Assignment 1

Name: Muhammad Siddique

Class: B.Ed.

Semester: fifth

Subject: Inferential statistics

Submitted to: Sir Sajid Ali

Question #. 1
What is connection between Quantitative research and statistics?
Elaborate your answers with example case studies?

Quantitative research is the collection of data of many methods include

various forms of surveys – on-line surveys, paper surveys, mobile
surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews,
longitudinal studies, website interceptors, on-line polls, and systematic
observations.
Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable
statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviours, and other
defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample
population.
Use of quantitative research in statistics
Statistics is the most widely used branch of mathematics in quantitative
research outside of the physical sciences, and also finds applications
within the physical sciences, such as in statistical mechanics. Statistical
research is used extensively within fields such as economics, social
sciences and biology. Quantitative research using statistical methods
starts with the collection of data, based on the hypothesis or theory.
Usually a big sample of data is collected – this would require verification,
validation and recording before the analysis can take place. Software
packages such as SPSS and R are typically used for this purpose. Causal
relationships are studied by manipulating factors thought to influence
the phenomena of interest while controlling other variables relevant to
the experimental outcomes. In the field of health, for example,
researchers might measure and study the relationship between dietary
intake and measurable physiological effects such as weight loss,
controlling for other key variables such as exercise. Quantitatively
based opinion surveys are widely used in the media, with statistics such
as the proportion of respondents in favour of a position commonly
reported. In opinion surveys, respondents are asked a set of structured
questions and their responses are tabulated. In the field of climate
science, researchers compile and compare statistics such as temperature
or atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Examples
 Research that consists of the percentage amounts of all the elements
that make up Earth's atmosphere.
 Survey that concludes that the average patient has to wait two hours
 in the waiting room of a certain doctor before being selected.
 An experiment in which group x was given two tablets of aspirin a
day and group y was given two tablets of a placebo a day where each
participant is randomly assigned to one or other of the groups. The
numerical factors such as two tablets, percent of elements and the
time of waiting make the situations and results quantitative.
 In finance, quantitative research into the stock markets is used to
develop models to price complex trades, and develop algorithms to
exploit investment hypotheses, as seen in quantitative hedge
funds and Trading Strategy Indices
 If any organization would like to conduct a customer satisfaction
(CSAT) survey, a customer satisfaction survey template can be used.
Through this survey, an organization can collect quantitative data
and metrics on the goodwill of the brand or organization in the mind
of the customer based on multiple parameters such as product
quality, pricing, customer experience, etc. This data can be collected
by asking a net promoter score (NPS) question, matrix table
questions, etc.. that provide data in the form of numbers that can be
analysed and worked upon.
 Another example of quantitative research is an organization that
conducts an event, collecting feedback from the event attendees
about the value that they see from the event. By using an event
survey template, the organization can collect actionable feedback
about satisfaction levels of customers during various phases of the
event such as the sales, pre and post-event, the likelihood of
recommending the organization to their friends and colleagues,
hotel preferences for the future events and other such questions.

Question#. 2
Difference between one-tailed and two-tailed test?
One-Tailed Tests: What is a One-Tailed Test?

A one-tailed test allows you to determine if one mean is greater or less

than another mean, but not both. A direction must be chosen prior to
testing.
In other words, a one-tailed test tells you the effect of a change in one
direction and not the other. Think of it this way, if you are trying to
decide if you should buy a brand name product or a generic product at
your local drug store, a one-tailed test of the effectiveness of the
product would only tell you if the generic product worked better than
the brand name. You would have no insight into whether the product
was equivalent or worse.
Since the generic product is cheaper, you could see what looks like a
minimal impact, but is in fact a negative impact (meaning it doesn’t work
very well at all!), but you go ahead and purchase the generic product
because it is cheaper.
If this is the case, you’re probably wondering when a one-tailed test
should be used? One-tailed tests should be used only when you are not
worried about missing an effect in the untested direction.
But how does this impact optimization? If you’re running a test and only
using a one-tailed test, you will only see significance if your new variant
outperforms the default. There are 2 outcomes: the new variants wins
or we cannot distinguish it from the default

Two-Tailed Tests: What is a Two-Tailed Test?

A two-tailed test allows you to determine if two means are different
from one another. A direction does not have to be specified prior to
testing.
In other words, a two-tailed test will taken into account the possibility of
both a positive and a negative effect.
Let’s head back to the drug store. If you were doing a two-tailed test of
the generic against the brand name product, you would have insight into
whether the effectiveness of the product was equivalent or worse than
the brand name product. In this instance, you can make a more
educated decision because if the generic product is equivalent, you
would purchase it because it is cheaper, but if it is far less effective than
the brand name product, you’d probably shell out the extra money for
the brand name product. You wouldn’t want to waste your money on an
ineffective product, would you?
So when should a two-tailed test be used? Two-tailed tests should be
used when you are willing to accept any of the following: one mean
being greater, lower or similar to the other.
And how does this impact optimization? When running a test, if you are
using a two-tailed test you will see significance if your new variants
mean is different from that of the default. There are 3 outcomes: the
new variant wins, loses or is similar to the default.

Which Testing Approach Should You Be Using?

Two-Tailed!
Two-tailed tests mitigate the risk involved with predicting how future
visitors will be impacted by the tested content. By accounting for all
possible outcomes, this approach provides more valuable, unbiased
insights which can be reported on with confidence. Testing is supposed
to make it easier for marketers to understand the impact of a certain
change without the need for IT intervention, but when the difference
between one-tailed and two-tailed tests goes ignored, both the
marketer’s time and the IT resources are at risk of being wasted. Don’t
fall victim to personal bias or winning results which are vacant of real
meaning. This testing approach does require more traffic and time, but
that is a small price to pay for reliable results. Now get testing!