Workshop 3

Interpretation of Static Tearing and Intrinsic

Strength Test Data

Goals
When you complete this workshop, you will be able to:
 Understand the raw data of the static tearing and intrinsic strength tests.
 Know how to calculate the critical tearing energy from the static tearing test.
 Know how to calibrate the threshold tearing energy from intrinsic strength test.

Introduction
fe-safe/Rubber requires the following material parameters in order to perform fatigue life
calculation of rubber component.
- Hyperelastic parameters (user selects one of the following available models)
o Neo-Hookean form [NEOHOOKEAN]
o Arruda-Boyce form [ARRUDABOYCE]
o Mooney-Rivlin form [MOONEYRIVLIN]
o Reduced Polynomial form [REDUCEDPOLY]
o Van der Waals form [VANDERWAALS]
o Ogden form [OGDEN]
- Mullins effect parameters
- Fatigue Crack Growth (R=0) parameters
o Type : type of fatigue crack growth rate law
 THOMAS
 LAKELINDLEY
 FCGR(T)
o c0 (mm) : initial flaw size
o cf (mm) : critical flaw size
o F0 : power law slope
o rc (mm/cyc) : critical crack growth rate
o T0 (kJ/m^2) : threshold tearing energy
o Tc (kJ/m^2) : critical tearing energy
o TempCoef (1/degC) : temperature sensitivity coefficient
o TempRef (degC) : reference temperature
o Tt (kJ/m^2) : transition tearing energy
o fcgr(T) (mm/cyc) : tabular definition of
- Strain Crystallization Crack Growth (R>0) parameters
o Type : type of fatigue crack growth rate law

© Dassault Systèmes, 2017 Static Tearing and Intrinsic Strength Test Data
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 NONCRYSLLIZATION
 MARSFATEMI
 TABULAR
o Fexp : power law exponent
o F1 : power law coefficient 1
o F2 : power law coefficient 2
o F3 : power law coefficient 3
o x(R) : crystallization as a function of load ratio R
- Steady (Quasi-Static or Creep) Crack Growth Behavior parameters
o Viscoelastic creep crack growth rate parameters
 Type : creep crack growth rate type
 NOCREEP
 POWERLAW
 DCDTIME(T)
 FQS : slope of the power law curve
 RQS : time rate of crack growth at TQS [mm/sec]
 TempCoefQS : temperature coefficient [1/degC]
 TempRefQS : reference temperature [degC]
 TMINQS : minimum crack driving force [kJ/m^2]
 TMAXQS : maximum crack driving force [kJ/m^2]
 TQS : reference crack driving force [kJ/m^2]
 ccgr(T) : time rate of crack growth as a function of T [mm/sec]
o Ozone effect parameters
 Type : ozone crack growth rate type
 NONE
 WILLIAMS
 GENTMCGRATH
 Fv : exponent of temperature effect [unitless]
 Gv : threshold of exponential temperature effect [degC]
 Kv : ozone attack constant Kv [mm/sec]
 Kz : ozone attack constant Kz [mm/sec]
 rz : time rate of crack growth above ozone threshold Tz [mm/sec]
 Tg : temperature at glass transition [degC]
 Tz : ozone effect crack growth threshold [kJ/m^2]

Threshold tearing energy (T0) and the critical tearing energy (Tc) will be calibrated in
this workshop.

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Calibration Procedure
Threre are two sub-folders in ‘<workshop_dir>\WS3_IntrinsicStrength’ directory.
- NRB_23C_CuttingForce
- NRB_23C_StaticTearing

‘NRB_23C_StaticTearing’ folder contains 5 files as;

- NRB_23C_PT_STE.png : plot of static tearing test data
- NRB_23C_PT_STE_1 : static tearing test raw data of specimen 1
- NRB_23C_PT_STE_2 : static tearing test raw data of specimen 2
- NRB_23C_PT_STE_3 : static tearing test raw data of specimen 3
- NRB_23C_STE_RESULTS.xls : static tearing test results summary and specimen
information

‘NRB_23C_CuttingForce’ folder contains 22 files with 6 types;

- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p#1.png :
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p#1_#2 : cutting force measurement of specimen #2 at #1 pre-
strain
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p#1_TIMEvsSTRAIN.PNG :
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p#1_TIMEvsSTRESS.PNG :
- NRB_23C_PT_SCL_#2
- NRB_23C_SpecimenDimensions.xls :

Calculate the Critical Tearing Energy

Open ‘NRB_23C_PT_STE_#’ files (NRB_23C_StaticTearing folder) in Microsoft Excel
as separate worksheets to start the calibration process.
It contains 5 column data of static tearing test. The column information is:
- Column A : nominal strain
- Column B : nominal stress (MPa)
- Column C : loading segment (not used)
- Column D : time (second)
- Column E : head displacement (mm)

In order to calculate the critical tearing energy, the strain energy density and the planar
tension specimen height because the critical tearing energy is

(1)

where is strain energy density (away of the crack) and is the planar tension specimen
height.

