roaes Qo» PRELIMLEARNING RESOURCES oa omar Lesson V: Moral Dilemma and Levels of Moral Reasoning Inthe name ofthe Father, snd ofthe Son, and ofthe Holy Spirit. Amen. Louissn raver © God, wellspring of goodness and blessings, we glve you thanks and praise as one Louisian community. The graces You incessantly grant upon us and Your divine providence have sustained our beloved University throughout the years of mission and excellence. Having been founded by the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, we pray that You keep us committed and dedicated to our mission and identity to serve the Church and the society as we become living witnesses to the Gospel values proclaimed by Jesus. as spoon. rene eo For if we are steadfast in our good and beautiful mission, our works will bring success not only to ourselves but also to those whom we are bound to ove and serve. Inspired by St. Louis our Patron Saint, who was filed with a noble spirit that stirred him to love You above all things, may we alco lve believing that we are born for a greater purpose and mission as we dwell in Your presence all the days of our life, Grant all these supplications through the intercession of Mother Mary and through Christ our Lord. Amen, us Y Son a ens owe teense J teen Y mature v y sem tet ete Y ereaten sins i ts 1 tnt ee J tents vegimen tm te v Sao ‘hare are instances when we make valu judgments that are not considered to be part of ethics. Movies and music may be descr someting to be good according fo he judgment ofthe senses. Mereover. we may Say tat te ret sawsawan for my shanghal 6 ket and not vinegar. These vauatns fal under aesthetics. Ths refrs othe Judgments of personal approval er isapprova thats depender what we se, hear, sro ad tsi. We asc have a sense of approval an dsappreval concerning cain aciens which are relatively 7 tral im naire. For nstance | tink righ to knock he dor before entering and t= wrong fo barge into ones ocr na fe ot setup, you shoul follow the cotect usage of utonsis, when to use the git. glass water, spoon and ork et. These exampes belong Ic ator of etquete whieh is concemed wit igh and wrong actions ut hey ave nek grave enough o be consiered pat of ehics, Recognizing the characterises of asthe and tecnica valuation alos uso have argh guide as to Be dscusion of thes 7 Invohe valuations at make sphere ofhuman actions carsceized by certan gravy and concern the human wel-Being or hun fe ‘harcore, mates thal concen fe and deat such 25 war, capil punistment,aborion and mars nat cancem human wa: Bng Su | poverty, nequaty or sexual dntty are nchded Inthe dscussion of this We say that moral esues ae issues which are ncudedin ethics and non-meral cues are sss which are not nen you arena dieu stuaton and each option loks equally bad you ae m adlemma. Diemma is a Greek word, which me ‘double proposton’. It was orignal techrical term of log, but wo use now for ary time you Rave a problem with no satisfac outon We may think hat amma is syronymous to a problem of deciding among options. Colege i a paradigm of being arwious bece the decisions made during this Ue af cuca for may determine who we are In he neat fate. Some are hat up in eheoing a cure take In choosing we may conser pasion over weal, tes o one's personaly of folowing borad' cole, personal dream of pst ream. nm consumers tmes, we may aso experience a dlemma when we vist ahopee, ané was competed To decide wheter fot for no, or wich among ths produc 8 most needed by me, Ths, we sa, a emma sa sition where nan nals oced och between wo or among many conficng opons nether of which is acceptable Ectopic pregnancy is an abnormal pregnancy whee inthe fs is formed outs the wer. The moter f na moral ens since she needs lo choose wheter to aber he chit ot oe he pregnancy canine but here may be endangered which may lea 2 het death. When dlemmasinvave human actens whieh have moral means they ace cated etal ot meal Slemmas Moral agents 2 foe te cnoose between wo or more confcing options, nether oF whi Teslve he stuation ina meray acceptable manner. Ina diem, a person is na stustion where thre sno one cbvious right chole or ha stuaton where the choles especialy cimcu because no soon is appeaing. is vary mpotan fo know thst fic choices need cart ceclsons, fs ust appropiate to feel quite mater whet course factors aken The means tata allemma = tough choco. “nats common tothe wo welLanoun cases is conte In each case, an agent egards here as having mora easons todo each of two actos, But doing bon acon snot posse. Ect: nave eae seuatons ike hese moral alemmss. The cul features of moral derma ae these th agents required to do ach af wo or mare) actions; he agent can do eacn ofthe actors ute agent ‘anno! do both or al of he actons. The agent hus seem condernad o moral alu, no mat what ae does, she