Ministry of Education Fiji Year 13 Certificate Examination 2017

Ministry Of Education, Heritage and Arts
Quality Education for Change, Peace and Progress
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
FIJI YEAR 13 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2017
GEOGRAPHY
DETAILED SOLUTION
COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 1

SECTION A GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS [12 marks]
QUESGTION 1
(a) Map Interpretation
2 advantages
 There is a shorter travel time between Tainui and Walls Beach than between Tainui and
Hakatere (therefore, it‟s cheaper for the ferry operator)
 Walls Beach is closer to the major tourist resorts than Hakatere (so more people might
be tempted to use the ferry)
 The proposed port site at Walls Beach is more sheltered from the prevailing South-
eastetrly winds (making the dock safer)
 Cheaper and has a sheltered/protected harbour
(2 advantages for 2 marks, 1 advantage for 1 mark)
(b) Pictogram Interpretation
(i) 11 people (1 mark)
(ii) Need groceries to survive rather electric goods/groceries are a need while electric
goods are a want (1 mark)
(c) Extract Interpretation
1 advantage – income generation for the government
- Multiplier effect (money is shared out among local villages, the local
district councils and the central government)
(1 advantage 1 mark)
1 disadvantage – indiscriminate killing of game
- depleting wildlife (1 mark for 1 disadvantage)

(d) Resource Interpretation
Symptom of Solution
underdevelopment
Poverty  Create jobs, raise the minimum wage
 Increase the Earned Income Tax Credit for childless workers. ...
 Support pay equity. ...
 Provide paid leave and paid sick days. ...
 Establish work schedules that work.
 Self-employment
 Microfinance schemes
 Scholarships offered to people to get the relevant qulifications to
secure a job
Products are returned  Establish manufacturing industries
– as manufactured
items from rich
nations
Export are of raw  Establish manufacturing industries
materials with no
added value
Governments are  End impunity - Effective law enforcement is essential to ensure
frail/corrupt the corrupt are punished and break the cycle of impunity, or
freedom from punishment or loss.
Successful enforcement approaches are supported by a strong legal

framework, law enforcement branches and an independent and effective
court system
 Reform public administration & finance management
Reforms focusing on improving financial management and

strengthening the role of auditing agencies have in many countries
achieved greater impact than public sector reforms on curbing
corruption.
One such reform is the disclosure of budget information, which prevents

waste and misappropriation of resources.
 Promote transparency & access to information - Countries

successful at curbing corruption have a long tradition of
government openness, freedom of the press, transparency and
access to information. Access to information increases the
responsiveness of government bodies, while simultaneously
having a positive effect on the levels of public participation in a

country.
 Empower citizens - Strengthening citizen‟s demand for anti-
corruption and empowering them to hold government
accountable is a sustainable approach that helps to build mutual
trust between citizens and government. For example, community
monitoring initiatives have in some cases contributed to the
detection of corruption, reduced leakages of funds, and improved
the quantity and quality of public services.
 Close international loopholes - Without access to the
international financial system, corrupt public officials throughout
the world would not be able to launder and hide the proceeds of
looted state assets. Major financial centres urgently need to put
in place ways to stop their banks and cooperating offshore
financial centres from absorbing illicit flows of money.
 Act globally and locally: Keep citizens engaged on corruption
at local, national, international and global levels – in line with
the scale and scope of corruption.
 Keep transactions online and provide bill for every
purchase: Many of them do not pay taxes and escape This
involves corruption. Making payments online through bank
accounts and provision of bills for every transaction involving
money. This is a better corruption watch.
Reliance on manual  invest in technology

labour  mechanisation
 promote overseas training to up-skill labourers
Debt to foreign  Encouraging foreign direct investment (FDI):
countries Foreign investors and companies should be motivated and attracted
towards the local market. This can be done by providing investor
protection in legal and security terms. This requires social and political
stability as well as infrastructure as well as legal protection as in China.
There are laws in China regulating FDI.
 Reducing Govt. expenditure:

The biggest expense of a country is the one that the government spends
at its functioning. This in turn reduces the GDP of the country. Hence,
government expenditure needs to be reduced following the footsteps of
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who received only one rupee as
his salary being the first governor general of Pakistan.
 Stable basis for growth:

The growth of a country‟s economy is highly dependent on its social and
political stability for various reasons like investor protection. For
example, Pakistan has been a victim of political stability in terms of
military inventions and even unstable democratic regimes. Socially,

Pakistan has been subject to severe extremism and terrorism. Hence, a
stable Pakistan is a pre-requisite for economic growth.
 Getting of the roller coaster economy:

Third World countries have been going through ups and downs in its
economy. In periods it saw highs and lows in economic growth depicted
by various methods like the stock exchange. Therefore, it needs to get
off the roller coaster and take its route on a carpeted road.
 Reducing the balance of payment:

Balance of payment depends on the export and imports of country.
Countries should try to increase its exports to minimize its negative
balance of payment, and by reducing imports.
 Proper collection and utilization of public finance:

Countries face severe crisis in the collection mechanism and utilization
of taxes. A vibrant and effective tax collection mechanism should be
developed and implemented to increase public revenue. Furthermore,
strict check and balance method should be developed to ensure that the
revenue is being utilized in a productive manner.
 Access to foreign markets for local products:

Local products, which are of international standards, needs to be given
access to foreign markets where they can compete with other countries
products, which will increase exports, improving the balance of
payment.
 Promotion of free trade with the neighbouring and friendly

countries:
Barriers of borders and approvals for trade between neighbouring
countries should be reduced or finished to increase the area of economic
activity. The more broad and widened economic activity will definitely
improve the economy. In this respect, granting India the MFN status,
with its due pros and cons is under consideration.
 Using the domestic natural resources to strengthen the economy:

For example, nature has provided the soil of Pakistan with many natural
resources which are a backbone of an economy. From the second largest
salt mine (Khwera) to the gas fields in Balochistan and the recent
discovery of copper and gold from Rajoa-Chiniot, Pakistan has been
bestowed with various gifts from Allah. These can be used in
strengthening the economy by reducing the dependence on other
countries from whom the similar resources are being purchased.
Encourage the purchase of local products
 Countering energy crisis analysis:

