Physica Scripta

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Dispersion tailoring of photonic crystal fibers for flat-top, coherent, and

broadband supercontinuum generation
To cite this article before publication: Seyed Ali Seyed Hashemi et al 2020 Phys. Scr. in press https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab957e

Manuscript version: Accepted Manuscript

Accepted Manuscript is “the version of the article accepted for publication including all changes made as a result of the peer review process,
and which may also include the addition to the article by IOP Publishing of a header, an article ID, a cover sheet and/or an ‘Accepted
Manuscript’ watermark, but excluding any other editing, typesetting or other changes made by IOP Publishing and/or its licensors”

This Accepted Manuscript is © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.

During the embargo period (the 12 month period from the publication of the Version of Record of this article), the Accepted Manuscript is fully
protected by copyright and cannot be reused or reposted elsewhere.
As the Version of Record of this article is going to be / has been published on a subscription basis, this Accepted Manuscript is available for reuse
under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 licence after the 12 month embargo period.

After the embargo period, everyone is permitted to use copy and redistribute this article for non-commercial purposes only, provided that they
adhere to all the terms of the licence https://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0

Although reasonable endeavours have been taken to obtain all necessary permissions from third parties to include their copyrighted content
within this article, their full citation and copyright line may not be present in this Accepted Manuscript version. Before using any content from this
article, please refer to the Version of Record on IOPscience once published for full citation and copyright details, as permissions will likely be
required. All third party content is fully copyright protected, unless specifically stated otherwise in the figure caption in the Version of Record.

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 130.238.7.40 on 22/05/2020 at 08:48

Page 1 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 Dispersion Tailoring of Photonic Crystal Fibers for Flat-top, Coherent,
6
7 and Broadband Supercontinuum Generation
8
9 Seyed Ali Seyed Hashemi1,2, Mina Noori1,2,*

cri
1
10 Department of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran, postal-code: 51335-1996.
2
11 Nano-Optics and Photonics Research Lab (NOPRL), Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
*
12 noori@sut.ac.ir
13
14 Abstract: A double-clad AsSe2-based photonic crystal fiber possessing ultra-flat near-zero
15 dispersion has been introduced, here to achieve flat-top and coherent supercontinuum generation
16

us
at Mid-IR range. Also, the required conditions to obtain flat-top, broadband, and coherent
17
18 supercontinuum generation have been discussed based on the systematic study carried out here, by
19 GNLSE regarding the input pump pulse characteristics and the dispersion regime. The proposed
20
photonic crystal fiber in this study, presents nearly-zero all-normal dispersion of about D~ -3.4
21
22 ps(nm.km)-1 corresponding to minimum group velocity dispersion at 6.9 µm. For the pump pulse
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
with λ=6.9 µm, time duration of T=50 fs, and low peak power of P=1 kW, a coherent flat-top
supercontinuum generation has been realized with the span of 4.14 µm and 4.97 µm at 8 dB and
20 dB levels, respectively. Moreover, a figure of merit covering the essential characteristics of
supercontinuum generation spectra (bandwidth, coherency, and flatness) has been introduced to
compare the performance of different structures. It has been shown that β2 tailoring with near-zero
dM
29
30 and flat characteristic is essential to achieve higher figure of merit.
31
32 Key-words: Supercontinuum generation, Photonic crystal fiber, Nonlinear optic, Dispersion,
33
34 GNLSE.
35
36 Introduction
37
38
Supercontinuum generation (SCG) has been one of the most active fields of research during the
pte

39
40 last two decades [1]. SCG originates from the strong interaction of highly intense laser pulse and
41 collective effects of dispersion and nonlinear characteristics of the propagation media [2]. Based
42 on the dispersion characteristics of the propagation media, the nonlinear effects such as modulation
43
44
instability (MI), self- and cross-phase modulations, four-wave mixing (FWM), stimulated Raman
45 scattering (SRS), soliton fission, and self-steepening participate in SCG [2-5]. SCG has found
46 diverse applications in optical communication, security, military, spectroscopy, optical coherent
ce

47 tomography, optical microscopy, biomedicine, frequency comb generation, and nonlinear optical
48
49
pulse compression [6-11].
50 The field of optics has revolutionized since the advent of the new generation of optical fibers called
51 photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). PCFs assist to tailor the dispersion and nonlinear properties for
52 specific applications, due to their multi-parameter nature [12]. The outstanding features of PCFs
Ac

53
such as endlessly single mode operation, high birefringence, and controllable dispersion and
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1 Page 2 of 17

1
2
3
4

pt
5 nonlinearity have been realized due to large degree of freedom by tuning the optical and
6 geometrical parameters. The above-mentioned features have introduced the photonic crystal fibers
7
8
as a proper media for SCG [2,13]. Generally, SCG is affected by the nonlinearity, transparency,
9 dispersion, and propagation length of the media, as well as the input pump pulse properties [2].

cri
10 Since strong vibrational absorptions acting as molecular fingerprints are located in Mid-IR range,
11 SCG has gained tremendous interest at Mid-IR due to its appealing applications in spectroscopy
12
and bio-chemical analysis [14]. Silica-based PCFs suffer from high absorption loss beyond 2 µm
13
14 and are not applicable for the aim of realizing Mid-IR SCG [15]. Hence, material with high
15 nonlinear Kerr index and transparency in the proposed frequency range should be applied. So far,
16 diverse highly nonlinear material such as carbon disulfide (CS2), toluene, carbon tetrachloride

