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Building Code Design Loads PDF
Building Code Design Loads PDF
Design Loads
Saudi Aramco Building Code
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s
employees. Any material contained in this document which is not already
in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or
disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without
the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi
Aramco.
CONTENTS PAGE
DESIGN LOADS 1
Combined Loads 3
GLOSSARY 18
DESIGN LOADS
The purpose of this module is to familiarize you with design loads found in the Saudi Aramco
Building Code. This will include individual loads on structures, such as dead and live loads,
wind and seismic loads, and combinations of these loads. The solution of specific design
problems does not apply to this module. For purposes of this module it is sufficient to know
the various structural design factors that apply to your work and where you can locate the
current references so that you will be able to check existing designs for accuracy or calculate
data for new designs.
Chapter 23, Part V (UBC) addresses and sets forth rules and formulas to deal with all
probable loads and combination of loads that may be encountered in the design of structures
throughout the USA and its possessions.
Tables A through Q and Figures 1-2-3, pages 160-179 of the UBC represent all UBC loads
with numerical values and are presented so as to account for all individual structural loads for
combinations of structural loads. The different structural loads represented in these tables are:
23 A & B 160-163 Floor Loads, Dead and Live, Uniform and Concentrated
23 C 164 Minimum Roof Live Loads
23 D & E 165 Structural Members/Deflection
23 F thru H 165 thru 167 Wind Loads
23 I thru Q 168 thru 176 Seismic Loads
Figure 1 177 Basic Wind Speeds
Figure 2 178 Seismic Zone Map of USA
Figure 3 179 Seismic Spectral Acceleration Graph
Structural loads data must be used whenever specified in the Saudi Aramco Building Code
(SABC).
NOTE: Remember, the SABC is actually the UBC with modifications, as appear in SAES-M-
100. To completely understand this relationship, read carefully SAES-M-100, p. 5,
paragraph A.1. Take special note of lines 1-5.
(3) Now enter SAES-M-100 (SABC) to see if there are modifications to base document
data.
(5) Now use the modified base document data to satisfy your requirement.
Design loads are covered in the UBC, Chapter 23, Section 2301-2312. A review, however, of
SAES-M-100 (SABC) will show that a number of modifications have been created which take
precedence over the related material in the UBC.
This means that if you are using loads data in the UBC you will actually follow the design
requirements which appear in SAES-M-100, pages 16, 17, 18, Part V, Chapter 23, Sections
2303 through 2312(d)4, and Table 23A. (See SAES-M-100).
If geographic and environmental conditions and operational factors in Saudi Arabia were the
same as in the USA, there would not have to be any modifications to the UBC. This is not the
case, however. Unique environmental conditions in Saudi Arabia and, in some cases,
operational differences (in facilities, etc.), are two main factors which make it necessary to
modify the code so as to compensate for these unique conditions.
Some examples of this include Section 2311(b), Basic Wind Speed; Section 2311(c),
Exposure; Section 2311(d), Design Wind Pressure; and, Table 23-A, Uniform and
Concentrated Loads. (See SAES-M-100, pages 16 and 17.)
Combined Loads
Every structural design will be subject to one or more conditions of loading. A combination
of loads will be factored into the design calculations and it must be determined that the
applicable loads to any design have been accounted for and that the loads have been selected
from the correct reference in the Saudi Aramco Building Code. The structural loads an
engineer must be concerned with are: dead load, live load, wind load and seismic load.
(See Figures 1, 2 and 3.) Knowledge and use of combined load factors is important so that
the engineer may achieve the best combination of safety vs. efficiency and cost, in his design.
Dead Load Factor is determined by the vertical load due to the weight of all permanent
structural and nonstructural components of a building, such as walls, floors, roofs and fixed
service equipment. An example of additional dead load items contributing to the total dead
load factor of a structure:
Live Load Factor is the load superimposed by the use and occupancy of the structure not
including the wind load, earthquake load or dead load. Examples of live load factors on a
structure:
FIGURE 2
Wind Load Factor is calculated to compensate structural design for the effect of wind blowing
against the structure. Every building or structure and every portion thereof must be designed
and constructed to resist wind effects. Wind must be assumed to come from any horizontal
direction. Design stress values vary with:
• Exposure factors
Seismic Load Factor is determined to ensure that as a minimum, structures and parts of
structures shall be designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions.
This may involve horizontal and vertical motion. The importance of seismic effects upon
structural design cannot be overstated. The design considerations, criteria, and mathematical
formulas dealing with this phenomenon are found on UBC pages 140 through 159, and
Tables 23-I through 23 Q.
1. Gusting
2. Vortex shedding
Wind Load in Aramco. Wind loads for Saudi Aramco design purposes are unique to the Saudi
Arabian land lass. Saudi Aramco environmental services located in E-2000 provides
official wind data for structural design purposes. This data is compiled from Saudi Arabian
historical meteorology records.