Economic integration leads to political integration. Political integration
leads to peace, prosperity, stability and democracy. Pakistan is very
much capable in its capacity to ensure stable economic growth. It needs
improvement which is possible by stability of government and policies.
With the smooth transition of democratic governments, there is a ray of
hope.
Reliance on one/two  Encourage diversification
resources for a
nation‟s income
Vulnerability to  Improve warning systems
disease/natural  Improve quarantine measures/systems/ Improve biosecurity
disasters measures
 Better building designs/codes
 Civil defence
Aid – reliance on rich  embarking on a huge development programme"

nations for aid &  Investing in higher education, agriculture and its manufacturing
loans sector.
 Promote/encourage self-sufficiency
(1 mark for identifying solution, 1 mark for explaining point raised)
(e) Diagram Interpretation
Land value peaks at the city centre because:
 of its accessibility to department stores and other commercial buildings

 shortage of space (build upwards and use land intensively)
 high rate sales take place at the city centre (most duty free shopping stores/department
stores are located there)
 rely on well-developed infrastructure (pay more rates)
 competition for land/space because of its central location
(1 mark for identifying why land value peaks at the city centre, 1 mark for
explaining the point)

(f) Cartoon Interpretation
Issue Explanation
Population Better access to medical/health services/facilities – people
explosion/overpopulation living longer, therefore, contribute to population explosion
Declining food resources More mouths to feed, therefore, increase exploitation of

resources
Lack of/scarcity of resources More mouths to feed, therefore, increase exploitation of

resources
Overfishing Fishing for the same resource
Tragedy of the commons Think of yourself and do not consider the welfare
(2 marks = 1 mark for population issue, 1 mark for explanation)
(1 mark if issue raised but not explained)
SECTION B PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY [22 marks]
QUESTION 2 GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY (22 marks)
(a) Definitions
No. Term/concept Definition

i sill a horizontal intrusion along bedding planes with vertical cooling cracks
ii cirques amphitheater or armchair-shaped hollows with a steep back wall & a rock
basin
iii levees an artificial embankment built to prevent flooding by a river or the sea
iv laminar flow a horizontal movement of water, rarely experienced in rivers that it is

usually discounted
v infiltration the maximum rate at which water can pass through the soil, expressed in
capacity mm/hr.
vi mudflows A rapid form of mass movement consisting mainly of mud and water
(1 mark per definition, do not accept examples)
Differentiate between sill and dyke/dike

Source: www.acegeography.com
Cirque
(b) Resource Interpretation
(i) Formation of a waterfall
River meets a band of soft rock, the underlying rock is worn away and the hard
rock is undercut. In time the overlying harder rock will become unsupported and
will collapse. (1 mark)

Some rocks will be swirled around by the river to form a deep plunge pool. This
process is likely to be repeated many times causing the waterfall to retreat
upstream leaving a steep sided gorge (1 mark)
Source: www.coolgeography.co.uk
(ii) Usefulness of a waterfall to humans
 The strong currents near falls are often harnessed to generate electricity
(see waterpower). Today much of the water of Niagara Falls is diverted
for the generation of hydroelectric power
 Health benefits - visit waterfalls from a mental and physical health

standpoint, the benefits
are improved mood,
relaxation, exercise,
good respiration, and
optimization of limited
time on earth.
The improved mood

results from the fact that
waterfalls tend to have
aesthetic qualities to
them. When we see something we perceive as beautiful (whether it's
seeing someone attractive, some incredible natural feature [like
waterfalls!], even an elegant solution to a difficult problem, etc.), we tend
to be happier.
 Tourist attractions – source of money to tourist operators, multiplier effect

 Domestic use – used for washing, bathing
(1 usefulness of waterfall award 1 mark, 1 mark for explanation = 2 marks)
(1 mark if valid point is raised but no explanation given)
(c) Short Answer Questions
(i) 2 ecological importance of wetlands
 Erosion control. Wetland vegetation reduces erosion along lakes and stream banks by
reducing forces associated with wave action
 Fisheries habitat. Many species of fish utilize wetland habitats for spawning, food
sources, or protection.
 Flood control. Wetlands can slow runoff water, minimizing the frequency streams and
rivers reach catastrophic flood levels.
 Ground water recharge and discharge. Some wetlands serve as a source of ground
water recharge. By detaining surface waters that would otherwise quickly flow to distant
lakes or rivers, the water can percolate into the ground and help ensure long-term
supplies of quality ground water. Some wetlands are ground-water discharge areas; they
receive ground water even during dry periods. This helps reduce the impact of short-term
droughts on rivers and streams.
 Natural filter. By trapping and holding water, wetlands store nutrients and pollutants in
the soil, allowing cleaner water to flow in to the body of water beyond or below the
wetland. Vegetation, like cattails, can absorb some of the pollutants that remain in the
soil. Wetlands also moderate water flows, providing time for sediments to settle out
before the water is released to other wetlands, lakes, or streams. Less sediment means
clearer waters and a better environment for aquatic life.
 Rare species habitat. 43 per cent of threatened or endangered species in the U.S. live in
or depend on wetlands. This includes plants and animals.
 Wildlife habitat. Many animals depend on wetlands for homes and resting spots. Fish,
amphibians, reptiles, aquatic insects and certain mammals need wetlands as a place for
their young to be born and grow.
(2 ecological importance = 2 marks – no explanation needed)

(ii) Difference between lateral moraine and medial moraine
Lateral moraine – formed from debris from frost shattering of valley sides, carried
on the sides of a glacier
Medial moraine – formed from the merging of two lateral moraines, found in the
centre of the glacier
(2 marks for identifying a difference – do not accept definitions)
Source:
(d) Essay
DESERTIFICATION
2 human activities 2 measures to minimise desertification
Overgrazing - increase in the number of  Rotational grazing

livestock in some areas, therefore, many
animals for the amount of grass available (any  Planting trees and shrubs to create a
protective grass covering will be stripped away „green belt‟ along the southern edge of
leading to the loss of vegetation thus exposing the Sahara Desert
the soil/land to erosion turning the land into a
desert  Constructing stone lines to try to
E.g. the Sahel capture what moisture become
available exposed to wind and rain
Over cultivation – the shift from traditional  Encourage farmers to use sustainable
methods of land use to intensive land use land use methods
- More land needed for food crops; grass
ploughed up leading to declining soil  Maintain sustainable traditional
fertility. Soil is left exposed to wind methods of land use
and rain as vegetation cover is removed
leading to desertification
Deforestation – increase demand for wood for  Use of appropriate technology through
cooking, heating and building, vegetation is the use of low-wattage electric cookers
removed thus exposing the soil to rain and as in Nepal instead of relying on wood
wind for cooking
 Reforestation
 Use sustainable logging methods