us
17
(CCl4), nitrobenzene, lead silicate, tellurite, bismuth, and chalcogenide glasses have been
18
19 considered [4,16-20]. Although the latter which is comprised of Chalcogen (S, Se, and Te) and
20 other elements (Sb, Ge, Ga, As) benefits from high order of nonlinear Kerr index and broadband
21 Mid-IR transparency [21]. Different compositions of chalcogenide glasses with great potentialities
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
in ease of fabrication and huge strength has been already introduced such as AsSe2, As2Se3,
Αs40Se60, and Ga8Sb32S60 [22-25]. Since the quality of the generated spectra in SCG (coherency,
bandwidth, and flat-top) is dependent on many factors related to the propagation media and pump
pulse, it is hard to compare the presented structures, so far. PCFs with different base materials
having high Kerr index and transparency, various lattice patterns (rectangular, circular, hexagonal,
dM
29 etc.), and dispersion properties (anomalous, normal, and near-zero flattened) have already been
30 considered [5,22,26,27]. However, a general figure of merit (FOM) or systematic study have not
31 been presented, yet to provide insight about the required conditions to achieve SCG with desired
32 quality for specific applications.
33
34
From the dispersion characteristic point of view, coherent narrow-band self-phase modulation
35 (SPM) is the dominant nonlinear process in the propagation media with normal dispersion. To
36 extend the SCG spectra in normal dispersion regime, optical wave breaking (OWB) mechanism
37 can be triggered under proper pump pulse selection [28]. Due to absence of modulation instability
38
with soliton dynamics, high degree of coherency with smooth spectra are achievable in all-normal
pte

39
40 dispersion (ANDi) PCFs [29]. To generate SC in normal dispersion regime, either ANDi fiber
41 must be used or the pumping far below the 2nd zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) should be
42 regarded [28]. On the other hand, SCG in anomalous regime experiences broad spectra to the cost
43
44
of degradation of coherency and flatness for ps pulses. In anomalous dispersion regime, the
45 broadening occurs mainly due to stimulated Raman scattering, dispersive wave propagation, and
46 soliton fission [30]. The soliton dynamic is highly susceptible to noise which affects the coherency
ce

47 of the SCG [2]. Hence, the SCG characteristic is affected by dispersion property of the propagation
48
media which determines the nonlinear processes responsible for generation of SC [2]. Diverse
49
50 studies have been carried out on SCG so far, for the aim of obtaining broadband, coherent, and
51 flat-top SCG. The all-normal dispersion regime guarantees the coherency of the generated SC
52 while the bandwidth is broader implementing anomalous dispersion regime [31]. The flat-top
Ac

53
coherent SCG which is of high importance in tomography is fulfilled by near-zero ultra-flat
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 3 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 dispersion [9]. Recently, ANDi PCFs have been regarded to achieve coherent SCG with flat-top
6 and broadband characteristics, simultaneously by proper selection of pump pulse properties,
7
8
material infiltration, and fiber length [2]. The main results obtained by ANDi PCFs during recent
9 years, are summarized in Table. 1.

cri
10
11
12 Table.1. The summarized results for SCG by ANDi PCFs.
13
14
15

wavelength
16 Peak
Pump

us
(µm)
Spanning Ref
17 Schematic power
(µm) year
18 (kW)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Reprinted with permission from
[25] © Elsevier.
4.5

an20

0.88
1.65-9.24 (20 dB)

2.43-4.85 (4 dB)
[25]
2019

[29]
dM
3.45
29 2019
30 Reprinted with permission from 4.4 1.95-6.58 (8 dB)
31 [29] © Elsevier.
32
33
34 [32]
4 3 2.5-7
35 2018
36 Reprinted with permission from
[32] © The Optical Society.
37
38
pte

39 [33]
40 1.55 53×10-6 1.07-2.31
2018
41
Reprinted with permission from
42 [33] © The Optical Society.
43
44
45 [31]
3.7 0.88 2.9-4.575 (3 dB)
46 2017
ce

47 Reprinted with permission from

48 [31] © The Optical Society.
49
50 [34]
51 2.5 28.16 1-5 (8 dB)
2016
52
Ac

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1 Page 4 of 17

1
2
3
4

pt
5
6
[35]
7 2.7 95×10-3 2.2-3.3
2016
8
Reprinted with permission from
9 [35] © The Optical Society.

cri
10
11
12 [36]
1.55 25 0.903-2.443 (5 dB)
13 2015
Reprinted with permission from
14 [36] © The Optical Society.
15
16

us
17 [37]
2.8 350×10-3 2.41-3.15 (20 dB)
18 2015
19 Reprinted with permission from
[37] © The Optical Society.
20
21
22 [38]
23
24
25
26
27
28
Reprinted with permission from
[38] © Elsevier.
4.5

1.55
an 700×10-3

37.5
1.9-10 (30 dB)

0.85-2.2 (10 dB)

2015

[39]
2015
dM
29 Reprinted with permission from
30 [39] © Elsevier.
31
32
33 According to Table. 1, it is hard to compare the performance of different studies regarding the
34 obtained SCG spectra, consumed pump power, and pulse duration due to PCF’s multi-parameter
35 nature (optically and geometrically). Hence, a general rule based on dispersion and nonlinear
36 characteristics is required to compare different structures. As a strong tool to investigate the effect
37
38
of dispersion, loss, and nonlinearity of the propagating media on the generated SC, generalized
nonlinear Schrodinger equation (GNLSE) is solved by split step Fourier method. Numerical results
pte

39
40 obtained by GNLSE have been proved to resemble very much the experimental outcomes
41 [35,40,42]. GNLSE includes the effect of loss, dispersion, nonlinearity, and stimulated Raman
42
43
scattering on the pulse evolution temporarily and spectrally, according to Eq. (1).
44 
A  I k 1 k A i 
 A )( A( z ,T )  R(T )  A( z ,T T ) dT )
2
45 k  i (1  Eq. (1)
46 Z 2 k 2 k ! T
k
0 T 
ce