Origin of Wind Data. Wind speeds appearing in the UBC for continental United States, Alaska,
Hawaii and Puerto Rico are obtained from meteorology records of the past 50 years, where
available. Values listed are the fastest mile-per-hour speeds at 33 feet above ground level,
maximum exposure category, and annual occurrence probability of 0.02%.
Since these wind factors are not relevant to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a wind and
exposure factor has been calculated for the entire Saudi Arabian land mass, based on
historical observations during the last 50 years. (See SAES-M-100, p. 17.)
UBC wind loads are based on structural design vs. geographic location. If a geographic area
has a history of very light winds and there is less than 0.02% probability of stronger winds
ever occurring, it is clear that structures can be designed lighter and cheaper than in a
geographic area where there is a 0.02% or better chance stronger winds will occur. (NOTE:
SABC minimum 78 mph wind factor affects all Saudi Aramco structural design.)
The higher the probable wind load that must be factored into a design, the more costly the
structure will be.
You must confirm that a design meets the actual wind load risk, by locating and checking all
available references which apply. (See 2311a-i, UBC, and ANSI A58.1.)
When to Use ANSI A58.1. ANSI A58.1 shall be the reference used when designing, or reviewing
the design of structures sensitive to dynamic effects, such as buildings with a height-width
ratio greater than five, structures sensitive to wind excited oscillations such as vortex
shedding, and buildings over 400 feet in height. At the engineer's discretion, any structure
may be designed by reference to ANSI A58.1. (See ANSI A58.1.)
NOTE: ANSI A58.1 deals with all structural load factors. However, Saudi Aramco
Building Code (SAES-M-100), Sec. 2311(a), directs the engineer to reference
ANSI A58.1 only with respect to wind loads.
Importance Factor. For the purpose of protecting essential facilities which must be safe and
usable for emergency purposes after a windstorm, an additional stress allowance is specified
for structural design.
1. Hospitals and other medical facilities providing surgical or emergency treatment areas.
4. Buildings where primary occupancy is for assembly use for more than 300 people.
(See UBC P.13a, Sec. 23 11 (i).
In addition to the above four items, SABC modification calls for item 5 to deal specifically
with Saudi Aramco concerns, as follows:
5. All plant area buildings and all high rise buildings. (See SAES, page 17,
Sec. 2311(i).)
Application of the 1.15 Importance Factor - It is now clear that we want to design stronger
facilities in the case of items 1-5 above; but the question is, how much stronger? A look at
our importance factor of 1.15 tells us we must design fifteen percent (15%) stronger; but,
where shall the extra 15% be applied?
• Turn to page 138, UBC, and look at the design wind pressure formula (Section
2311(d)).
• This would show as P = Ce Cq qs 1.15 for any structures listed in 1-5 above.
• For all other buildings the formula is P = Ce Cq qs 1.0 . (See page 139, UBC, Section
2311(i), last line.)
• Since wind speed and wind pressure values in the UBC have no validity for Saudi
Arabia, the values to be used in structural wind pressure computation will be as shown
in SAES-M-100 modification (p. 17), of
• Since the location/exposure factor for all of Saudi Arabia has been established as a
constant, the value to be used in all structural design considerations is as shown in
SAES-M-100 modification (p. 17) of the UBC Sec. 2311(c), "Exposure C shall be
used."
Earthquake loads in Saudi Aramco are load factors specified in the SABC to protect structures
in earthquake zones. If a location does not merit a seismic zone factor with a numerical
value, it is permissible to design without consideration of seismic loads.
Earthquake loads are calculated, when applicable, to determine design technique, materials
and strength so that structures will resist the effects of seismic ground motion.
SAES-M-100 addition to UBC Sec. 2312(a) states that "Seismic loads are not applicable to
Aramco Eastern Province operating areas. Seismic loads, Zone 1, are applicable to the Yanbu
NGL plant installation and to the Royal Commission tract at Yanbu."
SAES-M-100, addition to UBC 2312(a) states, "For areas other than the above-mentioned, the
Manager, Consulting Services Department, shall be contacted for a definition of the seismic
zone prior to start of design. (See SAES-M-100, p. 17.)
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 9
GLOSSARY
dead load The vertical load due to the weight of all permanent structural
and non-structural components of a building, such as walls,
floor, roofs and fixed service equipment.
gusting Sudden, brief burst of wind, blowing with strong force at random
intervals.
live load The load superimposed by the use and occupancy of the
building, not including the wind load, earthquake (seismic) load
or dead load.
pocket file with interior pockets which contain the microfiche transparencies
for all existing Saudi Arabian Standards (SSA).
seismic load The forces acting upon a building or other structure due to
effects of seismic (earthquake) ground motions.
vertical carousel track A special rack in the TIC for the storage of microfilm cartridges.
It is approximately five feet high, rotates on a vertical axle and
contains a large number of cartridges.
wind load The forces acting against a building or other structure from wind
coming from any horizontal direction.