement caused by extemal forces. The rate of flow of heat due to natural conditions is usually measured by the Conductance of a surface or an air movement to a building construction, RADIATION Radiation is the transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves, Radiation travels through air and the rate of transfer of energy is independent ofthe temperature of the air, The rate of radiation transfer is measured in Watts per square meter. The rate of flow of radiant heat from the sun can be found from the radiation overlay when its placed over the sun path diagram. EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION Heat can also be absorbed or given cut when materials alter their state, that from gas to liquid, ete. The evaporation of water absorbs energy to change it from liquid to vapor form. This cooling effect can be used in and around buildings by arranging pots of water, fountains, planting or simply sprinkling water on the ground, All hese methods are found in hot dry climates where water will evaporate readily 4, PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM A-cooling system using a building's design and construction to maintain a comfortable temperature within the building Passive design is essentially low-energy design achieved by the building's particular morphological organization rather than electro-mechanical means. ‘Some passive cooling methods used in building design are: 1. Building configuration, site layout and site planning Building orientation Fagade design Solar Control devices (Sun shading devices) Wind and natural ventilation Others : Passive daylight devices, Building envelope color, Vertical Landscaping February-vune 2005 ee BetTROPICAL DESIGN BUILDING CONFIGURATION, SITE LAYOUT and SITE PLANNING A building can be protected from direct ‘sunlight by placing it on a location within the site that utilizes existing features such as trees, BUILDING ORIENTATION In tropical countries such as the Philippines, itis best to place service areas in the west and east facing sides of the building because these sides are exposed to direct sunlight. FACADE DESIGN Double-layered fagade operates on the principle of using a ventilated double ‘skin’ with an intermediate shading device. The intermediate shading device reflects out a majority ofthe incoming solar radiation back through the external glass, Low-emissivty glass(Low-e giass)- glass that transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of radiant heat, This type of {lass is produced by depositing a low emissivity coating either on the lass itself of over a transparent plastic film suspended in the sealed air Space of insulating glass. Insulation ~ another effective way to reduce energy consumption in the buliding, particulary in temperate and cold climates, is to increase extemal wall insulation to reduce leakages and to lower the rato of solid glass area, Insulation reduces the rate that heat can flow through the elements in which its installed. In heated and cooled buildings, this wil result in significant energy savings and thermal comfort. CHOOSING ROOF AND WALL MATERIALS FOR COMFORT IN HOT CLIMATES i ey 3! ES In Northern European and American climates where cold winters are the main thermal problem, standards have been developed for the insulation which has to be provided to achieve comfortable conditions with economy. In climates where heat is the dominant problem, similar care must be taken when choosing wall and roofing materials in order to achieve comfortable conditions. ‘The first major difference between the heat joss in the cold climates ad heat gain in warm ones is that the heat. loss is considered as the transmission of heat from the air inside the building to the air outside, February-vyne 2005 ee x8TROPICAL DESIGN Heat gain in tropics is due mainly to solar radiation at the surface and only a smaller extent the air temperatures In hot climates, heat gains are highest when there are low wind speeds, and less heat is transferred to the air and more to the building structure. Since the major heat gain is from solar radiation, the absorptivity of the surface to solar radiation is of primary importance when considering the proportion of heat received at the surface. ‘The amount of heat flowing out from buildings in cold climates is dependent on the difference in temperature between air temperatures inside and outside buildings. But in large areas of the equatorial zone, especially in equatorial regions the relative humidity are very high, air movement is the most effective way of increasing comfort by