47
48
49 where A( z , T ) , α,  k , γ, and R(T) correspond to electric field envelope, loss coefficient, extended
50 dispersion terms in tailor series at central frequency of 0 , nonlinear coefficient, and Raman
51
52 response function including the Kerr and Raman scattering effects, respectively.
Ac

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 5 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 In this article, a systematic study has been provided to present the effect of different parameters
6 on the SCG characteristic and an FOM regarding the degree of coherency, bandwidth, and flatness
7 has been introduced. Also, a broadband, flat-top, and coherent SCG is obtained by employing low
8
peak power thanks to dispersion and nonlinearity management in the proposed double clad PCF.
9
The results of the systematic study on dispersion and β2 engineering presented here, aids

cri
10
11 researchers to optimize the propagation media based on the desired dispersion and β2 characteristic
12 to reach to the goal of the study.
13
14 The article is arranged as follows; The proposed structure’s description and dispersion analysis are
15 presented in the first section followed by the second part that is devoted to present the results of
16

us
17
GNLSE for the selected structures. Finally, there is the conclusion.
18
19 1. The proposed structure
20
21 In this study a double clad hexagonal PCF (similar to Ref. [41], with different material composition
22 and structural parameters) has been regarded with 7 air hole rings in AsSe2. A complete
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
explanation of the Sellmeier relation for AsSe2 is provided in Ref. [22]. The schematic of the
proposed structure is demonstrated in Fig. 1. The regarded PCF consists of two separate claddings;
The first clad includes 3 inner rings with gradual increment of radii with step of 1 and the second
clad consists of four outer rings with uniform radii. To systematically analyze SCG in PCFs, the
dM
29 radii of holes (ri, i corresponds to the number of ring), pitch size (Λ), and 1 have been tailored
30 with slightly different geometrical parameters to present diverse dispersion properties in
31
anomalous, near-zero anomalous, near-zero all-normal, and all-normal regimes.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce

47
Fig.1. Schematic of the proposed double clad PCF.
48
49 To calculate the dispersion characteristic of the proposed PCFs by modal analysis, the spatial mesh
50
51 size of Δx=Δy=Λ/50~24 nm has been regarded in the cross section of the proposed structures. The
52 dispersion properties of the proposed PCF for the structural parameters of r1=0.15 µm, 1=0.14
Ac

53 µm, r4-7=0.45 µm with different pitch size of Λ=1 µm, 1.1 µm, 1.2 µm, and 1.3 µm are
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1 Page 6 of 17

1
2
3
4

pt
5 demonstrated in Fig. 2(a). In this article, PCF1-4 correspond to the structures with Λ=1 µm, 1.1
6 µm, 1.2 µm, and 1.3 µm, respectively hereafter in the whole text.
7
8
9

cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
Fig. 2. Dispersion properties of PCFs with r1=0.15 µm and r4-7=0.45 µm for (a) 1=0.14 µm and different pitch
size of Λ=1 µm, 1.1 µm, 1.2 µm, and 1.3 µm, and for (b) PCF3 and various 1 of 0.12 µm, 0.13 µm, 0.14 µm,
and 0.15 µm.
dM
29
According to Fig. 2(a), small variations in structural parameters result in entirely different
30
31 dispersion characteristics considering dispersion flatness, location of ZDWs, and dispersion
32 regime. PCF3 and PCF4 present all-normal dispersion characteristic with near-zero dispersions of
33
~ -3.4 ps.(km.nm)-1 and ~ -7 ps.(km.nm)-1, respectively in a wide spectral range of ~4.8–9.9 µm
34
35 for dispersion over -20 ps.(km.nm)-1. Hence, SPM and OWB would be the dominant nonlinear
36 process in PCF3 and PCF4, providing high coherency and spectral range. While, PCF1 and PCF2
37
possess anomalous dispersion with double ZDWs and low flatness compared to the above-
38
mentioned ANDi PCFs. The anomalous dispersion regime for PCF1 and PCF2 would excite SPM,
pte

39
40 Raman scattering, and soliton-fission leading to broadband spectra to the cost of degradation of
41 the coherency and flatness. The aim of the systematic study presented here is to investigate the
42
43 effect of dispersion, nonlinearity, and pump pulse characteristic on the quality of the generated SC
44 regarding its coherency, spectral flatness, and bandwidth. Hence, the proposed PCFs with diverse
45 dispersion characteristics (anomalous, near-zero anomalous, near-zero normal and normal
46
dispersion associated with PCF1, PCF2, PCF3, and PCF4, respectively) have been regraded.
ce

47
48 According to Fig. 2(a), PCF3 presents near-zero and ANDi properties which guarantees the
49 realization of broadband and coherent SCG, respectively [42]. Furthermore, the flatness of the
50
51 dispersion profile aids achievement of flat-top SCG and shrinks the power threshold required to
52 initiate the nonlinear process. Due to appealing dispersion characteristic of PCF3, the effect of 1
Ac

53 on dispersion characteristic of PCF3 has been further investigated in Fig. 2(b), to achieve ultra-
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 7 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 near-zero and ultra-flat dispersion characteristic. The radii increment step lower than 0.01 µm have
6 not been considered regarding the fabrication challenges. According to Fig. 2(b), the dispersion
7
8 profile shifts up with respect to 1 increment and the flatness of the dispersion curve reduces. PCF3
9 with 1=0.14 µm has been selected as an instance for near-zero normal dispersion media to further

cri
10 investigate the quality of the generated SC.
11
12 The group velocity dispersion (GVD) of the propagation media highly affects the quality of the
13
14 generated SC. The pump pulse wavelength is determined according to minimum GVD to achieve
15 a broadband and flat-top SCG with minimum power threshold. Hence, the GVD or β2=-Dλ2/2πc
16 has been calculated for the proposed PCFs, as demonstrated in Fig. 3. The dispersion length (

us
17
18
LD = T 2 β 2 ) increases as β2 decreases which means that the nonlinear process is dominant in short
19 lengths for negligible β2. On the other hand, according to nonlinearity length LNL=1/γP, the
20
nonlinear length is adversely related to the peak power of the pump pulse and the nonlinear
21
22 coefficient of the propagation medium. Hence, LNL<<LD is achievable even for low peak powers
23
24
25
26
27
28
provided that β2 approaches zero.

