VIVA QUESTIONS: class XII

TEST 1 : STANDARD PROGRESSIVE MATRICES

[Link] is intelligence?
Ans. The ability to judge well, to understand well, and to reason well”.
Acc. To Wechsler, “intelligence is the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act
purposefully, and to deal effectively with her/his environment.”

Q2. How will you measure I.Q?

Ans2. MA
IQ = —— x 100
CA

M.A : MENTAL AGE

C.A: CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
Divided by 100 to remove the decimal point.

[Link] OF INTELLIGENCE TEST

(a)Individual or Group Tests: The individual tests are administered to one person at a time. It helps in the diagnosis and
remediation of individual learning difficulties. The individual tests are standardized on relatively small samples. E.g. BHATIA
BATTERY
Group Test are administered to a number of persons simultaneously. It is more commonly used for mass screening. The
group tests are standardized on ultra large samples. Raven’s Progressive Matrices

(b)Verbal, Non-Verbal, and Performance Tests:

Verbal test A Verbal test demands understanding of written words. Therefore, such tests can only be administered to
literates. Verbal tests require subjects to give verbal responses either orally or in a written form. E.g. The Bihar Test of
Intelligence by S.M. Mohsin , Group Test of Intelligence by Prayag Mehta

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Non-Verbal tests use pictures or illustrations as items. For example, Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) is one such test.
Performance tests are made up of certain concrete tasks. For instance in Koh’s Block Design Test, small boxes containing
a number of wooden blocks of different sizes and shapes are given. The testees task is to arrange these blocks, in
accordance with the pattern card, in an order within a given time
period.

(c)Culture-biased vs. Culture-fair Tests : Many intelligence tests show a bias towards the culture in which they are
developed. They sample items from the experience of a particular culture. Majority of early tests favoured urban, middle
class, white European and American people. The norms for these tests were almost entirely based upon these cultural
groups. E.g. The Bihar Test of Intelligence by S.M. Mohsin , Group Test of Intelligence by Prayag Mehta
To overcome these problems, Non-Verbal and performance tests have been developed. These tests are considered culture
fair tests because people of any culture could take them. E.g. Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) is one such test.
Speed tests: there is a time limit in the test. E.g. Bhatia battery
Power tests: difficulty level of test items increases progressively e.g. Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) test.

Q4. Why Bhatia’s test is called battery?

M. Bhatia developed a performance test of intelligence, which is popularly known as Bhatia Battery. It is called battery
because it is not just one test; rather it consists of a series of five performance tests.

Q5 Define giftedness.
Ans. giftedness is defined as a superior ability in any worthwhile line of human endeavour including moral,physical,
emotional, social, intellectual, or aesthetic life of the humanity. IQ is more than 130.

Q6 Define mental retardation.

Ans. mental retardation (or mentally challenged) is currently defined as intelligence test performance two or more standard
deviations below the mean, accompanied by limitations in adaptive functioning such as failure to cope with the common tasks
of daily living appropriate to one’s age and situation. or
Persons having IQ below 70 are classified as intellectually deficient

Q7 Distribution of IQ Scores
The IQ scores between 90 and 110 are labelled as “normal”, above 120 “superior ”and below 70 as evidence of
“mental retardation” or “mentally challenged

Above 130 Very Superior

120-130 Superior
110-119 Bright normal
90-109 Average
80-89 Dull normal
70-79 Borderline
Below 70 Mentally Challenged

Q8. WHAT is the %age of Mentally Challenged & Very Superior in the whole population?
Ans 2.2%

Q9. Who has given SPM?

Ans. Ravens

Q10. Name another test given by Ravens.

 Coloured progressive matrices (for children)
 Advanced progressive matrices (for old people)

Q 11. What do you mean by ‘progressive’ in SPM?

Ans. Difficulty level of problem increases progressively.

Q12. Define psychometric approach to intelligence?

Ans The psychometric approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It expresses the individual’s
performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.
 Uni-factor theory --- Binet
 Two factor theory --- spearman
 Theory of primary mental abilities --- thurstone
 a hierarchical model of intelligence --- Jenson
 structure- of-intellect model--- J.P. Guilford

Q13 Define information- processing approach.

Ans. It describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving. The major focus of this approach is
on how an intelligent person acts.
 PASS Model----- J.P. Das & Naglieri and kirbey
 Triarchic Theory of Intelligence----Sternberg

Q.14 Describe Sternberg theory?