encouraging the evaporation of sweat from the skin This air movement can be simply and economically achieved by designing buildings through which the wind can pass, with a minimum obstruction. This causes the inside and outside temperatures to be very close. In these cases, additional discomfort is caused by solar radiation which is absorbed at the outside surface and transmitted through the roof or wall construction to the inside surface, which radiates heat to those inside the building. The absorptivity and the insulation must be chosen to minimize the proportion of heat from the sun which penetrates the structure when the air temperatures inside and outside are similar. In the warm and humid tropics another aspect which should be considered especially in housing and buildings used at night is that the materials chosen should not store the heat absorbed during the day. They should be lightweight and cool down quickly in order to achieve the improved comfort conditions required for sound sleep. SOLAR CONTROL DEVICES (SUN SHADING DEVICES) ALTITUDE ‘SOLAR PATH DIAGRAM The angular elevation ‘A graphic depiction of the path of the of a celestial body s ‘sun within the sky vault projected onto rece (2 ee ‘northemmost point on the celestial Ss N sphere marking the beginning of S summer in the northern \ hemisphere. EQUINOX Either ofthe two time during the year when the sun crosses the plane ofthe Celestial equator an whon the length of day wt ohwomn Noe ce approximately equal occuring about March 24 (vernal equinox orepring —()— equinox) and September 21 (autumnal equinox) 7 WINTER SOLSTICE ' “The time of year, on or about December 21 when the sun reaches is southernmost EO a siimiecaetl gen naire Sa sadatonesletes beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere. | ee Heat from absorption radiated — elected raaton has pass vou ga55 8 asmuahatoenos Eee February—June 2005 Na x-6SUN SHADING DEVICES TROPICAL \IUT DESIGN February-June 2005 x. aTROPICAL DESIGN d= WERT EAST ‘SUN SHADING DEVICES February-June 2005TROPICAL DESIGN Sun Shading Devices HORIZONTAL TYPES 1. Horizontal overhangs are most efficient toward south of southern orientations. Their mask Characteristics are segmental 2. Louvers parallel to wall have the advantage of permitting ar circulation near the elevation, Slanted louvers will have the same characteristics as solid overhangs, and can be retractable, 3. When projection is needed for low sun angles, louvers hung from solid horizontal overhangs are efficient. 4. A solid, or perforated screen strip parallel to wall cuts out the lower rays ofthe sun ‘5. Movable horizontal louvers change their segmental mask characteristics according to their positioning. VERTICAL TYPES 6. Vertical fins serve well toward the near east and near west orientations. Their mask characteristics are radial 7. Vertical fins oblique to wall will result in asymmetrical mask. Separation from wall will prevent heat ‘transmission 8. Moveable fins can shade the whole wall, or open up in different directions according to the sun's Position EGGCRATE TYPES 9. Eggcrate types are combinations of horizontal vertical types, and their masks are superimposed diagrams of the two masks, Hl 10. Solid eggcrate wind slanting vertical fins results in asymmetrical masks. 11. Eggcrate device with moveable horizontal elements shows flexible mask characteristics. Because of their high shading ratio, eggorate are efficient in hat climates, N oe fo # a Ws iE a cS ae wi oy 80 som S SUN PATH DIAGRAM (MANILA) February-dune 2005 = aTROPICAL DESIGN 5. WIND AND NATURAL VENTILATION Wind is a major design factor for architect. it greatly influences thermal comfort, modifying heat exchange of 2 building envelope both in terms of convection and infiltration of air into the building. Understanding the nature of wind, and in particular how site wind conditions will afect a building proposal, is crucial of a construction isto be environmentally successful subtropical Equatorial low oressure Subtsopical hich pressure North:polar high pressure oressure Trace winds cree Hate nas Soutir-polar high press (© rarocotComporabon, A age Reserved Local conditions to a large extent determine wind velocities, directions and temperatures. Information about these, and how they vary with seasonal changes, must be obtained if design issues are to be handed properly. The local weather station usually compiles this type of weather data. Most areas of the world have a prevailing wind, but does not mean that these conditions occur all year round, Itis likely that wind directions will vary according to season and the prevailing temperature. PREVAILING BREEZES AND AIR MOVEMENT Fi In Warm-Humid Climates, the feeling of discomfort is mainly attributed to high humidity: the presence of more water vapor in the atmosphere ‘One factor that can negate this is the wind factor. To experience comfort during periods cof high humidity, itis necessary that the human skin will fel breeze passing through at a certain velocity (approx. 