3.1.

Caesar Cipher

The simplest use of a substitution cipher was proposed by Julius Caesar. The Caesar
cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet with the letter standing
three places further down the alphabet. So, each A will be replaced by D, each B
will be replaced by , and so on. Further, each W is replaced by Z For example, each
X is replaced by A, each Y is replaced by B and each Z is replaced by C to complete
the cycle.

We can define the transformation by listing all possibilities, as follows:

PLAIN TEXT : a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v
w x y z
CIPHER TEXT : D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C

Note that the alphabet is wrapped around, so that the letter following Z is A.
For example,

PLAIN TEXT : c a e s a r c i p h e r
CIPHER TEXT : FDHVDU FLSKHU

3.2. Monoalphabetic Ciphers

A monoalphabetic substitution is a cipher in which each occurrence of a plaintext

symbol is replaced by a corresponding cipher text symbol to generate cipher text.
The key for such a cipher is a table of the correspondence or a function from which
the correspondence is computed.

Alphabet Mixing via a Keyword

A keyword or key phrase can be used to mix the letters to generate the cipher
alphabet.
For example: If the keyword is MONOALPHABETIC CIPHER, then for,

Plain Text : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U
V W X Y Z
Cipher Text : M O N A L P H B E T I C R D F G J K Q S U V
W X Y Z