Ans. Componential Intelligence : Componential or analytical intelligence is the analysis of information to solve problems.
Persons high on this ability think analytically and critically. This intelligence has three components, Meta-components,
Performance components , Knowledge acquisition.
Experiential or creative intelligence is involved in using past experiences creatively to solve novel problems. It is reflected
in creative performance.
Contextual or practical intelligence involves the ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis. It
may be called ‘street smartness’ or ‘business sense.

Q.15 Describe PASS Model ?

Ans J.P. Das, Naglieri, and Kirby (1994) proposed PASS Model. The basic statement of the model is that intelligence can
be understood as a result of interdependent functioning of three neurological systems: These are responsible for arousal
(and attention), coding (or processing), and planning. The two coding processes are simultaneous and successive.
• Thus the theory is known as PASS (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive) Theory.

Q16 Define MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES approach.

Ans: it is given by Gardner. Multiple intelligences approach describes intelligence is a function of multiple systems.
• Nine intelligences are:
– Linguistic intelligence
– Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
– Spatial Intelligence
– Musical
– Bodily-kinesthetic
– Interpersonal
– Intrapersonal
– Naturalistic
– Existential intelligence

Q17. What is aptitude?

Ans. Aptitude refers to an individual’s underlying potential for acquiring skills.
e.g. Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT), The General Aptitude Tests Battery (GATB),

Q18. What is Interest?

Ans. Interest is an individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others.

Q19. What is Personality?

Ans. Personality refers to relatively enduring characteristics of a person that make her or him distinct from others.

Q20. Define Values.

Ans. Values are enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behaviour.

Q21. Define Culture.

Ans. culture is a collective system of customs, beliefs, attitudes, and
achievements in art and literature.

Q22. Define technological intelligence.

Ans persons are well-versed in skills of attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed, and achievement orientation.
Intelligence tests developed in western cultures look precisely for these skills in an individual

Q23. Define integral intelligence.

Ans which gives emphasis on connectivity with the social and world environment. Indian thinkers view intelligence from a
holistic perspective where equal attention is paid to cognitive and non-cognitive processes as well as their integration.
intelligence in the Indian tradition :
• Cognitive capacity, Social competence, Emotional competence, Entrepreneurial competence

Q24. . Define Emotional intelligence.

Ans Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to process emotional information accurately and efficiently. Emotional
Quotient (EQ) is used to express emotional intelligence in the same way as IQ is used to express intelligence.

Q25. Define Creativity.

Ans. Production of something new and unique. E.g rocking chair
 Researchers have found that the relationship between creativity and intelligence is positive.
 Terman, in the 1920s, found that persons with high IQ were not necessarily creative. At the same time, creative ideas
could come from persons who did not have a very high IQ.

Q26. Name any two creativity tests.

Ans. Guilford, Torrance, Khatena, Wallach and Kogan, Paramesh, Baqer Mehdi, and Passi. Each test has a standardised
procedure, a complete set of manual, and interpretation guide.

TEST : SINHA’S ANXIETY SCALE (SCAT)

Q1. What is stress?

Ans. Stress can be described as the pattern of responses an organism makes to stimulus event that disturbs the equilibrium
and exceeds a person’s ability.

Q2 Who is the father of modern stress?

Ans Hans Seyle

Q3 What are the sources of stress?

Ans. Traumatic events, recent life events, daily hassles.

Q4. What do mean by GAS?

Ans. Selye noticed a similar pattern of bodily response in all types of stresses. He called
this pattern the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). According to him, GAS
involves three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

Q5 What is fight and flight reaction?

Ans: It is a response to a stress situation- either the person face the situation or run away from the stressful situation.

Q.6Which part of the brain is responsible for the emotions?

Ans limbic system

Q7 What is adjustment?
Ans. We make efforts to deal with the environment. adjustment is the outcome of such efforts.

Q8 Who is socially adjusted?

Ans. Positive Thinking, adjustment with the environment, Personal happiness & Behaviour (expected from the primary
group)

Q9 What is anxiety?
Ans. anxiety is usually defined as a diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension.

Q10. what are the symptoms of anxiety?

Ans. Rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent
urination and tremors.

Q11. Types of anxiety

Ans: (a)Trait anxiety: Relatively enduring disposition to be anxious in many different situation.
(b)State anxiety: is the anxiety an individual experience in a specific situation at a specific time. E.g examination anxiety.