2.5 to 5.0 meters per second) Buildings, therefore must be oriented in such a way that to window side faces the prevailing breezes. Corresponding openings in the leeward side ‘must be carefully located to effect effective cross ventilation of all areas. Wind shadows must be anticipated in order to be assured that other areas are not deprived of prevailing breezes. STACK EFFECT / CHIMNEY EFFECT The tendency of air or gas in a shaft or other vertical space to rise when heated, creating a draft that draws in cooler air or gas from below CROSS VENTILATION ‘The circulation of fresh air through open windows, doors or other openings on opposite sides of a room February-Jure 2005, aeTROPICAL DESIGN Height (meters) 270 Open 100 90} 77, Suburbs Urban Woodland Centers 64 ‘Wind speeds increase with the height above the ground, and the smoothness of the ground surface. This variation in wind speed is known as wind gradient. _ High} wamtane Criy ‘As the wind passes over hills, there is an increase in wind speed on the windward side and a more sheltered area in the leeward side. Hills may cause strong draughts and turbulence for some distance in their wake. February-June 2005 ep XeTROPICAL DESIGN ‘Although towns are “rough” and slow down the wind tail, buildings will often deflect strong winds down to a lower level Permeable wind breaks do not give so much shelter immediately behind them but slow down wind for some distance. Solid wind breaks give more local shelter but also cause strong down draughts and give higher wind speeds at low level than areas behind permeable ones. O SECTION eee Giaae oe If there are large expanses of hard ground surfaces outside buildings, the air will become heated, and wind will pick up dust, ete. ( ; SECTION ae ee) ‘Trees and grass will keep the ground partially shaded and cooler. Febiuary-June 2005 ep “12TROPICAL DESIGN SECTION ay SS Low bushes will restrict air movement at ground level, and will deflect the wind away from openings. A traditional solution to these problems is to raise the building off the ground to avoid dust, etc. and to reach the faster wind speeds at the higher level. eee aaa PLAN February-June 2005 @TROPICAL DESIGN Bushes at low level can be used to défiect the wind into interiors which would otherwise suffer from low wind speeds. If air movement is needed and the prevailing breeze is from the west, buildings should not be oriented to catch both sun and wind. The discomfort due to solar radiation will almost always exceed the comfort due to air movement. Also, air movement can be directed around corners to a limited extent, while radiation travels in straight lines. ‘When the wind strikes the face to a building at more than 45 degrees to the normal, the internal wind velocities will drop sharply. (if the windows are protected by mosquito nets this will be 40%) ”) 100% Z ~ oe If vertical fins, mullions, projecting crosswalls are used, internal velocities and distribution are improved up to about 60%: ‘There are number of ways in which air movement affects buildings. Air movement over the skin in warm humid conditions ‘enoourages evaporation of sweat from the skin, causing a cooling sensation and lowering the effective temperature. ‘Ait movement through a building can also prevent an increase in intemal air temperature due to intemal heat sources: people, lighting, equipment. February-June 2005, 9 x4TROPICAL DESIGN Air movement across the surfaces and in the air spaces can Teduce a heat build-up due to solar radiation. The radiation will be greatest when wind speed in slowest, and air movement though cavities does not affect heat transfer due to radiation, ifthe inlet and outlet are at a high level, then the stream of air passing across the room will be at high level. If the outlet is lowered, then the stream of air is only altered at the back of the room. Air movement at the required height in the room can only be achieved by positioning the inlet correctly If partitions are used which give visual privacy, they will also prevent good air movement at low level February-June 2005 ee x15TROPICAL DESIGN If the inlet is larger that the outlet, the