Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tác giả
Hoàng Thái Dương
Phần I:
1. TENSE REVIEW
(Ôn cách dùng thì)
II. Cách dùng thì với một số cấu trúc đặc biệt:
1. “It is + Time + since + Subject + Past simple” (= Đã bao lâu từ khi người nào đã làm
việc gì). Ví dụ:
- It is five years since I last heard from Tim.
- How long is it since you last saw your grandparents?
2. “It is (about/ high) time + Subject + Past simple” (= Đã đến lúc người nào cần phải
làm việc gì). Ví dụ:
- It’s time we went home. It’s too late!
(Chúng ta có thể nói cách khác: “It’s time for us to go home.”)
- It’s about time you washed those dirty clothes of yours!
3. “It is/ was + Adjective + Subject + Bare infinitive (or: should (do)”:
Chúng ta dùng hình thức động từ nguyên mẫu không “To” (Bare infinitive) trong mệnh đề
theo sau cấu trúc “It is/ was” với các tính từ có ý nghĩa: “quan trọng, cần thiết, bắt buộc,
yêu cầu”.
advise
ask
request
require
suggest
Subject + recommend + that + Subject + Bare infinitive
demand Or: should (do)
command
order
decree
oblige
………..
Ví dụ:
- They requested that the next meeting be held on a Friday.
- He demanded that she pay back the money she borrowed from him.
- They advised that the tickets be bought well in advance.
- The report recommends that more resources be devoted to teaching four-year-olds.
- The officer commanded that his men cross the river at once.
- The company asked that any faulty goods be returned in their original packing.
5. “would rather + Subject + Past simple” (= thích người nào làm việc gì thì hơn).
Ví dụ:
- I would rather you made a decision right now.
- She’d rather he didn’t leave.
* Chú ý: Khi không có chủ ngữ theo sau “would rather”, chúng ta dùng động từ nguyên
mẫu không “To” (Bare infinive). Ví dụ:
- I’d rather eat dinner at home. I’d rather not go out tonight!
1. Nancy said that she went to the supermarket before coming home the previous day.
A B C D
2. After George Washington married widow Martha Curtis, the couple comes to reside at
A B C D
Mount Vernon.
3. Not until the early 1960s did the birth rate in the United States began to decline.
A B C D
4. For thousands of years, man has created sweet-smelling substances from wood, herbs,
A B
and flowers and using them for perfume or medicine.
C D
5. Found in the 12th century, Oxford University ranks among the world’s oldest universities.
A B C D
6. Until about 12,000 years ago, man obtains most of his food by hunting and fishing.
D
7. Recently, the island of Hawaii had been the subject of intensive research
A B C
on the occurrence of earthquakes.
D
8. Couples celebrated their golden wedding anniversary when they have been married fifty
A B C D
years.
9. Mr. Harrison, who was so proud of his new car, drove to work when the accident
A B
happened and damaged his car.
C D
10. I am getting tired of moving our office because we have been moving three times
A B C
since the company started building renovations.
D
C. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the
sentence printed before it.
1. While I was driving, the car suddenly broke down.
Something suddenly went...............................................................................................
2. Peter has not had his hair cut for more than six months.
It is..................................................................................................................................
3. Rachel hasn’t worn that dress since her sister’s wedding.
The last time Rachel .......................................................................................................
4. How long is it since you last paid a visit to your grandparents?
When did.........................................................................................................................
5. You are advised to carry a passport with you at all times.
They advise that………………………………………………………………………….
2. PASSIVE VOICE
(Câu bị động)
I. Review Passive Voice
(Ôn tập câu bị động)
A. So sánh câu chủ động (Active) và câu bị động (Passive):
B. Những điểm cần ghi nhớ khi đổi câu chủ động (Active) sang câu
bị động (Passive):
1. Lấy tân ngữ (object) của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ (subject) câu bị động.
2. Trong câu bị động, luôn phải dùng trợ động từ “Be” (Auxiliary “Be”) với hình thức
thích hợp tùy theo thì cần dùng.
3. Động từ chính (main verb) trong câu bị động luôn được dùng ở dạng quá khứ phân từ
(past participle).
4. Khi muốn nói thêm ai gây ra hành động, chúng ta có thể dùng chủ ngữ câu chủ động
làm ‘tác nhân’ (Agent) câu bị động theo sau giới từ ‘by’.
5. Nhiều câu bị động không cần dùng ‘by + tác nhân’; nhất là khi tác nhân là :
somebody, someone, people’, hoặc các đại từ như ‘me, you, him, her, us, them’. Ví dụ:
- The floor is cleaned every morning by somebody.
- Many new buildings have been built in recent years by people.
Tuy nhiên, tùy theo ý nghĩa đặc thù của câu nói, đôi khi chúngta phải dùng các tác nhân
trên trong câu bị động. Ví dụ:
- This program is being watched by millions of people.
Past perfect Someone had written the report. The report had been written.
Future simple Someone will write the report. The report will be written.
Future “be going Someone is going to write the The report is going to be
to” report. written.
Future perfect Someone will have written the The report will have been
report. written.
Modals: Động từ Someone The report
khiếm khuyết can/must/may/should write the can/must/may/should be written.
report. The report ought to be written.
Someone ought to write the
report.
Have to / had to Someone has to/had to write the The report has to/had to be
report. written.
D. Chú ý: Không phải câu chủ động nào cũng có thể đổi sang câu bị động. Có một số thì và
động từ không dùng ở dạng bị động, như sau đây:
* Câu bị động thường không được dùng với các thì : Present perfect progressive, Past
perfect progressive, Future progressive, và Future perfect progressive. Ví dụ:
- They have been making a historical movie.
(NOT: A historical movie has -been being made.)