First, the height of the planar tension specimen is calculated. In Column F, enter the
following equation at the second row to calculate the height of the specimen.

‘= (E2-$E$1)/(A2-$A$1)’ (2)

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The above equation is based on the fact that the nominal strain of the planar tension
specimen is calculated by:

(3)

where is the head displacement and is the height of the specimen.

Then copy equation (2) to all cells below the cell F2 (F3 through the row contains the
data by double-clicking lower right corner of the cell, ). Each cell will contain the
secant slope of head displacement and nominal strain. The average value of all these cells
will be the height of the planar tension specimen.

Strain energy density (strain energy per unit volume) is the area under the stress – strain
curve.

∫ (4)

Follow the step-by-step instruction to perform the numerical integration of equation (4)
of given data.

1. Add following equation at cell G3 to get the incremental area under stress – strain
curve for the strain interval of cells A2 and A3.
a. ‘=(B2+B3)/2*(A3-A2)’
2. Copy equation of G3 to all cells below G3 (up to the row with data).
3. Enter following equation at cell H3
a. ‘=H2+G3’
4. Copy equation of H3 to all cells below H3 (up to the row with data).
5. Enter following equation at cell I3.
a. ‘=H3*$F$2*1000’
6. Copy equation of I3 to all cells below I3 (up to the row with data).
7. Number at the last row of column H is the total strain energy density ( ).
8. Number at the last row of column I is the critical tearing energy ( ).

Calibration of Intrinsic Strength

Open ‘NRB_23C_PT_CF_p#_##’ files (total of 9 files in NRB_23C_CuttingForce
folder) as separate worksheets with Microsoft Excel by using ‘tab’ delimiter, and
combine all separately opened files to a single workbook with multiple worksheets. Then
a single file with 9 worksheets is generated as shown in Figure W3 - 1. Names of
worksheets and correspond data are;
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_20: specimen 1 data at 5% pre-strain
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_30: specimen 2 data at 5% pre-strain
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_40: specimen 3 data at 5% pre-strain
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_20: specimen 1 data at 10% pre-strain
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_30: specimen 2 data at 10% pre-strain
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_40: specimen 3 data at 10% pre-strain

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- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_20: specimen 1 data at 15% pre-strain
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_30: specimen 2 data at 15% pre-strain
- NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_40: specimen 3 data at 15% pre-strain

Figure W3 - 1 9 worksheets of cutting force measurement data.

Label of each column of all worksheets is;

- Column A: Time (seconds)

- Column B: Nominal Stress (MPa)
- Column C: Nominal Strain
- Column D: Position (mm)
- Column E: Cutting Force (N)

The intrinsic cutting energy ( ) is calculated as;

where is tearing energy, is the cutting energy, is strain energy

density, is the cutting force, is the height of unstrained planar
tension specimen and is the thickness of a specimen.

So, the strain energy density and the cutting force should be retrieved from the test data.

Follow the step-by-step instructions below to complete the Excel spreadsheet and
calibrate the intrinsic strength.

Step 1. Plot cutting force measurement time history.

By using columns A (time) and E (cutting force) data, cutting force time history
measured can be plotted as shown in Figure W3 - 2.

Figure W3 - 2 Plot of cutting force time history.

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 W3.6
Step 2. Get the maximum stress value and calculate the tearing energy applied during
the cutting force measurement.

Find the maximum value of column B (stress) and store it on cell I1 by entering
following formula in the cell I1;

Then find the row of column B with this maximum value by doing the following:
- Select the whole column B
- Select menu ‘Home  Conditional Formatting  New Rule…,’ then add
conditional format as following and as shown in Figure W3 - 3.
a. Select ‘Format only cells that contain’
b. Change to ‘equal to’ condition
c. Select cell I1
d. Click ‘Format’
e. Select ‘Fill’ tab
f. Select fill color
g. Click ‘Ok’
h. Click ‘Ok’

Then the cell containing the maximum value is filled with specified color as shown in
Figure W3 - 4.

Figure W3 - 3 Adding conditional formatting to find the cell containing the

maximum value.

Figure W3 - 4 Finding the maximum stress value.

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 W3.7
The strain energy density ( ) is the area under the stress-strain curve. This can be
calculated numerically as follows;
- Enter formula ‘=(B2+B3)/2*(C3-C2)’ in cell F3.
- Copy this formula down the column F until the row where the maximum stress is
found.
- Enter formula ‘=SUM(F3:F2000)’ in cell F1
- The calculated value at cell F1 is the strain energy density ( )

Step 3. Calculate the average cutting force by finding constant force region.

There are 4 regions in cutting measurement history.