fastest wind speeds will occur at just outside the outlet, Ifthe inlet is smaller that the outlet, the fastest wind ‘speeds will occur in most areas inside the’ room, NL, When an opening is placed centrally on a fagade and the wind blows straight onto the face of the building, the air stream inside the opening is in the same direction as the wind. If the opening is not placed centrally, the areas of positive pressure will be unequal on different sides of the opening and the wind stream is deflected, A central opening with a projection to one side will also have a deflected air stream, Alot between the wall and projection will allow the areas of positive pressure on both sides of the opening to act on the wind stream. Febevary-June 2005, eeTROPICAL DESIGN Louvers, open windows may also defiect air stream. High slab buildings cause a strong down draught on the windward face, This causes high wind speeds at low level. The wind streams separate, the top third blowing upwards and the bottom two thirds downwards. ‘A low building in front of the tall block causes even - stronger winds at low level. Spaces under the building i itis on columns (pilot) are likely to experience high velocities. Rain can be blown up the face ofthe building ‘The eddy on the lee side can cause smoke to be blown downwards and onto the lee face of the building. The fest a velocities at ground level are in front of the building and at =< the comers, = —s (— = E — nm February-June 2005 ee x47TROPICAL DESIGN Buildings which require air movement must be ‘spaced so that the wind which is deflected over them ean return to low level if they are too closely spaced, there will be a large drop in the wind speeds in the sheltered buildings. In these cases, the third row may have more wind than the second Buildings laid out in regular rows will shade each other, and the wind will be channeled into the spaces between them. A staggered arrangement allows greater space between the first row and the building behind. Any deflected wind is directed to the face of the next building, Note: PLAN A and PLAN B-both plans have the same number of blocks in the same space. February-June 2008 ep K-18TROPICAL DESIGN As air flows around curved surfaces, it will tond to follow the curve for a while d then break away. The point at which it breaks away will depend partly on the wind speed, The air stream, as it breaks away forms eddies. These may form on alternative sides, setting up oscillations, These may cause wires, chimneys and other cylindrical shapes to vibrate or sway. ‘As air passes over curved surfaces, areas of suction are setup around the curve. This suction provides the “lif” on an airplane wing and may also cause damage to ‘curved roofs if they are light and not well fixed. Im order to achieve an accurate representation of air flow around scale models of buildings with curved surfaces in wind tunnels, it may be necessary to use a roughened surface. With square or hard edged models, this is not necessary as the break away points occur at the edges of the flat surfaces. EXTERNAL WIND SPEED=100% ‘A.small inlet and a large outlet will result in a high maximum speed, a medium average speed, a large are of low wind speed. ie SS MAXIMUM SPEED A small outlet with a large inlet will result in a medium maximum speed, a medium average speed, a small area of low wind speed. MAXIMUM SPEED. February-June 2005 a KeTROPICAL DESIGN AVERAGE WIND SPEED (9%) jae 30 20] 10 . 0 10 20 30 40 50 AREA OF OPENING X 100 AREA OF WALL ‘The percentage in the diagrams relate to'the percentage of the outside wind speed at the same height. ‘The average wind speed in the room will relate to the size of the ‘opening, expressed as a percentage of the wall area, taking either the inlet or the outlet, whichever is the smaller. The graph shows the percentage increases fairly rapidly as the percentage opening area increases from 0 10 20%. Above 30% increase in area, the wind speed does not increase so fast. The graph applies to rooms which are close to a square on plan, where the wind blows directly onto the face of the building. ‘When the wind blows obliquely, the average wind speed may be increased slightly, as shown in the diagram, WIND BEHAVIOR WITHIN A ROOM February-June 2005 20TROPICAL DESIGN Definition of Terms AIR-CHANGE - the replacement of the volume of air contained within a room with an equivalent volume of fresh air within a given period of time. The term air-changes per-hour is often used to specify ventilation standaras, ALTITUDE - the angular elevation of a celestial body above the horizon