Burning of fossil fuels
Climate change due to human activities
Relevance (4 marks) – 2 marks for 2 human activities, 2 marks for 2 measures to minimise
the problems)
Examples – 2 marks Introduction – 1 mark
Logic - 2 marks Conclusion - 1 mark
Physical causes of desertification

QUESTION 3 CLIMATE, SOIL AND VEGETATION (22 marks)
(a) Definitions
No Term/concept Definition
(i) latosols soils which result from high annual temperature and rainfall which cause
rapid chemical weathering of bedrock and create the optimum conditions
for breaking down the luxuriant vegetation
(ii) jet streams Narrow bands of extremely fast-moving air
Help in the rapid transfer of energy, can exceed speeds of 230km/hr,
which is sufficient to carry a balloon/ash from a volcano around the earth
within a week/two
(iii) emergents Tallest trees which may reach up to 50m in height and form the habitat for
numerous birds and insects
(iv) anabatic Strong uphill wind which blows up the valley and the valley sides during
wind the time of maximum heating
(v) translocation The movement of soil components in any form (solution, suspension or by
animals) or direction (downward, upward), usually takes place in
association with soil moisture
(vi) coniferous  Can tolerate long, cold winters, cold summers with a short
vegetation growing season, limited precipitation& podsolic soils
 Trees are evergreen, therefore, potential for year-round
photosynthesis
 trees have needle-like leaves to reduce transpiration during times
of strong winds and during the winter when moisture is in a form
unavailable for absorption by tree roots
 usually have 1 layer of vegetation
 are soft woods
 conical shape tree
 require few nutrients

Jet streams
What is the jet stream?
The jet stream consists of ribbons of very strong winds which move weather systems around the
globe. Jet streams are found 9-16 km above the surface of the Earth, just below the tropopause,
and can reach speeds of 200 mph.
How does the jet stream affect the weather?

The position of a jet stream varies within the natural fluctuations of the environment. They are
caused by the temperature difference between tropical air masses and polar air masses. What
happens in one part of the world depends on what is happening elsewhere - the atmosphere is a
complete environment with numerous connections.
Waves or ripples along the jet stream can cause Atlantic depressions to deepen explosively as
they are steered towards the UK, so they are very important to meteorologists.

Anabatic winds
What Causes Surface Winds, Mountain Winds and Anabatic Winds
Local Surface winds are sometimes more a function of Temperature Differences between
mountain tops and lower elevations than overriding Synoptic winds. These winds are sometimes
called Mountain Winds as they occur most frequently in mountainous areas, meteorologist call
them Katabatic or Anabatic Winds.
Anabatic Winds are upslope winds driven by warmer surface temperatures on a mountain slope
than the surrounding air column. Katabatic winds are downslope winds created when the
mountain surface is colder than the surrounding air and creates a down slope wind. Katabatic
wind may range over fairly large areas as in the case of the Santa Anna winds experienced
throughout southern California during certain times of the year. They can produce winds to 80
miles per hour and dominate local weather patterns for extended periods of time (weeks). As
shown in figure 2.4 below, they are initiated when cold air atop higher land masses begins to
flow downhill (remember cold air is heavier than warm air) displacing the warm air below it and
warming adiabatically and often gaining speed in the process. When the lower elevations are hot
desert areas the temperature differences can be quite substantial on the order of 60 to 70 degrees
F. The greater the temperature difference the stronger the wind. They are often so well-known
that they are given names like California‟ Santa Anna as mentioned above, the Chinook of the
Pacific Northwest or the Fohn in Switzerland.
Winds can be derived from a number of different meteorological phenomena that are either
caused by large scale synoptic pressure and temperature differences or by local temperature and
pressure differences. Once generated, however, there are many small scale surface structures that

can modify the wind direction and speed and distort the accuracy of the observing
instrumentation. We call these wind modifiers.
Translocation (term can be used to refer to the process in soil and or vegetation)
Translocation is the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant.
Plants produce carbohydrates (sugars) in their leaves by photosynthesis, but nonphotosynthetic
parts of the plant also require carbohydrates and other organic and nonorganic materials.
Source: www.slideshare

(i) Formation of acid rain
Acid is formed in the air from sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which are
emitted by industry (thermal power stations and motor vehicles) (1 mark)
These gases combine with water vapour in the air and are deposited directly onto
the earth‟s surface through rain (1 mark)
(ii) An impact of acid rain
 Local economy suffers – natural resources are threatened

 Acidity of lakes increases – large concentrations kill fish and plant life
 Acidity of soils increases – this in turn decreases the number of crops that
can be grown, threat to food security
 Forests are destroyed – leaching and erosion increases
 Water supplies are more acidic – can cause health hazard
 Buildings are being eroded by chemical action eg. Taj Mahal, India
(1 mark for identifying impact of acid rain, 1 mark for explaining impact)
(1 mark for identifying impact but no explanation given)
Effects of acid rain
Source: www.mvhs-fuhsd.org

