EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

NAME: DESTA YAKOB

REG.NO:18BML0121
SLOT: L31+33
FACULTY: Dr. SHARMILA

Aim:To study the upper limb bone and their joints.

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

The upper limb is divided into three regions. These consist of :

✓ the arm located between the shoulder and elbow joints;

✓ the forearm which is between the elbow and wrist joints; and the hand which is located
distal to the wrist.
✓ There are 30 bones in each upper limb .
✓ The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm, and
✓ the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally) are the paired bones of the forearm.
✓ The base of the hand contains eight bones, each called a carpal bone and the palm of
the hand is formed by five bones, each called a metacarpal bone
✓ The fingers and thumb contain a total of 14 bones, each of which is a phalanx bone of
the hand Humerus

Humerus
✓ The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region.
✓ At its proximal end is the head of the humeus. This is the large, round, smooth region
that faces medially.
✓ The head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral
(shoulder) joint.
✓ Distally, the humerus becomes flattened. The prominent bony projection on the medial
side is the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The much smaller lateral epicondyle of
the humerus is found on the lateral side of the distal humerus.
✓ The distal end of the humerus has two articulation areas, which join the ulna and radius
bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint.

Fig1
bone of humerus

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

Ulna

o The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm. It runs parallel to the radius, which is the
lateral bone of the forearm.
o The proximal end of the ulna resembles a crescent wrench with its large, C-shaped
trochlear notch. This region articulates with the trochlea of the humerus as part of the
elbow joint.
o The inferior margin of the trochlear notch is formed by a prominent lip of bone called
the coronoid process of the ulna.
o Just below this on the anterior ulna is a roughened area called the ulnar tuberosity.
o To the lateral side and slightly inferior to the trochlear notch is a small, smooth area
called the radial notch of the ulna.

Radius
➢ The radius runs parallel to the ulna, on the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm .
➢ The head of the radius is a disc-shaped structure that forms the proximal end.
➢ The small depression on the surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the
humerus as part of the elbow joint, whereas the smooth, outer margin of the head articulates
with the radial notch of the ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint.
➢ The distal end of the radius has a smooth surface for articulation with two carpal bones to
form the radiocarpal joint or wrist joint .
➢ The lateral end of the radius has a pointed projection called the styloid process of the radius.
This provides attachment for ligaments that support the lateral side of the wrist joint.

Fig2.Bone of radius and ulna

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 3

EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

Carpal bone
o The wrist and base of the hand are formed by a series of eight small carpal bones .The
carpal bones are arranged in two rows, forming a proximal row of four carpal bones
and a distal row of four carpal bones.
o The bones in the proximal row, running from the lateral (thumb) side to the medial side,
are the scaphoid,lunate,triquetrum and pisiform bones.
o The small, rounded pisiform bone articulates with the anterior surface of the triquetrum
bone. The pisiform thus projects anteriorly, where it forms the bony bump that can be
felt at the medial base of your hand.
o The distal bones (lateral to medial) are the trapezium , trapezoid , capitate, and
hamate bones.

Metacarpal Bones
✓ The palm of the hand contains five elongated metacarpal bones. These bones lie
between the carpal bones of the wrist and the bones of the fingers and thumb .
✓ The proximal end of each metacarpal bone articulates with one of the distal carpal
bones. Each of these articulations is a carpometacarpal joint .
✓ The expanded distal end of each metacarpal bone articulates at the
metacarpophalangeal joint with the proximal phalanx bone of the thumb or one of
the fingers.

Phalanx Bones
✓ The fingers and thumb contain 14 bones, each of which is called a phalanx bone (plural
= phalanges), named after the ancient Greek phalanx (a rectangular block of soldiers).
✓ The thumb (pollex) is digit number 1 and has two phalanges, a proximal phalanx, and
a distal phalanx bone Digits 2 (index finger) through 5 (little finger) have three
phalanges each, called the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones.
✓ An interphalangeal joint is one of the articulations between adjacent phalanges of the
digits .