Q12. When anxiety becomes a disorder?

[Link] levels of anxiety that are distressing and interfere with effective functioning indicate the presence of an anxiety
disorder

Q13 Name various anxiety disorders?

Ans: There are many types of anxiety [Link] major ones include generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder,
various forms of phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative disorders and post traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD).

[Link] Anxiety Disorder : prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fears that have no object, accompanied by
hypervigilance and motor tension.
2. Panic Disorder : frequent anxiety attacks characterised by feelings of intense terror and dread; unpredictable ‘panic
attacks’ along with physiological symptoms like breathlessness, palpitations, trembling, dizziness, and a sense of loosing
control or even dying.
3. Phobias : irrational fears related to specific objects, interactions with others, and unfamiliar situations.
4. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder : being preoccupied with certain thoughts that are viewed by the person to be
embarrassing or shameful, and being unable to check the impulse to repeatedly carry out certain acts like checking, washing,
counting, etc.
5. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) : recurrent dreams, flashbacks, impaired concentration, and emotional numbing
followed by a traumatic or stressful event like a natural disaster, serious accident, etc.

Q14 What is DSM IV And ICD10?

Ans: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) accepted by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) devised by the American Psychiatric association.

interpretation
 An individual with an extremely high scores of above the 75 th percentile may be regarded as hyper-anxiety
individual.
 The extremely low scores of below the 25th percentile may indicate the person as under-motivated & sluggish.
MAUDSLEY PERSONALITY INVENTORY

Q1. What do you mean by Maudsley?

Ans. Maudsley is the place of hospital where eysenck did his studies on patients.

Q2 Who gave the MPI?

Ans Eysenck.

Q3. What is inventory?

Ans.a set of questions in which subject has to response yes or no.

Q4 Define Personality.
Ans Personality refers to a person’s unique and relatively stable qualities that characterize behavior Patterns across
different situations and over a period of time.
According to Allport, “Personality is a dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical system
that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.”

Q5 What is dynamic organization in Allport,s definition?

Ans Changeable

Q6.. Define Antisocial personality?

Ans Antisocial personality: A behavioural disorder characterised by truancy, delinquency, promiscuity, theft, vandalism,
fighting, violation of common social rules, poor work record, impulsiveness, irrationality, aggressiveness, reckless behaviour,
and inability to plan ahead. The particular pattern of behaviour varies from individual to individual.

Q7 APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY

 TYPES AND TRAITS:
 PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
 POST FREUDIAN DEVELOPMENT
 BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH
 HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Q 8 Who is the father of psychoanalysis?

Ans Freud

Q9. What is the Freudian concept of personality?

Ans. Psychodynamic theories focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts & struggles.

Q10. What is the trait approach of personality?

Ans it attempts to learn what trait make up personality & how they relate to actual behavior.

Q11 What is the Post-Freudian concept of personality?

Ans less prominent roles to sexual and aggressive tendencies of the id and expansion of the concept of ego.

Q12 What is the Behavioural concept of personality?

Ans. It place importance on the external environment & on the effects of conditioning & learning.
[Link] is the Humanistic concept of personality?
Ans Personality is determined by the unique ways in which each individual views the world. These perceptions form a
personal strive to reach their fullest human potential.

Q14 Differentiate between type & trait approach.

Ans. A personality type is a discrete category. When people are typed, they belong to one class or another such as Male or
Female.
Traits, in contrast, are continuous qualities that individuals possess in different amounts. A person can possess a lot or little
of some trait or fall anywhere in between on a measure of that trait.
According to trait approach, each personality can be described in terms of how strong it is on various traits, such as Hostility,
Sociability,etc.

[Link] are types of personality given by Sheldon?

Ans. Endomorphic, Mesomorphic, and Ectomorphic

Q16 WWhat are types of personality given by Hippocrates?

Ans. sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric

Q [Link] are types of personality given by Ayurveda?

Ans. Tridoshas: vata, pitta and kapha
Trigunas, i.e. sattva, rajas, and tamas.

Q18. What are types of personality given by Friedman and Rosenman?

Ans Type A & Type B

Q [Link] are types of personality given by Jung?

Ans. introversion & extroversion

Q20. What do you mean by introversion & extroversion?