(i) 2 ways plants have adapted to desert conditions
 Thick, waxy skins

 Thin, spiky or glossy leaves
 Long tap roots
 Shallow roots that spread out over a wide area
 Seeds have the ability to lie dormant for several years and then germinate
quickly after a heavy rain and to complete their lifecycle within 2/3 weeks
 Plants can grow in saline depressions
 Plants tend to be widely spaced
(2 marks for 2 adaptive features, 1 mark for 1 adaptive feature)
(ii) Difference between primary soil minerals and secondary soil minerals
Primary soil minerals – are present in the original parent material, unaltered from
their original state
Secondary soil minerals – have been altered by weathering reactions
(2 marks for 1 difference explained, 1 mark if no explanation given)
(d) Essay
VEGETATION
2 ecological uses 2 cultural uses
 Food source for animals  Provides wood for people to use in
eg. The makore (Tieghemella heckelii) and making homes, tools, boats, carvings
the moabi (Baillonella toxisperma) and fuel for cooking.
These species are two large trees from Central If the forests are cut the people will have to
Africa that provide an important food source import wood for these needs at a cost many
for forest elephants and small mammals times the money they may now be paid for the
same wood.
 Promoting the succession of vegetation  Has many plants which may be of great
in degraded areas. economic value.
 Supporting nitrogen fixation and, with Not just trees, but foods, spices and medicines
the longest roots in the world, pulls up grow in the forest. Maybe some of the plants
groundwater to allow other plants to killed during forest cutting are worth more than
grow in an extremely dry climate. the trees. When they are killed and thrown
E.g. The huarango tree (Prosopis pallida) away or burned, the land may be losing plants

This species is native to semi-arid areas of with food or medicinal value which can never
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The tree plays a be replaced. The medicinal plants and the
critical ecological role plants used for many generations by the local
people for special purposes need the forest to
survive.
 Makes the soil.  Some special trees of very great value,
The soil on the land is the old broken-down like ebony (black wood) and sandal
rock mixed with the dead plants of the forest wood, nut trees and trees which are
and the many small animals and bacteria and just right for making canoes or
plants which live in the soil. Forests made most foundations for houses or tools.
of the soil on the planet. When garden soil While these trees are replaced naturally in the
becomes poor the forest grows over the old forest, they are not replanted when the forest is
garden and makes the soil good again. cut because they grow too slowly. Many trees
and bushes valuable to the local people are
considered rubbish by commercial loggers and
these are often killed when other trees are cut.
 Protects the soil.  Heritage of the local people.
It holds the soil with its roots. If the trees are Treated with love and respect it will last
cut down and no gardens are planted the soil forever and supply the people's needs. Many
gets hard and dry and no good for gardens. If people have sacred ties to the trees and the
heavy rains come and there are no trees, the forest that are part of their traditional cultures,
soil gets muddy and washes away, polluting and are still important to them today.
streams, rivers and the sea. Then the soil is
gone and gardens will not grow on the hard
rock.
 Holds water.  Source of food
The trees and the soil they make are full of  Source of ornaments
water and they store this water for times of no  Source of herbal medicines
rain. The forest controls the flow of water over  Wood for furniture
the land. When heavy rains come the trees help  Wood for construction
trap the water in the soil. They hold water in
their branches, trunks, roots and leaves. When
the land is dry the water from the forest keeps
the land green. Without the trees of the forest
the land can quickly become dry and the crops
may die.
 Makes clouds and rain.
When the wind blows over the land it moves
through the trees and the trees put water into
the wind. When the wind goes through the
trees, the trees also put excess heat from the
sun into the wind. The heated, wet air then lifts
up because hot air rises. When the hot, wet air
hits the cooler wind above the land, it becomes
clouds. If you cut down the trees there may be
less rain and the land may dry up; people will

then not have enough water to drink or wash in
and the crops will die.
 Controls garden pests.
Inside the forest many insects and birds and
animals live in a balanced system. When the
balance is good, the life systems work together
and there are not too many of any kind of plant
or animal or insect. Many of these animals and
insects eat garden pests and mosquitos. When
the forest dies the natural balance is lost and
many of the good animals and insects
disappear. In this way mosquitos and diseases
can increase and gardens can be attacked by
pests if the forest is cut.
 Prevents fires.
When the forest is dead the land becomes dry
and can quickly catch on fire and burn away all
the life.
Relevance (4 marks) – 2 marks for 2 ecological uses, 2 marks for 2 cultural uses
SECTION C CULTURAL OR HUMAN GEOGRAPHY [44 marks]
QUESTION 4 POPULATION AND URBANISSTION (22 marks)
(a) Definitions

i transmigration was a scheme created by the Indonesian government to ease
overpopulation in the capital of Java by moving people from the “core”
area to the less populated areas of Indonesia (known as the “periphery”).
ii pull factor Factors which positively select migrants; factors which attract migrants to
an area
iii life The average number of years a person born in a country might be
expectancy expected to live
iv gentrification The rehabilitation of a residential zone, usually a process by which

dilapidated dwellings/neighbourhoods are taken over and converted to
expensive housing
v replacement The number/figure needed by a country to replace its population
rate When there are sufficient children born to balance the number of people
that die
vi Burgess A model which has a central business district surrounded by other zones
model in rings
(i) 1 negative effect of urbanisation
Traffic congestion (1 mark)
 Caused by increase urban population who own cars (private car ownership)
 Transport network cannot cater for increasing car ownership in urban centres
 Common destinations, such as the CBD, the focus for much employment and business
activity
 Transport routes are nodal
(1 mark for explanation – students must explain problem)
(ii) 1 measure to overcome the problem
 Extend/expand transport network

 Intensification & upgrading of infrastructure – decentralizing functions & services
 Introduce rapid transit system/schemes
 Make public transport a priority by discouraging car ownership (Singapore)
 Establishment of new towns
 Heavy fines – registration fees, user fees (Singapore)
 Encourage pedestrian zones/bicycle zones
 Promote traffic free zones
 Increase vehicle importation tax
 Encourage carpooling/park and ride scheme
 Remove cars that are not road worthy
(1 mark for 1 measure, 1 mark for explaining how the measure can combat
traffic congestion – students must explain)