wl o something wong (ofl de something hat she ough 9), Trvee Conatons of Mora Dilemma | tthe agent of moral action obiiged to make a decision about which cours of acon is best 2 There must be tern courses of action o choose Fem. 53 Nomater what cours of acton i taken, sore moral principles are always compromised Lawrence Kohiver’s stages of Moral Reasoning Lawrence Kehtbarg i considered theft psychlogs to de heavy resgarch Into human ethics and how people reacted olen ‘The comprehensive stage heey ot mara development wes based on Jean Paget's theary of oral jogmant for enoren (1992) an hie develope by Lawrence Konberg in 1988, Cognitve In nature, Kotibergs theory focuses onthe thong process that occurs when \deodes whether a behav i right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis son Now one decides to respond to @ moral lena, not fone decides or what one actualy does. “Te neory asserts hat ral reasoning ashe basi for eical behav, Nas Si dentable developmental stages, each more adequate at respondag lo moral lemmas hans predecessor. Konner folowed te development of moral judgment far beyond the ages studied er ey Paget. who also clamed at nic and morality develop treugh constuctve stages. Expancng on Paget's work, KahbergSarna na evo wa prepay etn i nto da a Ua anni itetme. Gian © eee stu, Kohber oles on the Heinz eilemma, The Hein clonrna was 2 hypothetical stuaton that Kohiberg used to see how Y cexnjasrtecs — ndinauats would justy thr actors placed in amoral diomma, He ten anaiyzed he form of moral reasoning displayed, rather than ts cmc nmmn Celie, and dase as belonging 6 one osx isin sages Heinz Dilemma Y maaan ‘The Henna lemma, as used n Laurence Konbarg’s slages of moral developments stated as fotos: “Aweenan was near death tom a spacial kind of cancer. There was one dug that he doctors thought mght save her. twas a frm ot ‘acum tat 2 cruggistn the same town ad rsenty covered, Tha drug ae expen te max, Bune drugget ws charging fen times wnat he cr coat hn to prodice. He paid $200 forthe rachum and charged $2,000 ora smal dove ofthe dug. The eck woman's > Leave husband, Heinz. went evryene he knee boow the money, but he coud only getcgother about 81,000 which isha of what cost. He to the druggist that his wife was djing and asked him os cheaper o lot him pay ae. But the upg sa "No, | ciscoverod Ades the dug and Im going to make money tom i” So Heine got desperate andere nto te mars tore to sta he cg ori we ‘Should Heinz have broken into the aberatory to seal the dug fr his wile? Why o why nat” From a theoretical point of vew tno! portant what he pailpant inks hat Heng should do Kohiberg’s theory had that he v sesa =" ustincaton ne participant ofers is whats signifean, the form of heir response. Below are sore of many examples of possible \Y coomimsnninsy _8fQuMents at belong to these sages: 7 tthe carne + Stage one (punlshmentobedience) Heinz shoud not tel the made because he wll onsequsnty be putin son when wit v Soon! ‘mean nef bad person. Or Hems shoud steal the modcne becave sony wor $200 and nt how much the dugg wanted a fort Hen had even ofered to pay fort ae wasnt steaing anything ose g + Stage two (rewards): Heinz shuld soa the meine because he wi ba much happler the saves his we, evan fhe wll have to serve a prison seience. Or Heine shouldnt steal the medicine because praon an atl ple, and he woul mare likely > ua languish nal col than over his wiles deat m7 + Stage three (go0d intention): Heinz shou teal he medicine because his wie expects fh wants abe a good husband. Or aie Hone shoul ot steal te ug because stealing Is bad and he snot a criminatne has Wed to do everyting e can wihout — breaking the tw you canot Bae fin, 7 mame + Stage four (obedlence to authority) Heinz shoud not steal he medicine because the lw prohibits steaing, making egal Visitas «aeons have consequences ees + Stage ive (moral versus legal right): Here should steal he medicine because everyone hs ight to choose ite, pares of este the lu. Or Hein should not sta! he medicine because the scents ha argh fa compenaton, Even hi ie ick, Jinn es not make his ations ght a + Stage sic (navidual principals of eanscience: Hee shoul tel he medicine, because saving @ human fe is 2 mote v Sininoises fundamental valve than the pope gs of anther person, OF Heln shou no lal he mesane, because ethers may need ‘he medeine just as badly. and ther ves are equally sigicant, From tne responses othe Hinz clamma and response to the mist hypothetical lemma. Konberg developed the ab stages ot velopment These sages are summarzed nthe lagram belo Level 1: Pre Conventional Moray In re-conventenal lve. right and wrong are deterrines by rewards or purshment. Reasones jug the moraty of an action by its doc «<)consequenens, corm) tage One: Punishmentiobedience Orientation