Red Blood Cells

Platelets
Basic Hematology Terminology
HEMATOPOIESIS
Objectives:
• Explain the origin of blood cells
• Name at least three growth factors
• Name the cells in developmental order that will
mature into erythrocytes, plasma cells, and the five
leukocyte types.
 Hematopoiesis
• Process of blood cell
production,
differentiation, and
development.
 Mesoblastic / Hepatic Medullary / Myeloid
Megaloblastic
Start
19 to 20 days gestation 4th to 5th week of 5th month of gestation
gestation
End
8th – 12th week of 1 – 2 weeks after birth Lifetime
gestation
Site of
hematopoiesis Yolk sac Liver Bone Marrow

Hemoglobin
Gower I, II, Portland Hgb F Hgb A1, A2, F
Hematopoietic Tissue
• A. Bone Marrow
- primary site of
hematopoiesis at birth and
throughout life
- normal adult bone
marrow has approximately
equal amounts of red and
yellow marrow
Types of Marrow
Red Marrow
a. Haematopoietically
active marrow
b. In adults, it can be
found in the : sternum,
skull, scapulae, vertebrae,
ribs, pelvic bone, proximal
ends of the long bones
Yellow Marrow
a. Haematopoietically
inactive marrow
b. composed of
adipocyte or fat cells
Liver
- main site of hematopoiesis
during the hepatic phase
- main site of production of
Thrombopoietin
-protein synthesis and
degradation, coagulation factor
synthesis, carbhydrate and lipid
metabolism, drug and toxin
clearance, iron recycling and
storage, and hemoglobin
degradation
Spleen
- largest lymphoid organ
Functions:
qFilters the circulating
blood (350mL)
qStores 1/3 of platelet
Methods :
Pitting
Culling
Lymph nodes
• Functions:
üPlay a role in the formation of
new lymphocytes from the
germinal centers
üInvolved in the processing of
specific immunoglobulins
üFilter particulate matter,
debris and bacteria entering
the lymph node via the lymph
Thymus
- maturation site
of T-lymphocyte
HEMATOPOIESIS
Formation , development and specialization of all
functional blood cells that are released from the bone
marrow to the circulation
Hematopoiesis Theory
A. Monophyletic Theory
- suggests that all blood cells are derived from a single
progenitor stem cell called pluripotential stem cell
B. Polyphyletic Theory
- suggests that each blood cell lineages is derived from
its own unique stem cell
Stem Cell
•They are capable of self-renewal
•They give rise to differentiated progeny
•They are capable to reconstitute the
hematopoietic system of a lethally
irradiated host
 Types of Human Stem Cells
1. Totipotential stem Cells
- present in the first few hours after an ovum is
fertilized
- most versatile type of stem cell
2. Pluripotential stem cells
- present sveral days after fertilization
3. Multipotential stem cells
- derived from pluripotent stem cells
Cytokines and Growth Factors
• a group of specific glycoproteins that
regulates the proliferation, differentiation,
and maturation of hematopoietic precursor
cells
• responsible for the stimulation or inhibition of
production, differentiation, and trafficking of
mature blood cells and their precursor
Interleukins
1. They are proteins that exhibit multiple biologic
activities, such as the regulation of autoimmune and
inflammatory reactions and hematopoiesis.
2. They have synergistic interactions with other
cytokines and growth factors.
3. They are part of interacting systems with
amplification potential.
4. They are effective at very low concentrations.
Examination of Maturing Blood Cells