(i) 2 ways life in the city can be more sustainable
 Improve mass transit

Around the world, urban commuters spend hours each year stuck in traffic
congestion, burning through gasoline just idling in road jams. Use of public transit
is increasing in some places, but not at the pace most experts say is needed.
Roadway occupancy levels could increase sixfold in some countries, according to
the International Energy Agency (IEA). Would better mass transit systems get
more commuters off the road?
 Make buildings more efficient
In the developed world, fully 40 percent of carbon dioxide emissions come from
heating, cooling, and powering buildings. Many countries have embarked on
major efforts to better insulate buildings and install more modern and efficient
heating and ventilation equipment. Energy savings could reach 30 percent or
more. Should cities invest in major weatherization and energy upgrade efforts?
 Boost clean energy The electricity plants that power the world's cities are
often out of sight and out of mind. But some municipalities are taking steps to
reduce their reliance on power transmitted from distant generating stations. Cities
are integrating solar energy onto rooftops, capturing and recycling waste heat, and
purchasing wind power. Switching from coal to natural gas also can cut carbon
emissions and other pollutants.
 Upgrade power infrastructure
As New York City learned during Hurricane Sandy, aging energy delivery
systems in many cities need to be upgraded to handle increased weather and
flooding risks as well as growing population. Cities will need smarter and more
resilient electricity and fuel delivery systems to provide basic human services, and
for communities to grow and thrive into the next century.
European cities, led by Frankfurt and London, account for seven of the top 10
most sustainable cities while the other three are the well-heeled Asian tigers of
Seoul, Singapore and Hong Kong, according to a new ranking of 50 major metro
areas.
 Smart rubbish bins
Forget gas-guzzling dumper trucks and smelly skips. City authorities around the
world are now turning to solar-powered “trash compactors” to keep litter off the
streets. The 150-gallon capacity rubbish bins are equipped with a motor that
pushes down the rubbish when it nears the top. The motor is powered by solar
panels embedded in the lid. The newest Bigbelly bins include a wireless
monitoring system that notifies rubbish collectors when the bins are full.

 Neo-walled gardens
Gardens stopped being just the preserve of people‟s front lawns long ago. For a
while, garden roofs were all the rage. Now, it‟s all about walls. Drawing on
advances in hydroponics, the facades of a growing number of libraries and
offices, shops and hotels, are bursting into flower. One of the firms at the
forefront of the “living wall” boom is UK-based firm Biotecture. The company‟s
“vertical gardens” can also be seen gracing the Taj Hotel in central London and
the exit wall of Edgware Road Tube Station, among other locations. Aesthetics
aside, green walls are credited with reducing air pollution and improving air
quality.
 Supertrees
It had to happen eventually: man-made trees. Singapore‟s Gardens by the Bay has
a small copse of them. Up to 50 metres high, these steel-framed „supertrees‟ not
only have flowers and ferns growing up them, but their metallic canopies act to
absorb and disperse heat too. They‟re equipped to harvest rainwater too, as well
as provide air ventilation for two “climate-controlled biomes” (large
conservatories, in other words) below. 11 of the 18 trees also boast solar panels
along their „branches‟.

 Green city/eco city
 Promote green consumerism - refers to recycling, purchasing and using eco-
friendly products that minimize damage to the environment.
Green consumerism creates a balance between the expectations of consumer
behaviour and businesses' profit motives. Points to be noted:
- Markets don't wait for slow movers. Businesses that innovate and respond quickly to
consumer demands survive best.
- Everyone has a part to play, at various levels of administration, manufacture and use.
- A consumer has to realize that he/she not just buys 'a' product, but everything that went
into its production, and everything that will happen in the future as a result of that
product.
- All products have an environmental impact, however small. The idea is to reduce it to the
minimum.
(2 marks for 2 ways, 1 mark for 1 way – student lists 2 points, no need for
explanations)
(ii) 1 factor that can lead to decline in BR and fertility
 Family planning – increasing the knowledge of contraception methods & access

to family planning services, reducing the cost & increasing the supply of
contraception commodities, overcoming the disapproval of husbands & the
opposition of certain religious groups
 Health care – safer abortions & a reduction in infant mortality( fewer children
need to be born as more of them will survive)
 Women‟s education & status – this delays marriage &gives women the right to
decide between having more children or using birth control
 Increased desire for material possessions - less for large families
 Increased Industrialisation & mechanisation – fewer labourers are needed

(1 mark for 1 factor, 1 mark for explaining factor)
(1 mark if factor raised but not explained)
(d) Essay
MIGRANT WORKERS IN RECEIVING COUNTRIES

2 advantages 2 disadvantages
 Overcomes labour shortage  Pressure on jobs but most likely to be the
first unemployed in a recession
 Low quality, overcrowded housing lacking
 Prepared to do dirty, unskilled jobs in basic amenities (inner-city slums –
bidonvilles in France, favelas in South
America
 Prepared to work long hours for a  Ethnic groups tend not to integrate
low salary
 Some highly skilled migrants  Racial tension

 In a developing country these  Lack of opportunities to practice their own
migrants could increase the religion, culture, etc.
number of skilled workers  Limited skilled/educated group
 A melting pot  Language difficulties
 Often less healthy
 Assimilation of cultures
 Contribute to leakage factor
Relevance (4 marks) – 2 marks for 2 advantages, 2 marks for 2 disadvantages
QUESTION 5 TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATION AND
LANDUSE AND INDUSTRIALISATION (22 marks)
(a) Definitions

i tariff A customs duty charged on goods imported into a country
A tax imposed on imported goods
ii media The right to circulate opinions in the media without censorship by the
freedom government

iii sweat shop A factory found in a developing country where people have to work long
hours in poor conditions and for low wages
iv digital literacy Use all the technological advances of the 21st century to improve
education, finances, social life and careers.
Encompasses many skills used to comprehend and utilize knowledge and

information gathered from digital sources or technology it.
Basic knowledge of how to use electronic goods

v plantation A type of tropical farming, where one crop is grown. Usually for export
agriculture by a TNC on a large efficiently run estate
vi rapid transit are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which
system cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort, and which
is often grade separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.
11 Facts About Sweatshops
Welcome to DoSomething.org, a global movement of 5.5 million young people making positive
change, online and off! The 11 facts you want are below, and the sources for the facts are at the
very bottom of the page.
 A "sweatshop" is defined by the US Department of Labor as a factory that violates 2 or

more labor laws.
 Sweatshops often have poor working conditions, unfair wages, unreasonable hours, child
labor, and a lack of benefits for workers. Take a stand and protest: Ask your school to
make its apparel under fair conditions. Sign up for Tighty Whitey Rally.
 In developing countries, an estimated 168 million children ages 5 to 14 are forced to
work.
 America has stronger labor laws than most undeveloped countries, but it is not free of
sweatshop conditions. Many labor violations slip under the radar of the US Department
of Labor.
 Products that commonly come from sweatshops are garments, cotton, bricks, cocoa, and
coffee.
 A study showed that doubling the salary of sweatshop workers would only increase the
consumer cost of an item by 1.8%, while consumers would be willing to pay 15% more
to know a product did not come from a sweatshop.
 Sweatshops do not alleviate poverty. The people who are forced to work must spend the
majority of their paycheck on food for their families to survive.
 Child labor is especially common in agriculture (98 million, or 59% of child laborers
work in agriculture), followed by services (54 million) and industry (12 million).