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 4

EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

Joints of upper limb

Sternoclavicular joint:
• articulation is the joint between the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle bone.
It is structurally classed as a synovial saddle joint and functionally classed as a
diarthrosis and multiaxial joint.

Acromioclavicular joint
• is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the
scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle.

Scapulothoracic joint
• The scapulothoracic joint is not a true synovial joint. Rather,
the scapulothoracic articulation is formed by the convex surface of the posterior
thoracic cage and the concave surface of the anterior scapula.
• The scapula is a flat bone, with the gliding surfaces formed by the subscapularis and
the serratus anterior.

Glenohumeral joint
• is a ball and socket joint between the scapula and the humerus. It is the
major joint connecting the upper limb to the trunk

Elbow joint
• The elbow is the joint connecting the upper arm to the forearm. It is classed as a hinge-
type synovial joint.
• In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the elbow joint; its articulating surfaces,
movements, stability, and the clinical relevance.

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 5

EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

Superior radioulnar joint

• The proximal radioulnar joint is located immediately distal to the elbow joint, and is
enclosed with in the same articular capsule.
• It is formed by an articulation between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the
ulna.The radial head is held in place by the annular radial ligament, which forms a
‘collar’ around the joint.
• The annular radial ligament is lined with a synovial membrane, reducing friction during
movement.Movement is produced by the head of the radius rotating within the annular
ligament.
• There are two movements possible at this joint; pronation and supination.
• Pronation: Produced by the pronator quadratus and pronator teres.
• Supination: Produced by the supinator and biceps brachii.

➢ Inferior radioulnar joint

• This distal radioulnar joint is located just proximally to the wrist joint. It is an
articulation between the ulnar notch of the radius, and the ulnar head.
• In addition to anterior and posterior ligaments strengthening the joint, there is also a
fibrocartilaginous ligament present, called the articular disk. It serves two functions:
• Binds the radius and ulna together, and holds them together during movement at the
joint.
• Separates the distal radioulnar joint from the wrist joint.

Pronation: Produced by the pronator quadratus and pronator teres

Supination: Produced by the supinator and biceps brachii

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 6

EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

Radio carpal joints

• Wrist, also called carpus , complex joint between the five metacarpal bones of
the hand and the radius and ulna bones of the forearm.
• The wrist is composed of eight or nine small, short bones roughly arranged in two rows.
• The wrist is also made up of several component joints: the distal radioulnar joint, which
acts as a pivot for the forearm bones; the radiocarpal joint, between the radius and the
first row of carpal bones, involved in wrist flexion and extension; the midcarpal joint,
between two of the rows of carpal bones; and various intercarpal joints,
between adjacent carpal bones within the rows

Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint

• The carpometacarpal joints (CMC) are five joints in the wrist that articulate the
distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the fivemetacarpal bones.
• The CMC of the thumb or the first CMC, also known as the trapeziometacarpal
joint (TMC), differs significantly from the other four CMCs.
• The carpometacarpal joints of the fingers are synovial plane joints that serve as the
articulation between the carpals and the metacarpals and allow the bases of the
metacarpal bones to articulate with one another.

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 7

EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

Interphalangeal joint

• The interphalangeal joints are synovial hinge-shaped joints that serve as the articulation
between the phalanges (Fig. 58-1).
• The interphalangeal joint's primary role is to optimize the gripping function of the hand.
• The joint allows flexion and extension. The joint is lined with synovium, and the
resultant synovial space allows intra-articular injection.
• It is covered by a capsule that surrounds the entire joint and is susceptible to trauma if
the joint is subluxed. Volar and collateral ligaments help strengthen the joint; the
palmar ligaments are particularly strong.

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 8

EXPERIMENT -TWO

Date 17/12/2019 TITLE:BONES AND JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB

Joints of the upper limb.

BIT1012 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 9