- Ann will be making us some tea then.
(NOT: Some tea will be being-made for us then.)
- They will have been building that bridge for a year by July.
(NOT: That bridge will have been being built for a year ...)
* Chúng ta cũng không thể đổi câu chủ động sang câu bị động đối với các động từ không
có tân ngữ trực tiếp (intransitive verbs), chẳng hạn như : sleep, sit, die, stand, arrive, happen,
rain, shine, ... . Ví dụ, chúng ta không thể đổi các câu sau sang bị động:
- The child is sleeping well.
- Her father died two years ago.
- Janet arrived late again.
- The accident happened during the night.
Những động từ trạng thái (stative verbs) như ‘have, resemble (giống như), suit (thích
hợp), fit (vừa khít), lack (thiếu), cũng không thể dùng trong câu bị động. Ví dụ:
- My boss has a Rolls-Royce.
(NOT: A Rolls-Royce is had by my boss.)
- These jeans don’t fit you.
(NOT: You aren’t fitted by these jeans.)
E. Những động từ kép (Phrasal verbs) van được đổi sang câu bị động nếu chúng có tân
ngữ. Ví dụ:
ACTIVE: - Someone broke into their house last night.
PASSIVE: - Their house was broken into last night.
F. Chú ý chúng ta dùng nguyên mẫu không ‘to’ (bare infinitive) trong câu chủ động với các
động từ ‘see/hear sb do sth’ và ‘make sb do sth’, nhưng khi đổi sang câu bị động, động từ
theo sau ‘see/hear/make’ phải dùng ‘To- infinitive’. Ví dụ:
ACTIVE: People saw him fall out of the window.
PASSIVE: He was seen to fall out of the window.
ACTIVE: They made the prisoners work twelve hours a day.
PASSIVE: The prisoners were made to work twelve hours a day.
* Chú ý hình thức động từ sau cấu trúc ‘He is said to / believed to …’ thay đổi tùy theo
thời gian xảy ra của hành động so với ‘is said / believed…’
a/ It is said that he works 12 hours a day.
→ He is said to work 12 hours a day. (He is said + to do)
b/ It is said that he worked very hard.
→ He is said to have worked very hard. (He is said + to have done)
c/ It is thought that they are living abroad.
→ They are thought to be living abroad. (They are thought + to be doing)
d/ It is expected that the game will be very exciting.
→ The game is expected to be very exciting. (The game is expected + to be)
e/ It was believed that the earth was flat.
→ The earth was believed to be flat. (The earth was believed + to be)
f/ It was believed that he had left the country.
→ He was believed to have left the country. (He was believed + to have done)
g/ It is known that he was living there.
→ He is known to have been living there. (He is known + to have been doing)
h/ It is thought that he was killed in a fight
→ He is thought to have been killed in a fight. (He is thought + to have been done =
Passive)
Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng ‘There is said / believed / thought…’. Ví dụ:
- It is said that there are too many obstacles to peace.
→ There are said to be too many obstacles to peace.
- It is reported that there was a lot of money in his suitcase.
→ There is reported to have been a lot of money in his suitcase.
Đôi khi người ta cũng dùng ‘It is supposed ...‘ hoặc ‘He is supposed to với ý nghĩa như ‘It is
said…’ hoặc ‘He is said to…’. Ví dụ:
- She’s just published a new book. It is supposed to be interesting.
(= It is said to be interesting.)
- Ken is supposed to have won the lottery.
(Ken is said to have won the lottery.)
CHÚ Ý: ‘Be supposed to’ cũng còn được dùng với ý nghĩa ‘đáng lẽ phải làm gì’ (= should
do/be doing/have done sth). Ví dụ:
- Why is Flora so late? She is supposed to be here now.
(She is supposed to be here now = She should be here now.)
- The children are supposed to be sleeping. Why are they still in the living room?
(The children are supposed to be sleeping = They should be sleeping)
- ‘I haven’t typed the letters yet.’ ‘Why? You were supposed to finish them by Tuesday.’
(= You should have finished them by Tuesday.)
‘Be not supposed to’ cũng được dùng với ý nghĩa ‘cấm không được làm gì’ (= must not /
mustn’t). Ví dụ:
- You’re not supposed to park in this place.
(= You must not park in this place.)
- People with high blood pressure are not supposed to eat much salt.
(= They mustn’t eat much salt)
C. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the
sentence printed before it.
1. The cashier was made to hand over the money.
The robbers....................................................................................................................
2. ‘I hate to be criticised by non-professionals, the film star said.
The film star objected ...................................................................................................
3. Someone stole Jeff ‘s car two days ago.
Jeff................................................................................................................................
4. We couldn’t go to Pam’s flat: it was being painted.
We couldn’t go to Pam’s flat: she..................................................................................
5. We expect the company will become profitable in the coming
3. REPORTED SPEECH
(Câu tường thuật)
I. Reporting Statements
(Tường thuật câu nói thông thường)
Câu tường thuật (Reported speech) dùng để thường thuật lại một câu nói trực tiếp (Direct
speech). Trong tiếng Anh, câu tường thuật có một số thay đổi so với câu trực tiếp.
Direct speech: “I received a letter from my sister yesterday,” Ann said.
Reported speech: Ann said that she had received a letter from her sister the day before.
Những điểm cần lưu ý khi đổi câu nói trực tiếp (direct speech) sang câu tường thuật
(reported speech):
1. Chúng ta thường mở đầu câu tường thuật với một trong hai động từ “said” hoặc
“told”: (He/ She) said that…, hoặc: (He/ She) told me that...
3. Thay đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật cho phù hợp với tình huống. Ví dụ: “I, me, my”
thường đổi thành “He/ She, him/ her, his/ her”,...
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