an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte

39
40
41 Fig. 3. β2 with respect to wavelength for PCF1-4.
42
43 According to Fig. 3, PCF3 provides a nearly flat  2 approaching zero for λ<~10 µm, although
44
45 the condition changes for PCF3 and PCF4 for λ>~10 µm. Table. 2 summarizes the detailed results
46 achieved by modal analysis for the proposed PCFs including dispersion properties (β2 and β3),
ce

47 nonlinear coefficient, and effective area at the wavelength corresponding to minimum β2 (λβ2,min).
48
49 The nonlinear coefficient is represented in Eq. (2) and n2, c, and Aeff correspond to nonlinear Kerr
50
index, light speed, and effective mode area, respectively.
51
52
n20
Ac

53  Eq. (2)
54 cAeff
55
56
57
58
59
60
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1 Page 8 of 17

1
2
3
4

pt
5 The associated Kerr-index for the proposed material of AsSe2 is n2= 1.1×10-17 m2.W-1 [22].
6
7 Table. 2. The summary of the results obtained by modal analysis for the proposed PCFs.
8 Structure λ β2,min (µm) D (ps/nm.km) β2 (ps2/m) β3 (ps3/m) γ (W-1m-1) Aeff (µm2)
9 PCF1 8.1 23.03 -0.8081 -0.0601 0.9675 8.8165

cri
PCF2 7.3 3.74 -0.1071 -0.0160 1.0012 9.4566
10 PCF3 6.9 -3.45 0.0888 -0.0053 0.9365 10.6954
11 PCF4 6.6 -7.02 0.1670 -0.0014 0.8643 12.1155
12
13 According to Table. 2, the effective area increases for PCFs with larger pitch size and shows low
14 dependency on λ β2,min. The nonlinear coefficient is high for PCF2 and PCF3 in the anomalous and
15
16 normal regimes, respectively. Since the pump pulse characteristics such as peak power and pulse

us
17 duration as well as the fiber length have impact on the output spectra, these parameters have been
18 assumed to be identical for different structures for effective comparison of the dispersion effect on
19 SCG. In previous reports, the effect of pump pulse characteristics and propagation length on SCG
20
21 have been widely covered and this is out of the scope of the current study [3,5,22].
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
2. Spectral and temporal analysis of the proposed PCFs by GNLSE
To investigate and compare the performance of the proposed PCFs in SCG, the GNLSE has been
solved by the split step Fourier method. GNLSE is one of the precise methods of analyzing SCG
in nonlinear media and there are many studies proving this claim by comparing the theoretical and
experimental results [35,42]. Although not being able to study the performance of the presented
dM
29 structures, experimentally due to lack of fabrication technology, it is expected that there would be
30
31 a good agreement between the experimental results and the provided theoretical results since
32 extensive care has been devoted to achieve precise theoretical results. The convergence studies
33 with high precision have been regarded to assure the correctness of the results obtained by modal
34 analysis and GNLSE to calculate the dispersion and SCG spectra, respectively.
35
36 Also, an FOM has been introduced for the first time to evaluate and compare the performance of
37
38
different structures presented for SCG, based on the output spectra. The proposed FOM is
independent of the pump pulse and waveguide geometries and depends only on the output spectra.
pte

39
40 However, based on the proposed FOM, the effect of the structural parameters and the input pump
41 pulse could be investigated on the characteristics of SCG. The proposed FOM is described
42
according to Eq. (3), in which the bandwidth associated with coherency over 99% (BW) is divided
43
44 by the flatness parameter (FP). The flatness parameter shows the deviation of output spectra from
45 its mean in the above mentioned bandwidth.
46
ce

47 FOM[nm]=BW/FP Eq. (3)

48
49 The proposed FOM is proportional to the bandwidth and flatness. Since the coherency is of high
50 importance for SCG source and it resembles the negligible effect of noise on the stability of SC
51 spectra, we focused on determining the bandwidth based on coherency rather than specific power
52
Ac

53 level, in spite of previously reported study in which the corresponding FOM has been defined on
54 the basis of low power levels (~5 dB) which extremely limits the bandwidth [36]. The proposed
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 9 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 FOM and specially the way of determining the bandwidth, here which is associated with certain
6 degree of coherency, prevents inaccurate bandwidth selection which may occur due to oscillations
7
8 and OWB that happens in anomalous and normal dispersion regimes, respectively.
9

cri
10 To emphasize the effect of dispersion engineering on SCG characteristic, the proposed PCFs with
11 different dispersion properties have been excited under the same condition regarding the pump
12 pulse peak, its duration, and fiber length. Although, the pump pulse wavelength which is associated
13 with λβ2,min differs for each PCF. The proposed conditions for the pump pulse and the length of the
14
15 fiber are P=1 kW, T=50 fs, and L= 1cm. Also, the loss term and two photon absorption (TPA) has
16 negligible effect on the output spectra [43,44] and the effect of higher-order dispersion

us
17 coefficients, up to 10th order (β2-β10) term have been considered which is adequate to resemble the
18 dispersion characteristic with high accuracy. Raman response function stated in Eq. (1), is
19
20 represented in Eq. (4), where  (t ) , hR (t ) , and f R are Dirac function for instantaneous electronic
21 response, Raman response, and fraction of Raman contribution to overall nonlinear response,
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
respectively.