Ans. refers to the extent to which people are socially outgoing or socially withdrawn.
Extroversion:who are active, gregarious, impulsive, and thrill-seeking, and
introverts at the other extreme are people who are passive, quiet, cautious, and reserved.

Q21 What is trait?

Ans A trait is considered as a relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from another.

Q22 Describe trait approach by allport?

Ans. Allport, categorised traits into cardinal, central, and secondary
Cardinal traits are highly generalised dispositions. They indicate the goal around which a person’s entire life seems to
revolve. E.g. Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence.
Central traits :These are less pervasive in effect, but still quite generalised dispositions. These traits (e.g., warm, sincere,
diligent, etc.) are often used in writing a testimonial or job recommendation for a person.
secondary traits :These are least generalised characteristics of a person. E.g. I like mangoes’ or prefer ethnic clothes.

Q23 Describe trait approach by Cattell?

Ans. Source traits: are stable, and are considered as the building blocks of personality. These are underlying personality
characteristics. Cattell described the source traits in terms of opposing tendencies. E.g. shy-bold, submissive- dominant,
serious-happy-go-lucky
Surface traits that result out of the interaction of source traits. These are visible or observable traits of one’s personality.

He developed a test, called Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), for the assessment of personality.

Q24 Describe trait approach by Eysenck?

Ans. H.J. Eysenck proposed that personality could be reduced into two broad dimensions.
(a) Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
(b) Extraversion vs. introversion

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire is the test which is used for studying these
dimensions of personality.

Q25. What do you mean by Neuroticism and emotional stability

Ans : It refers to the degree to which people have control over their feelings.
Neuroticism : people are highly neurotic. They are anxious, moody, touchy, restless, and quickly loose control.
emotional stable people are calm, even-tempered, reliable, and remain under control occupy the other extreme.
Psycotism: hostile , egocentric , anti- social

Q 26 What are the Five-Factor Model of Personality?

Ans1. Openness to experience : Those who score high on this factor are imaginative, curious,
open to new ideas, and interested in cultural pursuits. In contrast, those who score
low are rigid.
2. Extraversion : It characterises people who are socially active, assertive, outgoing,
talkative, and fun loving. On its opposite are people who are shy.
3. Agreeableness : This factor characterises people who are helpful, co-operative, friendly,
caring, and nurturing. On the opposite are people who are hostile and self-centered.
4. Neuroticism : People who score high on this factor are emotionally unstable, anxious,
worried, fearful, distressed, irritable and hypertensive. On the opposite side are people
who are well adjusted.
5. Conscientiousness : Those who score high on this factor are achievement-oriented,
dependable, responsible, prudent, hardworking and self-controlled. On the opposite
are people who are impulsive.

Q27 What is defense mechanism?

Ans. defence mechanism is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality.
Types:
[Link]: In which anxiety provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. e.g. When
people repress a feeling or desire, they become totally unaware of that wish or desire. Thus, when a person says, “I do not
know why I did that”, some repressed
feeling or desire is expressing itself.
[Link]: In projection people attribute their own traits to others. E.g. a person who has strong aggressive tendencies
may see other people as acting in an excessively aggressive way towards her/him.
3. Denial: In denial, a person totally refuses to accept reality. Thus, someone suffering
from HIV/AIDS may altogether deny her/ his illness.
4. Reaction formation, a person defends against In reaction formation, a person defends against anxiety by adopting
behaviours opposite to her/his true feelings. E.g. A person with strong sexual urges, who channels her/his energy into
religious fervour, presents a classical example of
reaction formation.
[Link]: In rationalisation, a person tries to make unreasonable feelings or behaviour seem reasonable and
acceptable. For example, when a student buys a set of new pens after doing poorly in an examination, s/he may try to
rationalise her/his behaviour by asserting, “I will do much better with these pens”.
[Link]
7. Displacement
8. sublimation

Q28 Assessment of Personality.

(a)Observer Report(b) Projective Techniques(c) Self Report Measures.

Q29 What are Projective Techniques?

Ans. The projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. In this subject project his
unconscious feelings, motives or desires to any object, picture or person.

Q30. What are the different types of Projective Techniques?

Ans.
1. The Rorschach Inkblot Test : Hermann Rorschach
2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Morgan and Murray
 3. Rosenzweig’s Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study): Rosenzweig
4. Sentence Completion Test
5. Draw-a-Person Test

These are called indirect method or subjective tests of personality assessment.