1. Initial and transient change in cutting force
2. Constant cutting force
3. Exponentially decreasing cutting force
4. Rapid dropping cutting force

Constant cutting force region can be found as shown in Figure W3 - 5 by moving mouse
over the curve of interest and locate the time and force magnitude. For example,
is the starting point of constant force region for Specimen 3 as shown in Figure
W3 - 5.

Start End

Figure W3 - 5 Constant cutting force region.

After finding the start and end points of the constant force region, enter corresponding
row numbers at cells G1 (start) and H1 (end), respectively. And enter the following
formulas;

- ‘=IF(AND($A2>=$G$1,$A2<=$H$1),A2,””)’ in cell G2
- ‘=IF(AND($A2>=$G$1,$A2<=$H$1),E2,””)’ in cell H2

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Then copy these two cells to the end of data. And enter the following formulas;

- ‘=SLOPE($H$2:$H$2000,$G$2:$G$2000)’ in cell I2
- ‘=INTERCEPT($H$2:$H$2000,$G$2:$G$2000)’ in cell I3
- ‘=AVERAGE($H$2:$H$2000)’ in cell I4

The average cutting force of the constant cutting force region is calculated and stored in
cell I4.

Step 4. Repeat Steps 1 ~ 3 for all pre-strain levels.

Once Steps 1 ~ 3 for worksheet ‘NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_20’ are done, repeat the same
procedure for worksheets ‘NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_30’ ~ ‘NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_40.’

Step 5. Insert new worksheet and collect data for calibration.

Through Steps 1 through 4, followings are gathered in each worksheet.

- Cell F1 : strain energy density ( )

- Cell I4 : average cutting force ( )

Now, insert a new worksheet and enter the following formulas as shown in Figure W3 - 6
and follow the instruction below to complete the worksheet and get the intrinsic strength.
- (9)
a. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_20!$F$1’ first row under a label W
b. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_30!$F$1’ second row under a label W
c. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_40!$F$1’ third row under a label W
d. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_20!$F$1’ fourth row under a label W
e. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_30!$F$1’ fifth row under a label W
f. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_40!$F$1’ sixth row under a label W
g. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_20!$F$1’ seventh row under a label W
h. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_30!$F$1’ eighth row under a label W
i. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_40!$F$1’ ninth row under a label W
- (10)
a. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_20!$I$4’ first row under a label f
b. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_30!$I$4’ second row under a label f
c. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_40!$I$4’ third row under a label f
d. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_20!$I$4’ fourth row under a label f
e. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_30!$I$4’ fifth row under a label f
f. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p1_40!$I$4’ sixth row under a label f
g. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_20!$I$4’ seventh row under a label f
h. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_30!$I$4’ eighth row under a label f
i. ‘=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p15_40!$I$4’ ninth row under a label f
- (11) : enter specimen thickness
- (12) : enter specimen height
- (13) : ‘=A7*D7’ in cell E7 and copy to all cells of column E until the final row

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- (14) : ‘=B7/C7’ in cell F7 and copy to all cells of column F until the final row
- (15) : ‘=E7+F7’ in cell G7 and copy to all cells of column G until the final row
- (16) : ‘=MIN(G7:G15)’ in cell I6
- (17) : ‘=0.149*I6’ in cell I10

Number in cell I10 is calibrated.

=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_20!$F$1
=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_30!$F$1
=NRB_23C_PT_CF_p05_40!$F$1

Specimen1 Specimen2 Specimen3

0.05 0.007447808 0.009934794 0.00906338
0.1 0.024218781 0.029897258 0.029349544
0.15 0.049409419 0.05480624 0.056210541 16
W f t h T F Sc Sc 0.581326
0.007448 1.383885799 1.97 10 0.074478 0.70248 0.776958 0 0.581326
0.009935 1.070802514 2.01 10 0.099348 0.532738 0.632086 0.581326 0
0.009063 1.144540214 2.02 10 0.090634 0.566604 0.657238
0.024219 0.668101486 1.97 10 0.242188 0.339138 0.581326 T0 0.086618
0.029897 0.722794737 2.01 10 0.298973 0.359599 0.658572
0.02935 0.778775516 2.02 10 0.293495 0.385532 0.679028 17
0.049409 0.509814514 1.97 10 0.494094 0.258789 0.752883
0.054806 0.560655298 2.01 10 0.548062 0.278933 0.826995
0.056211 0.566699595 2.02 10 0.562105 0.280544 0.84265

9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Figure W3 - 6 Collect data and calculate the intrinsic strength.
In Figure W3 - 7, the blue circles are test data (9 points), and red line is calibrated
intrinsic cutting energy ( ).

Figure W3 - 7 Test data and calibration.

© Dassault Systèmes, 2017 Static Tearing and Intrinsic Strength Test Data