R(t )  (1  f R ) (t )  f R hR (t )
an Eq. (4)

The Raman response is described according to Eq. (5), in which  1 and  2 represent the inverse
dM
of the phonon oscillation frequency and Raman gain bandwidth.
29
30
 12   22 t t
31 hR (t )  exp( ) sin( ) Eq. (5)
32  1 2
2
2 1
33
34 The parameters related to Raman scattering are fR=0.148, 𝜏1 =15.35 fs, and 𝜏2 =106.1 fs [22].
35
36 Pulse evolutions under the above-mentioned conditions, are demonstrated in Fig.4 and Fig.5 for
37 the proposed PCFs in the anomalous and ANDi regimes, respectively. To evaluate the coherency
38
of the generated SC spectra and its robustness against noise, the first order degree of coherence is
pte

39
40 given by Eq. (6).
41
42 E1* ( , t1 ) E2 ( , t2 )
43 g ( , t1  t2  0) 
(1)
12 Eq. (6)
E1 ( , t1 ) E2 ( , t2 )
2 2
44
45
46
where E1(λ) and E2(λ) are SC spectra pairs generated independently and <> demonstrates the
ce

47
48 average over the regarded ensemble of pulses. The coherency has been investigated with
49 emphasize on the wavelength dependency regarding t 1  t 2  0 . The coherency calculations have
50
51 been carried out according to [4], for 50 shot-to-shot independent simulations with random noise
52 defined by   U exp(i 2 N ) , where  and U , and N represent the noise amplitude and
Ac

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1 Page 10 of 17

1
2
3
4

pt
5 normally distributed variable, and normally distributed variable between 0 and 1, respectively. 
6
of 0.05 has been considered in this study.
7
8
9

cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
Fig. 4. The spectral evolution, coherency, and output spectra of (a) PCF1 and (b) PCF2 at L=1 cm.
dM
29
30 According to Fig.4(a), the soliton fission occurs at Lfiss = LD N =1.8 mm (with soliton number of
31 N=2 related to N2 = LD LNL ) which leads to spectral broadening due to soliton self-frequency shift
32
33 (SSFS). SRS is responsible for SSFS and stokes generation which extends the spectra towards
34 longer wavelengths. On the other hand, dispersive waves (DWs) extends towards the short
35 wavelengths. The final spectra and coherency at L=1 cm for PCF1 demonstrates low bandwidth
36
37
and low degree of coherence. For PCF2, the spectral evolution and coherency are indicated in
38 Fig.4 (b) with soliton number and soliton fission length of 5 and 4.8 mm, respectively. The
pte

39 associated bandwidths at -20 dB level are ~2275 nm and ~5501 nm for PCF1 and PCF2,
40 respectively.
41
42 The bandwidth and coherency of PCF2 is higher compared to PCF1 due to the fact that dispersion
43 length for the latter PCF is LD=3 mm compared to LD of PCF2 which equals 2 cm and hence the
44
45 dispersion can affect the final output, effectively. Also, the near-zero dispersion characteristic of
46 PCF2 assists to obtain broader bandwidth with high degree of coherency.
ce

47
48 Fig. 5, illustrates the spectral evolution, the coherency, and the output spectra at L=1 cm for PCF3
49 and PCF4. The main nonlinear mechanism for SCG here, is SPM which leads to almost symmetric
50 broadening. OWB which originates from the interference of the generated harmonics by SPM
51
52 3 2 T2
broadens the side lobes at length scale related to LOWB  ( ) which is 6 mm for
Ac

53 2 2  2 PT 2  2
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 11 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 PCF3. The OWB length for PCF4 is longer compared to PCF3. OWB results in broad bandwidth
6 to the cost of degradation of spectrum flatness which may limit the bandwidth at preferred power
7
8
levels. The nonlinear and dispersion lengths for PCF3 and PCF4 are LNL=1.06 mm, LD=28 mm
9 and LNL=1.15 mm, LD=14 mm, respectively. The associated bandwidths at -20 dB level are ~4972

cri
10 nm and ~4800 nm for PCF3 and PCF4, respectively. Also, the coherency and flatness of PCF3 is
11 higher compared to PCF4 due to near-zero flat dispersion characteristic.
12
13
14
15
16

us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33 Fig.5. The spectral evolution, coherency, and output spectra of (a) PCF3 and (b) PCF4 at L=1 cm.
34
Considering the results demonstrated in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, generally the anomalous dispersion
35
36 regime provides broadband SCG, although it is limited due to high power fluctuations in the SCG
37 spectra, hence near-zero anomalous dispersion is preferred. On the other hand, the ANDi PCFs
38
provide high degree of flatness to the cost of limited bandwidth. Also, the proposed PCFs provided
pte

39
40 high coherency mainly due to the short time duration of the pump pulse [30].
41
42 The associated spectrograms for PCF1-4 are illustrated in Fig. 6. The dispersion effects are evident
43 on the spectrogram of PCF1 due to the comparable length of wave propagation to its respective
44 LD. Fig. 6(b) presents the slight effect of soliton fissions on the spectrogram of PCF2. In Fig. 6 (c,
45
46 d), the dominant process is SPM for PCF3 and PCF4 with ANDi dispersions.
ce

47
48 According to spectral evolutions of the proposed PCFs, PCF3 provides higher coherency,
49 bandwidth (at -8 dB level), and flatness among the presented structures at the proposed equal
50 conditions of pump pulse duration (T=50 fs), peak power (P=1 kW), and fiber length (L=1 cm).
51
52 The corresponding FOMs for PCF1-4 are 329.81, 997.46, 1008.17, and 897.01, respectively in nm
Ac