Q.31 What are the different types of objective Techniques or direct method or self report measures?
Ans
 MMPI: Hathaway and McKinley
 16 PF: CATTELL
 EPQ: EYSENCK
 MPI: EYSENCK

Q32 What are the features of projective techniques?

Ans. (1) The stimuli are relatively or fully unstructured and poorly defined.
(2) The person being assessed is usually not told about the purpose of assessment and the method of scoring and
interpretation.
(3) The person is informed that there are no correct or incorrect responses.
(4) Each response is considered to reveal a significant aspect of personality.
(5) Scoring and interpretation are lengthy and sometimes subjective

Q33. What are the limitations of self report measures?

Ans. Social desirability: It is a tendency on the part of the respondent to endorse items in a
socially desirable manner.
Acquiescence : It is a tendency of the subject to agree with items/questions irrespective
of their contents. It often appears in the form of saying ‘yes’ to items.

Q34 Differentiate between self report measure & Projective Technique.

Ans
SELF REPORT MEASURE PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE
structured measures: it requires subjects to Unstructured measures, semi-structured
give verbal responses using some kind of measures. A less structured or
rating scale. unstructured stimulus or situation will allow
the individual to project her/his feelings,
desires and needs on to that situation.
Direct method: The method requires the Indirect method: they use various kinds of
subject to objectively report her/his own stimulus materials and situations for
feelings with respect to various items. assessing personality. E.g. Reporting
associations with
stimuli (e.g., words, inkblots), or
story writing around pictures, sentence
completions, drawings etc.
Scored in quantitative terms and It requires qualitative analyses. Scoring
interpreted on the basis of norms and interpretation are lengthy and
developed for the test. sometimes subjective
Does not require specialized training Projections are interpreted by experts.

e.g. MMPI,16 PF, EPQ,MPI e.g. TAT

Direct methods of personality assessment Projective techniques were developed to

cannot uncover the unconscious part of assess unconscious motives and feelings.
our
behaviour. Hence, they fail to provide us
with a real picture of an individual’s
personality.

Test: SELF CONCEPT QUESTIONNAIRE (SCQ)

Q1 What is self concept?

Ans The way we perceive our self is called self concept.

Q2 What is self?
Ans. self refers to the totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings having reference to himself or herself as an object.

Q3. What is Personal identity?

Ans Personal identity refers to those attributes of a person that make her/him different from others. When a person
describes herself/himself by telling her/his name . e.g. I am Sanjana.

Q4. What is social identity?

Ans Social identity refers to those aspects of a person that link her/him to a social or cultural group or are derived from it.
When someone says that s/he is a Hindu, s/he is trying to indicate her/his social identity.

Q5. What is Personal self?

Ans The personal self leads to an orientation in which one feels primarily concerned with oneself. E.g. personal freedom,
personal responsibility, personal achievement, or personal comforts.
Q6. What is social self?
Ans The social self emerges in relation with others and emphasises such aspects of life as cooperation, unity, affiliation,
sacrifice, support or sharing.

[Link] is self esteem?

Ans Self-esteem is an important aspect of our self. As persons we always make some judgment about our own value or
worth. This value judgment of a person about herself/himself is called self-esteem. Some people have high self-esteem,
whereas others may have low self-esteem.

Q8. What is the relationship between self esteem & our everyday behaviour?
Ans. Self-esteem shows a strong relationship with our everyday behaviour. E.g. children with high academic self-esteem
perform better in schools than those with low academic self-esteem. Children with low self-esteem in all areas are often found
to display anxiety, depression, and increasing antisocial behaviour.

Q9. What is self efficacy?

Ans A person who believes that s/he has the ability or behaviours required by a particular situation demonstrates high self-
efficacy. E.g. stop smoking the moment one decide to do so.

Q10. What is self control?

Ans Learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs is called self-control.

Q11. What is self regulation?

Ans. Self-regulation refers to our ability to organise and monitor our own behaviour.
Q12. What are the techniques of self control?
Ans. Observation of own behaviour
Self-instruction
Self-reinforcement

Q13. Differentiate between The Indian view of self and Western view of self.
Ans In the Western view, this boundary appears to be relatively fixed. The Western view seems to hold clear dichotomies
between self and other, man and nature, subjective and objective.

The Indian view of self, on the other hand, is characterised by the shifting nature of
this boundary. The Indian view does not make such clear dichotomies.

