790 Marc Volume B: Element Library

Element 185

Element 185 Three-dimensional Eight-node Solid Shell, Selective Reduced Integration

Element type 185 is a shell element with eight-node brick topology. The element uses enhanced assumed strain
formulation for transverse normal component ! zz " and assumed strain formulation for transverse shear components.
This element is only available in analysis using Finite Strain Plasticity or Hookean elasticity (using additive
decomposition of strain rates). The element is not available in analysis using total Lagrange procedure (Hookean
elasticity and elastomers) and updated Lagrange procedure (elastomers and finite strain plasticity) using multiplicative
decomposition of deformation gradient. For details refer to:
• Alves de Sousa, R.J., Yoon, J.W.,Cardoso, R.P.R., Fontes Valente,R.A., Gracio, J.J, “On the use of reduced
enhanced solid-shell (RESS) element for sheet forming simulations”, Int. J. Plasticity, Vol. 23, pp. 490-515
(2007).
• Cardoso, R.P.R, Yoon, J.W., Marhadika, M., Choudhry, S., Alves de Sousa, R.J., Fontes Valente, R.A.,
”Enhanced Assumed Strain (EAS) and Assumed natural Strain (ANS) Methods for One-Point Quadrature
Solid-Shell Element”, Int. J. For Numerical Methods in Eng. submitted, 2007)
The stiffness of this element is formed using one integration point in the element plane and a user defined number
through the element thickness. In this way the element can capture accurate material plasticity under bending load. An
additional variationally consistent stiffness term is included to eliminate the hourglass modes that are normally
associated with reduced integration.
This element may replace classical shell elements in applications that require double-sided contact.

Geometric Basis
The element is defined geometrically by the (x,y,z) coordinates of the eight corner nodes (see Figure 3-263). Please
note that the thickness orientation of the element must align with the direction of face 1-2-3-4 to face 5-6-7-8.

8
First Layer (5-6-7-8 face) Non Composite Composite
ζ Side View ζ Side View
5
7
η 1 1
2
6 3 4
2
4 5
Bending
3 6 7 Strain
Continuous
1 8
4
ξ 9 10
3 11
5 12
Integration Point
Last Layer (1-2-3-4 face) 2

Figure 3-263 Element 185 Connectivity and Integration Points for Composite and Non Composite
Materials
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Element 185

The stress and strain output are given in local orthogonal system (V1, V2, V3). It is defined at the element centroid, as
follows:

#x #x #x
V 1 = ----- % #-----x , t 2 = ------ % -----
-
#$ #$ #& #&
V3 = ! V1 ' t2 " % V1 ' t2
V2 = V3 ' V1

The element thickness is defined as the projection of the distance between the upper and lower integration points to
V3-axis.

Quick Reference

Type 185
Three-dimensional, eight-node, solid shell element.

Connectivity
Eight nodes per element. Node numbering must follow the scheme below (see Figure 3-263):
Nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4 are corners of one face, given in counterclockwise order when viewed from inside the element.
Node 5 has the same edge as node 1. Node 6 has the same edge as node 2. Node 7 has the same edge as node 3. Node
8 has the same edge as node 4.

Geometry
If the automatic brick to shell constraints are to be used, the first field must contain the transition thickness (see
Figure 3-264). Note that in a coupled analysis, there are no constraints for the temperature degrees of freedom.

Degenerated Six-node
Shell Element Solid Shell Element (Element 185)
(Element 75)

Figure 3-264 Shell-to-Solid Automatic Constraint

When this element refers to non-composite material, the fifth field may be used to input a factor greater than 0 and
less than 1 to scale the transverse shear modulus (the common value for isotropic material is 5/6).
792 Marc Volume B: Element Library
Element 185

Integration
The element is integrated numerically using a user-defined number of points through the element thickness based upon
the number of layers given on the SHELL SECT parameter or COMPOSITE model definition option. The numerical
integration for non-composite material is done using Simpson’s rule. The first and the last points are located at 5-6-7-
8 face and 1-2-3-4 face, respectively (see Figure 3-263). For composite material, every layer will have three integration
points.

Coordinates
Three global coordinates in the x-, y-, and z-directions.

Degrees of Freedom
Three global degrees of freedom, u, v, and w.

Distributed Loads
Distributed loads chosen by value of IBODY are as follows:

Load Type Description

0 Uniform pressure on 1-2-3-4 face.
1 Nonuniform pressure on 1-2-3-4 face; magnitude supplied through the FORCEM user subroutine.
2 Uniform body force per unit volume in -z-direction.
3 Nonuniform body force per unit volume (e.g., centrifugal force); magnitude and direction supplied
through the FORCEM user subroutine.
4 Uniform pressure on 6-5-8-7 face.
5 Nonuniform pressure on 6-5-8-7 face (FORCEM user subroutine).
6 Uniform pressure on 2-1-5-6 face.
7 Nonuniform pressure on 2-1-5-6 face (FORCEM user subroutine).
8 Uniform pressure on 3-2-6-7 face.
9 Nonuniform pressure on 3-2-6-7 face (FORCEM user subroutine).
10 Uniform pressure on 4-3-7-8 face.
11 Nonuniform pressure on 4-3-7-8 face (FORCEM user subroutine).
12 Uniform pressure on 1-4-8-5 face.
13 Nonuniform pressure on 1-4-8-5 face (FORCEM user subroutine).
20 Uniform pressure on 1-2-3-4 face.
21 Nonuniform load on 1-2-3-4 face; magnitude and direction supplied in the FORCEM user subroutine.
22 Uniform body force per unit volume in -z-direction.
23 Nonuniform body force per unit volume (e.g., centrifugal force); magnitude and direction supplied
through the FORCEM user subroutine.
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Element 185