53 unit. According to the obtained FOMs, it can be concluded that the near-zero flat dispersion
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1 Page 12 of 17

1
2
3
4

pt
5 provides enhanced SCG characteristics regardless of the dispersion regime. Hence, achieving flat
6
near-zero GVD or  2 is essential to obtain high FOM, in the desired frequency range.
7
8
9 In order to prove the claim stated about flat near-zero  2 , the proposed PCFs in the normal and

cri
10
11
anomalous regimes have been reconsidered, respectively in Figs. 7 and 8 at the same condition as
12 previous part except for the peak power which is now P=5 kW. According to Fig. 3, at λ~10 µm
13 (the crossing point of the associated  2 for PCF3 and PCF4) the above-mentioned condition for
14
15  2 changes for PCF3 and PCF4. Hence, for the SCG extended far above 10 µm the associated
16

us
17 FOM of PCF4 exceeds that of PCF3. The higher pump peak of P=5 kW has been used to extend
18 the spectra further above 10µm, as a common rule in SCG. The output spectra and coherency of
19 PCF3 and PCF4 have been calculated for P=1 kW and P=5 kW, as indicated in Fig.7.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte

39
40
41
42
43
44 Fig. 6. The associated spectrograms of (a) PCF1, (b) PCF2, (c) PCF3, (d) PCF4 at L=1 cm and P=1 kW.
45
46 According to Fig. 7, the bandwidth and flatness of PCF4 exceeds PCF3 for P=5 kW and the
ce

47 corresponding FOMs are 1765.19 nm, 2437.3 nm for PCF3 and PCF4, respectively. The main
48 reason for low FOM achieved for PCF3 compared with PCF4 is due to its intense OWB which
49
50 degrades the flatness of the SCG spectra. Comparing the SCG spectra for P=1 kW and P=5 kW, it
51 can be concluded that for obtaining high FOM, near-zero flat β2 is essential in the proposed
52 bandwidth.
Ac

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 13 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 The output spectra and the coherency have been calculated for PCF1 and PCF2 at equal conditions
6 of propagation length (L= 1 cm) for the peak power of 1 kW and 5 kW, demonstrated in Fig. 8.
7
8
9
According to the results demonstrated for PCF1 and PCF2 in Fig. 8, it is apparent that PCF1 and

cri
10 PCF2 possess higher FOM for peak power of 5 kW and 1 kW, respectively. This outcome is
11 consistent with Fig. 3 and proves that near-zero flat β2 is required to achieve broadband, coherent,
12
and flat-top SCG or high FOM for the structure in the SCG spectral range. In the wavelength range
13
14 associated with peak power of 1 kW (where the broadening is low), β2 remains flat and close to
15 zero for PCF2, according to Fig. 3. That’s why the FOM for PCF2 (FOM2=997.46) is higher than
16

us
its counterpart for PCF1 (FOM1=329.81). On the other hand, the FOM for PCF1 (FOM1=735)
17
18 exceeds that of PCF2 (FOM2=724) for peak power of 5 kW, which is consistent with Fig. 3. As
19 the peak power increases, the spectral range broadens and at longer wavelengths (λ~9 µm) the role
20 of β2 changes for the two PCFs. In other words, β2 of PCF1 is near to zero compared with that of
21
22 PCF2, for longer wavelength over 9 µm.
23
24
25
26
27
28
broadband, coherent, and flat-top SCG spectra.
an
The structures with near-zero flat β2 resulted in higher FOM implying better performance and this
can be concluded that β2 management with near-zero flat characteristic is essential to achieve
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce

47
48
49
50
51
Fig. 7. The SCG spectra and the corresponding coherency for PCF3 and PCF4 for (a, c) P=1 kW, and (b, d)
52
Ac

53 P=5 kW.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1 Page 14 of 17

1
2
3
4

pt
5
6
7
8
9

cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29 Fig. 8. The SCG spectra and the corresponding coherency for PCF1 and PCF2 for (a, c) P=1 kW, and (b, d)
30 P=5 kW.
31
32 Conclusion
33
34 A systematic study has been carried out here to provide a general insight about the conditions
35 required to obtain broadband, flat-top, and coherent SCG which is highly important for most of
36 recent applications including optical coherence tomography. The main achievements of the
37
38
proposed study are summarized as below and an FOM has been introduced to compare the
performance of different structures; The group velocity dispersion as well as the input pump pulse
pte

39
40 play the main role in the efficiency of the generated SC. According to the results, high FOMs can
41 be achieved for structures with flat and near-zero β2 in the operating frequency range. Furthermore,
42
based on our observations, the selection of optical pump pulse wavelength at the associated β2,min
43
44 results in the flat spectra for SCG. Also, the peak power threshold decreases for β2,min located at
45 shorter wavelengths which as a result improves the nonlinear coefficient at the pump wavelength.
46 So, flat near-zero GVD with β2,min located at shorter wavelengths would result in broadband,
ce

47
coherent, and flat SCG with low peak power threshold or the highest FOM. Also, high coherency
48
49 is achievable for the pump pulse with duration of 50 fs or lower regardless of the dispersion regime.
50 In this research, a double clad PCF comprised of AsSe2 has been engineered to achieve near-zero
51 flat dispersion and β2 which provided a coherent flat-top supercontinuum generation for a low peak
52 power of 1 kW in span of 4.14 µm at the level of 8 dB at Mid-IR range.
Ac