Q14 What are the dimensions of self concept?

 Physical
 Moral
 Social
 Intellectual
 Temperamental
 Educational

Refer psychology practical file

Q15. What is ideal self?

Ans. An ideal self is the self that a person would like to be.

Q16. What is real self?

Ans. What we are

[Link] if real self show high discrepancies between ideal self & possible self?
Ans. Discrepancy between the real self and ideal self often results in unhappiness and dissatisfaction.

Q18. Who are Healthy Person?

Ans. 1. They become aware of themselves, their feelings, and their limits; accept themselves,
and what they make of their lives as their own responsibility; have ‘the courage to be’.
2. They experience the “here-and-now”; are not trapped.
3. They do not live in the past or dwell in the future through anxious expectations and
distorted defences.

Q19. Who gave SELF CONCEPT QUESTIONNAIRE (SCQ)?

Ans SARASWAT

Test: SODHI’S ATTITUDE SCALE (SAS)

Q1 What is an attitude?
Ans. A predisposition involving beliefs, feelings, and disposition to act towards some object, person or a group.

Q2. What are theComponents of Attitudes.

Ans. (a)Cognitive (b) affective (c) behavioural

Q3. Factors affecting Attitude formation

Ans. (a) Family (b) reference group (c) direct personal experience (d) Media exposure

Q4 What is the cognitive component of attitude?

 Q5. What is the affective component of attitude
Q6. What is the behavioural component of attitude
Q7. Do you think attitude can be changed, if there is inconsistency between three components of attitude?
Q8 Can you change the attitude of a person whose age is 45 years of age? If yes –how if no—why?
Q9. How do you acquire attitude in your life?
Q10. What is difference between prejudice & attitude?
Q11. What is difference between prejudice & stereotypes?
Q10. What is relationship between attitude & behaviour?

PSYCHOLOGYICAL TESTING
Q1. Define psychological test.
Ans .A psychological test is a standardised and objective instrument which is used to assess an individual’s standing in
relation to others on some mental or behavioural characteristics.
Or
A test is a systematic procedure to compare the two or more persons.

Q2. What are the uses of psychological tests?

Ans. In Hospitals, industry, school, defense

Q3 What are the features/ characteristics of a good test?

Ans Reliability, Validity, norms

Q.4 What is a standardized test?

Ans. a standardized test when norms are developed for the test.

Q5. What is Reliability?

Ans Reliability of the test refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual
on the same test on two different occasions. For example, you administer the test to a
group of students today and re-administer it on the same set of students after some time,let us say 20 days. If the test is
reliable, there should not be any variation in the scores obtained by the students on the two occasions.
OR
Ans A test has good reliability if it produces the same result when researchers administer it to the same group of people at
different times

Q6 What are the types of reliability?

Ans. [Link]-retest reliability by giving the test to a group of people and then giving the test again to the same group of
people at a later time. A reliable test will produce approximately the same results on both occasions.
2. Alternate-forms reliability to determine a test’s reliability. They measure alternate-forms reliability by giving one version of
a test to a group of people and then giving another version of the same test to the same group of people. A reliable test will
produce roughly the same results no matter which version of the test is used.
3. Split – half Reliability: It gives an indication about the degree of internal consistency of the test. This is based on the assumption that
items of a test if they are from the same domain should correlate with each other. E.g. The test is divided into two equal halves employing odd
even method (items 1,3,5,— in one group and items 2,4,6,— in another group) and correlation is computed between the scores of odd and even
items.

Q.7 What is Validity?

Ans. Validity refers to the question : “Does the test measure what it claims to measure”?
For example, if you have constructed a test of mathematics achievement, whether the test is measuring mathematical
achievement or for exa

mple, language proficiency

Q8 What are the types of validity?

Ans There are two types of validity:
Content validity is a test’s ability to measure all the important aspects of the characteristic being measured. An intelligence
test wouldn’t have good content validity if it measured only verbal intelligence, since nonverbal intelligence is an important
part of overall intelligence.
 Criterion validity is fulfilled when a test not only measures a trait but also predicts another criterion of that trait. For
example, one criterion of scholastic aptitude is academic performance in college. A scholastic aptitude test would have
good criterion validity if it could predict college grade point averages.
Q9 What is Norm?
Ans. Norm is the normal or average performance of the group. The test is administered on a large number of students. Their
average performance standards are set based on their age, sex, place of residence, etc. This helps us in comparing the
performance of an individual student with others of the same group. It also helps in interpreting individuals’ score obtained on
a test.