ATTIC VENTILATOR ~ a wind motor-driven fan for assisting the natural flow through an altic space. BRISE-SOLEIL — a screen, usually of louvers, placed on the outside a building to shield windows from direct sunlight CHIMNEY EFFECT the tendency of air or gas in a shaft or other vertical space to rise when heated, Creating a draft that draws in cooler air or gas from below CONDUCTION — the transfer of heat from the warmer to the cooler particles of a medium or of two bodies in direct contact, occurring without perceptible displacement of the particies themselves. CONVECTION - the transfer of heat by the circulatory motion of the heated pars of a liquid or gas owing toa variation in density and the action of gravity VENT- an opening, as in a wall, serving as an outlet for air, smoke, othe like COMFORT ZONE - the range of dry-bul temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature and air movement judged to be comfortable by a AMERICANS and CANADIANS. This comfort zone varies with climate, ht season of the year, the type of clothing worn, the activity level of the individual. Also called comfort envelope. CROSS VENTILATION — the circulation of fresh air through open windows, doors, or other openings on opposite sides of a room. EQUINOX either of the two times durigg the year when the sun crosses the plane of the celestial equator and when the length of day and night are everywhere approximately equal, occurring about March 21(vernal equinox or spring equinox) and September 21 (autumn equinox) LATITUDE - the angular distance north and south from the equator of a point on ¢ earth's surface, ‘measured in degrees along the meridian passing through the point LONGITUDE - the angular distance east of west on the earth’s surface, measured from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England, to the meridian of a given and expressed either in degrees or a corresponding difference in time MERIDIAN ~ a great circle on the earth’s surface passing through both geophysical poles NATURAL VENTILATION - the process or ventilating a space by natural movement of air rather than by mechanical means, RADIATION — the process in which energy in the form of waves of particles is emitted by one body, passed through an intervening medium or space and absorbed by another body ‘SHUTTER BLIND ~ a manually or electrically controlled exterior Venetian blind for protecting a building interior from solar gain and glare. SHUTTER PANEL — a louvered awning the metal fins of which are angled to shade a window from direct sunlight and glare while preserving the outside view and admitting soft, diffused light, SOLAR ENERGY ~ energy derived from the sun in the form of solar radiation SOLAR ORIENTATION - the placing of a building in relation to the path of the sun, either to maximize the amount of heat gained from solar radiation during the coldest months, or to minimize the amount of heat ‘gained in the warmest months SOLAR PATH DIAGRAM ~ a graphic depiction of the path of the sun within the sky vault projected onto a horizontal plane. SOLAR SCREEN- a panel of miniature extemal louvers for shading a window from direct sunlight and ‘glare while allowing a high degree of visibility, daylighting, ventilation, visual daytime privacy and insect protection. ‘SUMMER SOLSTICE - the time of the year, on or about June 21 when the sun reaches its northemmost point on the celestial sphere, marking the beginning of summer in the northern hemisphere SUN CONTROL ~ any of various exterior devices for regulating t amount of solar heat and sunlight that enters w window, consisting of moveable Norizontal or vertical fins controled manually or operated automatically with time or photoelectric controls 'SUNSHADE ~ any various exterior devices consisting of fixed horizontal or vertical fins angled to shield @ window from direct sunlight February-June 2005 ep x-21TROPICAL DESIGN ‘THERMAL COMFORT — Human comfort as determined by the ability of the body fo dissipate the heat and moisture it produces by metabolic action WHOLE-HOUSE VENTILATOR — a motor driven fan for pulling stale air from the living areas of a house ‘and exhausting it through atic vents WINTER SOLSTICE - the time of the year, on or about December 21, when the sun reaches its southernmost point on the celestial sphere, marking the beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere VENTILATE - to provide a room with fresh air to replace air that has been used or contaminated VENTILATOR ~ a louvered opening or motor-driven fan for replacing stagnant air with fresh air February-June 2008