 The majority of child laborers are found in Asia and the Pacific. Sub-Saharan Africa has
the highest prevalence, with one in five children in child labor.
 According to one survey, more than 2/3 of US workers experienced at least one pay-
related violation in the previous work week. Assuming a full-time, full-year work
schedule, workers lose an average of $2,634 annually due to violations.
 Because women make up 85 to 90% of sweatshop workers, some employers force them
to take birth control and routine pregnancy tests to avoid supporting maternity leave or
providing appropriate health benefits.
Source: https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-sweatshops
(i) 1 advantage of agroforestry
 Helps maintain soil fertility at satisfactory levels⁴. This generally helps

produce better yields at reduced operational costs and create more drought
resistant systems. Agroforestry is also recognized to help in reclamation of
polluted soils, particularly salinized and acidified soils.
 Minimize the need for chemical nutrients and fertilisers, which, among
other positive effects, reduces the content of chemicals in agricultural
runoff.
 Preventing soil erosion, which is an important factor in producing
agricultural runoff in the first place. Reduced agricultural runoff means
saved water and avoided pollution of drinking water in rivers and lakes.
 Agroforestry systems offer a much better natural habitat to a variety of
animals, birds, and insects than agricultural lands.
 Trees also serve as a protection to livestock from the sun and the wind in
warmer months. Moreover, agroforestry systems are claimed to reduce the
amount of agricultural insect pests and reduce associated diseases⁵.
 Agroforestry contributes to several globally relevant developmental issues.
Thus, it has a positive effect on poverty reduction through increased
production of wood for home consumption and sale². While wood may be
used in the household for heating purposes, some studies also illustrated
high energy savings from yard shelterbelts protecting houses from the role
of agroforestry in climate change mitigation and adaptation received
particularly strong attention. Trees are extremely useful in sequestering
greenhouse gases, and agroforestry is a way to combat deforestation that
plagued the planet. According to some estimates, agriculture and
deforestation contribute to as much as one third of global greenhouse gas
emissions. According to FAO, agroforestry addresses climate change
through a number of solutions. It reduces or eliminates the need for

deforestation because it provides wood products from the farmland. It also
reduces the need to use soil nutrients and fertilizers by improving soil
quality and maintaining good nutritional balance and fertility. Finally,
agroforestry strengthens agricultural resilience by increasing crop yields
and offering better environment for farm animals.
 It can help sustain or even increase biodiversity.
Aside from conserving energy, soil and water, landowners plant trees
around in their farms to try and conserve wildlife through diversity. Lands
that were converted for settlements, which dramatically reduced wildlife
habitat, can be reverted to make up for the loss by planting trees. After all,
this action is not only good for the landowners and the wildlife, but also
for the environment as a whole.
(1 mark for stating 1 advantage, 1 mark for explaining the advantage)
(1 mark if advantage is raised but not explained)
(ii) 1 challenge related to agroforestry
 It requires a huge amount of time to reap products.

Probably, the biggest disadvantage of agroforestry is the huge amount of
time required to reap the yields. As you can see, this is often the first
challenge for agroforestry, where it always involves integrating long-lived
perennial crops or trees with other plants and livestock. Usually, planting
to harvest crops, even the fast-growing species, can take many years.
 A lack of uniformity in policies and regulations relating to felling and
transporting farm-grown timber and other products in different states. E.g.
In India
 Agroforestry ventures are not covered under agricultural insurance
schemes or entitled to marketing support, and cannot access the soft bank
loans available for crop farming.
 Land tenure system – small land plot size, clan owned renting system
 Land use management - Slash and burning practice which farmers
mentioned is not time and labor consuming and allows to control weed
and pest
 Capacity and knowledge - Lack of awareness by farmers of
environmental benefits of trees and misconception about trees e.g. fear of
tree shade negatively affecting crops, and fruit trees attracting monkeys,
Lack of awareness of existing forest legislation, Lack of knowledge of tree
seedling management, pest and disease control, and adequate seeds
(1 mark for stating 1 challenge, 1 mark for explaining the challenge)
(1 mark if challenge is raised but not explained)

(i) 2 reasons why similar industries locate near each other
 Able to exchange ideas & information

 Able to share maintenance & support services
 Able to share basic amenities such as connecting roads
 Build up a pool of highly skilled labour force
(2 marks for 2 reasons, 1 mark for 1 reason – no explanation needed)
(ii) The role of the media in development
 Promote economic development - Economic development also depends on

communication at every level, from helping a poor producer market her
goods to strengthening a minister‟s hand in negotiating international trade
agreements.
 An education tool – digital literacy
 Political development – role in good governance
(transparency/accountability)
 Act as government mouthpiece – public consultations about proposed
development project
 People raise issues
(2 marks for 1 role and explained, 1 mark if role is not explained)
(d) Essay
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPEMNT IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES

2 advantages 2 disadvantages
The growth of industries has resulted in large The immediate result is in the gradual
scale production of goods which are available disappearance of many natural resources, the
to the consumer at much cheaper rates. pollution of land, water and air.
There is saving of time and labor. The increase in vehicular traffic, launching of
space ships and rockets by competing nations,
Industrialization has resulted in a considerable the incessant working of machines in factories
rise in the standard of living of the people. have brought in noise-pollution and dust and
smoke.
A number of substitutes in consumer goods are
available. The customer gets wide variety of The general dirty and unhealthy conditions in
choices. and around the industrial sites have affected
human health and happiness. Diseases, unheard
There are means to control and check the of before, are spreading far and wide.
colossal wastage of human energy that can be

used otherwise. There have been instances of child labor in
factories.
Industrialization creates new job opportunities,
leading to the removal of poverty to a great The exploitation of the poor by the rich has
extent. increases the crime-rate, isolation and sense of
loneliness.
Industrialization has also resulted in the
development of new modes of transport The gradual displacement of manpower in
making quick export and import possible. The industries is ultimately leading to
world has become a small place. unemployment.
There has been a steady decline in spiritual

values and well-being of man consequent upon
the growth of an artificial, mechanical and
materialistic civilization brought about by
industrialization.
Capitalistic ethics with a craving for more and

more money seem to dominate and influence
millions of people. The grave uncertainties in
the money-market sometimes bring
misfortunes for the common people.
Inflation sets in, the value of money goes down

and the poor working class becomes poorer.
Class conflicts, strike, dharnas, gheraos and
bandhs and then lockouts cause hardship and
unrest. Society faces their impact in various
ways.
Large scale heavy industries lead to a sharp fall

in the number of cottage industries and their
gradual disappearance. Regional and local
artisans and workers of various trades and
professions suffer a great deal.
Relevance (4 marks) – 2 marks for 2 advantages, 2 marks for 2 disadvantages

QUESTION 6 RESOURCE USE AND CONTEMPORARY
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (22 marks)
(a) Definitions

i innocent passage Is a concept in the law of the sea that allows for a vessel to pass
through the territorial waters of another state, subject to certain
restrictions. ... Innocent passage concedes the coastal country's
territorial sea claim, unlike freedom of navigation, which directly
contests it.
ii demersal species Fish live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes (the demersal
zone). They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist
of mud, sand, gravel or rocks.
iii open cast mining Is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the
earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.
iv endemic species species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an
island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms
that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also
found elsewhere examples of endemic species: lemurs of Madagascar
and the tortoises of the Galápagos, Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros,
Bengal Tigers, Asiatic Lion, Black Buck, Lion Tailed Macaque, Snow
Leopard, one of the more unusual creatures endemic to Australia‟s
Outback: the thorny devil lizard, Moloch horridus. The lizard has a
fearsome appearance despite being quite harmless, the world‟s smallest
chameleon, Brookesia micra, was only recently discovered living
exclusively on a tiny rock islet called Nosy Hara, off the northern tip of
Madagascar, found only in the cloud forests of Papua New Guinea‟s
Huon Peninsula, the Matschie's tree kangaroo, Dendrolagus matshiei,
is a plush brown marsupial with golden paws, belly and tail that spends
most of its life in the treetops munching leaves, a primate found
exclusively in the highlands of Ethiopia, the gelada, Theropithecus
gelada, is a baboon-like monkey.
v appropriate An alternative technology suited to the needs, skills, knowledge &
technology wealth of local people in the environment in which they live.
vi Integrated Method of logging in which several different species are harvested at
logging the same time
What is Appropriate Technology?
Appropriate technology is being mindful of what we're doing and aware of the consequences.
Appropriate technology works from the bottom up; it is not an overlay to the situation; it is a
genuine grassroots solution to economic needs. In the Industrial World small businesses account
for more technological advances in their areas of expertise than government supported

researchers or research departments in massive corporations. Third World craftspeople, farmers
and other villagers invent, create, and contribute to the technological process of their area much
more than outside "experts" do.
The idea of appropriate technology is that local people, struggling on a daily basis with their
needs, understand those needs better than anyone and can therefore suggest or in fact, invent the
technological innovations necessary to meet those needs. Not only that, local people can
prioritize solutions to save precious funding and labor. Planners and those who want to help
others grapple with food and energy problems are wise to include local people in the early stages
of project vision. The result is consistency in the carry-through of the work by locals and
continued maintenance and interest in the well-being of the project over the long haul.
While grassroots activity is vital in developing appropriate technology, a larger view is definitely
called for in understanding how organizations can combine funds and human resources to
develop and market technologies. Communication among international aid agencies can greatly
enhance efficient use of funds for appropriate technology and a reduction of the "reinventing the
wheel" syndrome.
The definition of "Appropriate Technology" changes with each situation. It's not appropriate to
install solar modules in a place with very little sun, a wind generator in a place with little or no
wind. What's appropriate in a large urban location is very different from what's appropriate in a
remote, isolated environment. One quality that remains the same, however, is taking care of
things. In each situation, the essence of AT remains appreciating, helping, caring. Planned
obsolescence, throw-away products, poor quality all go against intelligent decision-making and
the true spirit of appropriate technology.
- Steve Troy, Jade Mountain Inc.
The most significant difference between transit passage and innocent passage is that in transit
passage submarines are allowed to navigate through the strait below the surface; the right of
transit passage concerns also air transport.
Innocent passage: Right of a foreign ship to pass through the territorial waters of a coastal state
so long as the passage does not interfere with or prejudices the state's good order, peace, and
security.

(i) 1 reason why fishing method is unsustainable
 Catch both target and non-target species

 Dead by-catch of non-target species dumped back into the sea
 Ship has large storage capacity, therefore, can catch large numbers of fish
which can contribute to stock depletion
(2 marks for 1 reason and explained, 1 mark if is no explanation
given)
(ii) 1 measure governments can take to combat this type of fishing
 Surveillance of the EEZ – ensure there is no illegal fishing