Q10. Define Objectivity.

Ans. Objectivity refers to the fact that if two or more researchers administer a psychological test on the same group of
people, both of them would come up with more or less the same values for each person in the group.

Q11. What are achievement tests?

Ans It measure a person’s degree of learning. Success or accomplishment in a subject-matter.

Q12 Name any achievement test.

Ans. Pre-board

Q13. Name any 2 Personality tests.

Ans MPI, TAT, 16 PF

Q14 Name any 2 Interest tests.

Ans. CIS , KUDER INTEREST TEST

Q15 Name any 2 intelligence tests.

Ans. RPM, Koh’s block, Bhatia battery

Q16. Name any 2 Verbal tests.

Ans. The Bihar Test of Intelligence by S.M. Mohsin , Group Test of Intelligence by Prayag Mehta

Q17 Name any 2 nonverbal tests.

Ans RPM , DRAW A MAN TEST OF INTELLIGENCE

Q18 Name any 2 group tests

Ans RPM, DRAW A MAN TEST OF INTELLIGENCE

Q19. Name any 2 individual tests

Ans. Koh’s block, Bhatia battery

Q20 Name any 2 performance tests.

Ans Koh’s block, Bhatia battery

Q21 Name any 2 Culture fair tests.

Ans. RPM, DRAW A MAN TEST OF INTELLIGENCE

Q22. Name any 2 Culture Biased tests.

Ans. The Bihar Test of Intelligence by S.M. Mohsin , Group Test of Intelligence by Prayag Mehta

Q23. Name any 2 speed tests.

Ans. Koh’s block, Bhatia battery

Q24 Name any power test.

Ans. RPM

Q25. Define Percentile.

Ans. A percentile expresses the rank in group of 100 representative subjects, with 1 being the lowest rank & 100 the highest
rank.

Q26. Define sten scores

Ans. The sten scores expresses the distance from the mean in standard deviation unit reason for transforming raw scores
into sten scores is to depict results on different tests according to common scale.

Q27 What is experiment?

Ans. Experiment is a method of testing hypothesis.
OR
Experiments are generally conducted to establish cause-effect relationship between two sets of events or variables in a
controlled setting.

Q28 What is hypothesis?

Ans. a suggestive answer to question

Q29 What is variable?

Ans. An event or condition which may have different value.

Q30 What is the type of variable?

Ans (1) independent variable e.g. noise, drug etc.
(2) Dependent variable e.g. performance of the individual

Q31. What is the difference between test & experiment?

Ans A test is a systematic procedure to compare the two or more persons.
Experiment is a method of testing hypothesis. Experiments are generally conducted to
establish cause-effect relationship between two sets of events or variables in a controlled setting.

[Link] is a manual?
Ans. A booklet, which contains information about the test; reliability, validity, norms and standardization

Q33 What is a booklet?

Ans: Booklet contains the question for the subject to be evaluated.

Case Studies
In a case study, a researcher studies a subject in depth. The researcher collects data about the subject through
interviews, direct observation, psychological testing, or examination of documents and records about the subject.

Surveys
A survey is a way of getting information about a specific type of behavior, experience, or event. When using this
method, researchers give people questionnaires or interview them to obtain information.

Naturalistic Observation
When using naturalistic observation, researchers collect information about subjects by observing them
unobtrusively, without interfering with them in any way. Researchers create a record of events and note
relationships among those events. With naturalistic observation, researchers face the challenge of getting a clear
view of events without becoming noticeable to the subjects.

Laboratory Observation
As the name implies, researchers perform laboratory observation in a laboratory rather than in a natural
setting. In laboratory observation, researchers can use sophisticated equipment to measure and record subjects’
behavior. They can use one-way mirrors or hidden recording devices to observe subjects more freely while
remaining hidden themselves. Unlike observation in a natural setting, laboratory observation offers researchers
some degree of control over the environment.

SEQUENCE OF PRACTICAL
1. Aim of the test
2. Introduction
3. About the test / reliability & validity
4. Material used
5. Particulars of the subject
6. Precaution
7. Rapport formation & Instructions
8. Conduction
9. Introspective report
10. Result table
11. Interpretation of results : definition ,then start from – the purpose of this test was to know
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