Gai “Ths the sage tat al young clare saat, Russ are seen a8 beng fied and absolute, Odeying ters Is portant becau ienrmacn ‘#908 2¥0Kng punishment. The iaidua wi bey order 1o voll punishment. Behaviours delemied by consequences. What v Salo leads to punishments wrong, Moral is based on punshment Hr shoul ot teal he medics, because he wil consoquonty be put prison. Incas focus on tho crt consequences thatthe acons wi have for temsoives. ‘Stage Two: Rewards/Self intrest a {As chien gro le, they begin ose that ther people have thei own goals and preferences and that oon here fs room for 7 rogobation. Decisions are made based onthe principle of “what's for me7" For example an ler child might reason "I do wat mo GED dad wants me odo they walreward me. Therefore, lull doi” Moral is Based on rewards The ight way to Behave the way thal a Tewardea. Behavout is etetmned again by consequences. ‘The indivi! ores on fecsvng rears &satisjing personal needs Temyi «| aghtbenavors desea by what sn one's ov best erst Vee oz should sal he medicine because he wl be much happer ihe saves his wife, even he wilhaveto save a piscn senterceice ret an ste owt panes a am i v SEER oie eet ee Level2: Conventional Morality Inti vel, ws of thers mater, there is avoidance of blame, and it sesks approval. Conformiy o soca res remains important fo the indivaval. However, the emphasis shits fom selrerest oelabonships wth other people and sci systoms. The indveval tives 9 ‘Support rdes that are sett by oes to wn the approval rt maintain socal order. People who reason na conventional way judge rmoraty of actions by comparing these action o socal res and expectations. ‘Stage 8: Interpersonal ConcordancelGood Intentions! Social Conformity Orientation! Good boy! Nee gi orientation In tis stage, lis behaving in ays thal conform 10 "good behaweur”” Theres a sense of wha good boy” and "ce arts do and ‘mpnasi son ving up o socal expectation andor because of how hey Impact day to day flats, Behaviour e determined Stclal approval, Te ndiaual wants io mantan win the actin ang epproval of cters by being good ptson. Heine shou sta he medone bacsuse he wits expects Inetcuals sek approval fom other people valuation ofthe consequonces ofthe actons Is based on person's relatonship. ‘Stage 4: Law and orderibecionce to authority ‘Soea ules and laws determine Behavior, The indvtal now takes no consideration alate perspec, that of sci avs. A people have the duty to uphol laws, Moral decison making becomes mote than consseraton of cose eso athers. The india! Dele ‘hates and laws maintain soe order thas worth preserving. By te me indiuals each alton, they usally consist sacey 3: ole when making Judgment, The focus is on mantsning law and order by felowing the rules, dong one's ly and respecting authors “The focus son malniaining soc oder by dong one's ty, obeying ws, and flowing the ues. Heng should ot seal te madicns because the aw prohibits. Inia tks fis important to obey te lw and conventions ofthe soy. Level 2: Post Conventional Moray ‘The indivi moves beyond ihe perspecive of his cr her nm sociey. Morais defined in terms of abstract princes and valves that a toallstuatons and socetes. The ndviual atop take te perspoctve oa incuals. There is abstract roton of usc. Rights ‘ters can override ebecince ta avules ‘Stage 5: Human Rights/Socal Contract Indaual ights determine beaver, The india ews lave andres aa fexble tl for meroung human purposes, Tha ven th ight stuaton, ter are exceptions torus, When ws are nc consistent wih nial gts and th nest of he mary, fdas nt bring about ood for cele and atenatves should be considered. Ths sage i dandy what is lgaly ight but what moray ngs. Saving the most amount of Wes Is alaays the best decision Hore should steal the mescne because everyone has aight ove, regardless ofthe lw or Herz should nt sta! he medicine bect the scintst has argh far compensation ‘Stage 6: Universal Human Ethics Accorcng to Keiber, ths she highest stage of functioning. However, he camed that sme individuals wil never reach is eve! this sage, the appropriate sion is elerrined by one's sell chosen etical principles of conetence. These pncpes ae abst Uunivesal in appation. Ths type of easonng invoWves faking the perspective of every persen or group tat could potentially be ete Heir shoul steal he medicine bacause saving human fe sa more fundamental value than respecting the propery of another person, Moral reasoning ls based onthe use of bstat reasoning use universal prince, “Thank you for eating! Please be responsible in eating your lessons weekly, God ess! Lets pray Inte name of he Father and ote Son and o te Holy Spe. Amn | {Glory toe ater ant the Sn, ant the Hely Sprit. ASit was in he begining snow and wil be forever AMEN In tre name of he Father and of he Son and ofthe Holy Spe. Amen