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 15 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 Acknowledgement
6
7 The authors would like to thank Dr. Hamed Baghban and Dr. Oliver Melchert for their technical
8 help and support on spectrogram calculation, respectively.
9

cri
10
11
12 References
13
14 [1] A. Dubietis, A. Couairon, and G. Genty, "Supercontinuum generation: introduction," JOSA B, vol. 36, no. 2,
15 pp. SG1-SG3, 2019.
16 [2] J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, "Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber," Reviews of

us
17 modern physics, vol. 78, no. 4, p. 1135, 2006.
[3] M. Sharma and S. Konar, "Broadband supercontinuum generation in lead silicate photonic crystal fibers
18
employing optical pulses of 50 W peak power," Optics Communications, vol. 380, pp. 310-319, 2016.
19
[4] Z. Kang, F. Xu, J. Yuan, F. Li, B. Yan, X. Zhou, Q. Wu, K. Wang, X. Sang, K. Long, and C. Yu, "Slow-
20
Nonlinearity Assisted Supercontinuum Generation in a CS 2-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber," IEEE Journal of
21 Quantum Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 1-9, 2019.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
[5]

[6]

[7]
an
P. Chauhan, A. Kumar, and Y. Kalra, "Mid-infrared broadband supercontinuum generation in a highly
nonlinear rectangular core chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber," Optical Fiber Technology, vol. 46, pp. 174-
178, 2018.
K. R. Tamura, H. Kuhota, and M. Nakazawa, "Fundamentals of stable continuum generation at high
repetition rates," IEEE journal of quantum electronics, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 773-779, 2000.
S. Dupont, C. Petersen, J. Thøgersen, C. Agger, O. Bang, and S. R. Keiding, "IR microscopy utilizing intense
supercontinuum light source," Optics express, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 4887-4892, 2012.
dM
29 [8] S. Hideyuki, "2-4 Supercontinuum Generation and its Applications," J. National Institute Information
30 Commun. Technol, vol. 53, pp. 33-40, 2006.
31 [9] N. Nishizawa, "Generation and application of high-quality supercontinuum sources," Optical Fiber
32 Technology, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 394-402, 2012.
33 [10] A. Labruyère, A. Tonello, V. Couderc, G. Huss, and P. Leproux, "Compact supercontinuum sources and their
34 biomedical applications," Optical Fiber Technology, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 375-378, 2012.
35 [11] B. Schenkel, R. Paschotta, and U. Keller, "Pulse compression with supercontinuum generation in
36 microstructure fibers," JOSA B, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 687-693, 2005.
37 [12] R. Thomson, C. Leburn, and D. Reid, Ultrafast nonlinear optics. Springer, 2013.
38 [13] M. Sharma, P. Pradhan, and B. Ung, "Endlessly mono-radial annular core photonic crystal fiber for the
broadband transmission and supercontinuum generation of vortex beams," Scientific reports, vol. 9, no. 1, p.
pte

39
40 2488, 2019.
[14] A. Schliesser, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, "Mid-infrared frequency combs," Nature photonics, vol. 6, no.
41
7, p. 440, 2012.
42
[15] P. Russell, "Photonic crystal fibers," Science, vol. 299, no. 5605, pp. 358-362, 2003.
43
[16] M. Ebnali-Heidari, H. Saghaei, F. Koohi-Kamali, M. N. Moghadasi, and M. K. Moravvej-Farshi, "Proposal
44 for supercontinuum generation by optofluidic infiltrated photonic crystal fibers," IEEE Journal of Selected
45 Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 582-589, 2014.
46 [17] L. C. Van, A. Anuszkiewicz, A. Ramaniuk, R. Kasztelanic, K. D. Xuan, V. C. Long, M. Trippenbach, and
ce

47 R. Buczynski, "Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibres with core filled with toluene," Journal
48 of Optics, vol. 19, no. 12, p. 125604, 2017.
49 [18] Q. H. Dinh, J. Pniewski, H. L. Van, A. Ramaniuk, V. C. Long, K. Borzycki, K. D. Xuan, M. Klimczak, and
50 R. Buczynski, "Optimization of optical properties of photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with carbon
51 tetrachloride for supercontinuum generation with subnanojoule femtosecond pulses," Applied optics, vol. 57,
52 no. 14, pp. 3738-3746, 2018.
Ac

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1 Page 16 of 17

1
2
3
4

pt
5 [19] H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, P. Petropoulos, S. Asimakis, V. Finazzi, R. C. Moore, K. Frampton, F. Koizumi,
6 D. J. Richardson, and T. M. Monro, "Bismuth glass holey fibers with high nonlinearity," Optics Express, vol.
7 12, no. 21, pp. 5082-5087, 2004.
8 [20] X. Feng, T. M. Monro, V. Finazzi, R. C. Moore, K. Frampton, P. Petropoulos, and D. J. Richardson,
9 "Extruded singlemode, high-nonlinearity, tellurite glass holey fibre," Electronics Letters, vol. 41, no. 15, pp.

cri
10 835-837, 2005.
11 [21] V. Shiryaev and M. Churbanov, "Trends and prospects for development of chalcogenide fibers for mid-
infrared transmission," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 377, pp. 225-230, 2013.
12
[22] M. Diouf, A. B. Salem, R. Cherif, A. Wague, and M. Zghal, "High power broadband mid-infrared
13
supercontinuum fiber laser using a novel chalcogenide AsSe2 photonic crystal fiber," Optical Materials, vol.
14
55, pp. 10-16, 2016.
15 [23] T. Zhao, Z. Lian, T. Benson, X. Wang, W. Zhang, and S. Lou, "Highly-nonlinear polarization-maintaining
16

us
As2Se3-based photonic quasi-crystal fiber for supercontinuum generation," Optical Materials, vol. 73, pp.
17 343-349, 2017.
18 [24] H. Saghaei, M. K. Moravvej-Farshi, M. Ebnali-Heidari, and M. N. Moghadasi, "Ultra-wide mid-infrared
19 supercontinuum generation in As 40 Se 60 chalcogenide fibers: solid core PCF versus SIF," IEEE Journal of
20 Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 279-286, 2015.
21 [25] A. Medjouri, D. Abed, and Z. Becer, "Numerical investigation of a broadband coherent supercontinuum
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
[26]