Load Type Description

24 Uniform pressure on 6-5-8-7 face.
25 Nonuniform load on 6-5-8-7 face; magnitude and direction supplied in the FORCEM user subroutine.
26 Uniform pressure on 2-1-5-6 face.
27 Nonuniform load on 2-1-5-6 face; magnitude and direction supplied in the FORCEM user subroutine.
28 Uniform pressure on 3-2-6-7 face.
29 Nonuniform load on 3-2-6-7 face; magnitude and direction supplied in the FORCEM user subroutine.
30 Uniform pressure on 4-3-7-8 face.
31 Nonuniform load on 4-3-7-8 face; magnitude and direction supplied in the FORCEM user subroutine.
32 Uniform pressure on 1-4-8-5 face.
33 Nonuniform load on 1-4-8-5 face; magnitude and direction supplied in the FORCEM user subroutine.
40 Uniform shear 1-2-3-4 face in the 1-2 direction.
41 Nonuniform shear 1-2-3-4 face in the 1-2 direction.
42 Uniform shear 1-2-3-4 face in the 2-3 direction.
43 Nonuniform shear 1-2-3-4 face in the 2-3 direction.
48 Uniform shear 6-5-8-7 face in the 5-6 direction.
49 Nonuniform shear 6-5-8-7 face in the 5-6 direction.
50 Uniform shear 6-5-8-7 face in the 6-7 direction.
51 Nonuniform shear 6-5-8-7 face in the 6-7 direction.
52 Uniform shear 2-1-5-6 face in the 1-2 direction.
53 Nonuniform shear 2-1-5-6 face in the 1-2 direction.
54 Uniform shear 2-1-5-6 face in the 1-5 direction.
55 Nonuniform shear 2-1-5-6 face in the 1-5 direction.
56 Uniform shear 3-2-6-7 face in the 2-3 direction.
57 Nonuniform shear 3-2-6-7 face in the 2-3 direction.
58 Uniform shear 3-2-6-7 face in the 2-6 direction.
59 Nonuniform shear 2-3-6-7 face in the 2-6 direction.
60 Uniform shear 4-3-7-8 face in the 3-4 direction.
61 Nonuniform shear 4-3-7-8 face in the 3-4 direction.
62 Uniform shear 4-3-7-8 face in the 3-7 direction.
63 Nonuniform shear 4-3-7-8 face in the 3-7 direction.
64 Uniform shear 1-4-8-5 face in the 4-1 direction.
65 Nonuniform shear 1-4-8-5 face in the 4-1 direction.
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Element 185

Load Type Description

66 Uniform shear 1-4-8-5 in the 1-5 direction.
67 Nonuniform shear 1-4-8-5 face in the 1-5 direction.
100 Centrifugal load; magnitude represents square angular velocity [rad/time]. Rotation axis is specified
in the ROTATION A option.
102 Gravity loading in global direction. Enter three magnitudes of gravity acceleration in the x-, y-, and
z-direction.
103 Coriolis and centrifugal load; magnitude represents square of angular velocity [rad/time]. Rotation
axis is specified in the ROTATION A option.

Pressure forces are positive into element faces.

For other types of distributed loads that are normally applicable for all types of elements, please refer to Distributed
Loads in Chapter 1 of this manual.

Output of Strains
1= xx
2= yy
3= zz
4= xy
5= yz
6= zx

Output of Stresses
Same as for Output of Strains.

Transformation
Three global degrees of freedom can be transformed to local degrees of freedom.

Tying
Use the UFORMSN user subroutine.

Output Points
User defined integration points (see Figure 3-263).
You should invoke the appropriate OPTIMIZE option in order to minimize the matrix solution time.

Note: A large bandwidth results in a lengthy central processing time.

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Element 185

Updated Lagrange Procedure, Finite Strain Plasticity and Elastomers

Finite strain plasticity is available in the additive decomposition mode only; FeFp is not available. Elastomer capability
is not available with either total or updated Lagrange.

Coupled Analysis
In a coupled thermal-mechanical analysis, the associated heat transfer element is type 175. See Element 149 for a
description of the conventions used or entering the flux and film data for this element. Volumetric flux due to
dissipation of plastic work specified with type 101.

Assumed Strain
Extra parameters for enhanced assumed strain formulation is available to improve the in-plane bending behavior. This
increases the stiffness assembly costs per element, but it improves the accuracy.