[27]
Review, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2019.

an
generation in Ga8Sb32S60 chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with all-normal dispersion," Opto-Electronics

A. Medjouri, L. M. Simohamed, O. Ziane, A. Boudrioua, and Z. Becer, "Design of a circular photonic crystal
fiber with flattened chromatic dispersion using a defected core and selectively reduced air holes: application
to supercontinuum generation at 1.55 μm," Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications,
vol. 16, pp. 43-50, 2015.
M. Karim, B. Rahman, and G. P. Agrawal, "Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation using dispersion-
dM
29 engineered Ge 11.5 As 24 Se 64.5 chalcogenide channel waveguide," Optics express, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 6903-
30 6914, 2015.
31 [28] A. M. Heidt, A. Hartung, G. W. Bosman, P. Krok, E. G. Rohwer, H. Schwoerer, and H. Bartelt, "Coherent
32 octave spanning near-infrared and visible supercontinuum generation in all-normal dispersion photonic
33 crystal fibers," Optics express, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 3775-3787, 2011.
34 [29] A. Medjouri and D. Abed, "Design and modelling of all-normal dispersion As39Se61 chalcogenide photonic
crystal fiber for flat-top coherent mid-infrared supercontinuum generation," Optical Fiber Technology, vol.
35
50, pp. 154-164, 2019.
36
[30] G. Agrawal, "Nonlinear Fiber Optics," 2018.
37
[31] M. Diouf, A. B. Salem, R. Cherif, H. Saghaei, and A. Wague, "Super-flat coherent supercontinuum source
38 in As 38.8 Se 61.2 chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with all-normal dispersion engineering at a very low
pte

39 input energy," Applied optics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 163-169, 2017.
40 [32] M. R. Karim, H. Ahmad, and B. Rahman, "Design and modeling of dispersion-engineered all-chalcogenide
41 triangular-core fiber for mid-infrared-region supercontinuum generation," JOSA B, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 266-
42 275, 2018.
43 [33] A. N. Ghosh, M. Klimczak, R. Buczynski, J. M. Dudley, and T. Sylvestre, "Supercontinuum generation in
44 heavy-metal oxide glass based suspended-core photonic crystal fibers," JOSA B, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 2311-
45 2316, 2018.
46 [34] A. B. Salem, M. Diouf, R. Cherif, A. Wague, and M. Zghal, "Ultraflat-top midinfrared coherent broadband
ce

47 supercontinuum using all normal A s2 S 5-borosilicate hybrid photonic crystal fiber," Optical Engineering,
48 vol. 55, no. 6, p. 066109, 2016.
49 [35] L. Liu, T. Cheng, K. Nagasaka, H. Tong, G. Qin, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, "Coherent mid-infrared
50 supercontinuum generation in all-solid chalcogenide microstructured fibers with all-normal dispersion,"
51 Optics letters, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 392-395, 2016.
52 [36] S. K. Chatterjee, S. N. Khan, and P. R. Chaudhuri, "Designing a two-octave spanning flat-top supercontinuum
Ac

53 source by control of nonlinear dynamics through multi-order dispersion engineering in binary multi-clad
54 microstructured fiber," JOSA B, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1499-1509, 2015.
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 17 of 17 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - PHYSSCR-110611.R1

1
2
3
4

pt
5 [37] P. S. Maji and P. R. Chaudhuri, "Design of all-normal dispersion based on multi-material photonic crystal
6 fiber in IR region for broadband supercontinuum generation," Applied Optics, vol. 54, no. 13, pp. 4042-4048,
7 2015.
8 [38] T. S. Saini, A. Kumar, and R. K. Sinha, "Broadband mid-IR supercontinuum generation in As2Se3 based
9 chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber: A new design and analysis," Optics Communications, vol. 347, pp. 13-

cri
10 19, 2015.
11 [39] B. Siwicki, M. Klimczak, R. Stępień, and R. Buczyński, "Supercontinuum generation enhancement in all-
solid all-normal dispersion soft glass photonic crystal fiber pumped at 1550 nm," Optical Fiber Technology,
12
vol. 25, pp. 64-71, 2015.
13
[40] C. Huang, M. Liao, W. Bi, X. Li, L. Hu, L. Zhang, L. Wang, G. Qin, T. Xue, D. Chen, and W. Gao, "Ultraflat,
14
broadband, and highly coherent supercontinuum generation in all-solid microstructured optical fibers with
15 all-normal dispersion," Photonics Research, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 601-608, 2018.
16

us
[41] N. Mohammadzadehasl and M. Noori, "Design of low-loss and near-zero ultraflattened dispersion PCF for
17 broadband optical communication," Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications, vol. 35,
18 p. 100703, 2019.
19 [42] M. Klimczak, B. Siwicki, A. Heidt, and R. Buczyński, "Coherent supercontinuum generation in soft glass
20 photonic crystal fibers," Photonics research, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 710-727, 2017.
21 [43] T. Cheng, Y. Kanou, D. Deng, X. Xue, M. Matsumoto, T. Misumi, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, "Fabrication
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
[44]
an
and characterization of a hybrid four-hole AsSe 2-As 2 S 5 microstructured optical fiber with a large
refractive index difference," Optics express, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 13322-13329, 2014.
M. Diouf, R. Cherif, A. Ben Salem, and A. Wague, "Ultra-broadband, coherent mid-IR supercontinuum
expanding from 1.5 to 12.2 μm in new design of AsSe2 photonic crystal fibre," Journal of Modern Optics,
vol. 64, no. 13, pp. 1335-1341, 2017.
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce

47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60