 Impose heavy fines/penalties – discourage illegal activities
 Impose quota system – discourage overfishing
 Impose moratorium – allow stock to rejuvenate
 Limit the issue of fishing license - discourage overfishing
 Support organisations working to protect the ocean – protect the marine
environment
 Public awareness on the importance of the marine environment/ecosystem
– environment stewardship
(2 marks for 1 measure and explained, 1 mark if is no explanation

given)
(i) 1 reason why mining is unsustainable
 A mining firm befouls the atmosphere, pollutes water supplies,

contaminates the soil, and disturbs the delicate geological balance in the
area within and around the mining site; the corresponding costs in terms of
lower long-run economic productivity from the mining area are borne not
by the firm but by the community.
 At some point in time, the mineral ore that is being mined is completely
exhausted, or extraction costs become prohibitive and their operations
cease to be viable. The company disinvests from its current operation and
moves on to other sites in the country or elsewhere in the world and the
community in question is left holding the bag.
 Damages the environment - It leads to the emission of dust, suspended
particle and gases which cause air pollution, Release of harmful trace
element e.g., CO, Pb, etc. leads to the contamination of surface water,

Underground water is also contaminated due to seepage and infiltration of
leached drainage, Mining leads to the degradation of soil quality, fertility
and makes it toxic, Natural vegetation get adversely effected due to
leached trace element, The major consequences of mining is the
deforestation which results in loss of flora and fauna.
 Mining results in wastage of land as it neither remain suitable for
industrial use nor for agricultural purposes.
 Mining directly results in the loss of landscape and beauty of surrounding.
 It directly affects the ecosystem and its stability as many species are killed
due to toxicity of water and soil and loss of habitat.
(Award 2 marks for 1 reason + explanation, 1 mark if point is not
explained)
(ii) 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of recycling
 Recycling minimizes pollution

 Protects the environment
 Recycling minimizes global warming
 Conserves natural resources
 Recycling cuts down amount of waste in landfill sites
 Recycling ensures sustainable use of resources
 Recycling contributes to creation of jobs
(1 mark for 1 advantage)
Disadvantages of Recycling
 High upfront capital costs

 Recycling sites are always unhygienic, unsafe and unsightly
 Products from recycled waste may not be durable.
 Recycling might not be inexpensive
 Recycling is not widespread on large scale
(1 mark for 1 disadvantage)

(d) Essay
ENDANGERED SPECIES
2 threats 2 measures
Increasing population – need to clear forests to Holding federal agencies and others
make space or to cater for much needed accountable for complying with laws
resources for survival (firewood) protecting rare and endangered species using
cooperation, persuasion, and--where necessary-
-litigation.
Destruction/fragmentation of habitat – due to Protecting and restoring the habitats on
deforestation/indiscriminate logging which endangered species and other wildlife
depend for their survival, and encouraging
wildlife-friendly land management practices.
Reducing threats to wildlife that can lead to
their endangerment and extinction, such as loss
of habitat, contamination of water and spread
of invasive species.
Pollution - Destruction/fragmentation of Control pollution
habitat
Climate change/global warming - Global Control human activities that contribute to
warming is making the protection of global warming and climate change
endangered species increasingly challenging. Defending and strengthening the Endangered
Climate change not only affects our plants and Species Act, which provides an essential legal
animals directly--through changes in safety net to prevent the loss of plant and
temperature and precipitation for instance--but animal species to extinction.
can worsen the impact on endangered species
of traditional threats, such as invasive species,
wildfires and diseases.
Relevance (4 marks) – 2 marks for 2 threats , 2 marks for 2 countermeasures

SECTION D SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS GEOGRAPHY (22 marks)
QUESTION 7
(a) Definitions

i Quota a limited quantity of a particular product which under official controls
can be produced, exported, or imported.
ii Import is a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign

substitution imports with domestic production. ISI is based on the premise that a
country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the
local production of industrialized products.
iii Coral bleaching a process whereby the coral colonies lose their colour, either due to the
loss of pigments by microscopic algae (zooxanthellae) living in
symbiosis with their host organisms (polyps), or because these
zooxanthellae have been expelled.
iv Environment those people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat
refugees temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental
disruption (natural or triggered by people) that jeopardizes their
existence and/or seriously affected the quality of their life
v Programme aid Aid consisting of all contributions made available to a recipient country
for all general development purposes, such as balance of payment
support, general budget support and commodity assistance, not linked
to specific project activities
vi Marine Protected Protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or large lakes. MPAs restrict
Areas (MPAs) human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural
or cultural resources.
(i) 1 environmental threat due to sea level rise
 Coastal inundation – less space for expansion

 Receding shorelines – loss of arable land, people may have to be relocated
 Soil salinisation - As rising ocean water seeps into the ground, one consequence is
that the soil near the coast will become saltier. Some plants will simply be unable
to cope with the change in soil salinity and may disappear from the shoreline.
 Destruction of arable land - Those same freshwater sources we use for drinking
also supplies the water we use for irrigation. The problems here are the same: The
intruding sea could make these groundwater sources saltier. Saltwater can stunt or
even kill crops, but creating freshwater from saltwater is a costly and
unsustainable practice.

 Aquifer contamination - due to salt water intrusion
 Habitat destruction for fish, birds and plants - Many forms of wildlife make their
home on the beach. As the rising ocean erodes the shoreline and floods the areas
where coastal animals live, animals like shorebirds and sea turtles will suffer.
Their delicate nests may be swept away by flooding, an especially big problem for
endangered animals like sea turtles who can‟t afford to lose any valuable
offspring. Their habitats may be so damaged by flooding or changes in the
surrounding plant life that they can no longer thrive in the environment. More
saltwater hitting our shores will change the chemistry of the soil on the coast,
meaning the plant life there will likely change as well.
(Award 2 marks for 1 threat + explanation, 1 mark if threat is not explained)
(ii) 1 strategy government can take to combat the problem in (i)
 Cutting so-called „short-lived climate pollutants‟, which warm the climate on

timescales of a few weeks to a decade, in combination with reductions in long-
lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
 Setting up of sea walls – reduce the impacts of waves
 Water purification methods/system – to assist with water resources
 Public awareness – people to know about the causes and effects of SLR and what
they can do to mitigate the problem
 Population relocation – safety of the people
(Award 2 marks for 1 strategy + explanation, 1 mark if strategy is not

explained)
(i) 1 measure to improve health services
 Upgrading health facilities in the rural areas – people do not have to travel to the
urban centres for medical treatment
 Decentralize health services – take burden away from urban health provision
 Mechanization and upgrade machines used in hospitals and those used by health
workers
 Investing in Education
Education (especially universal primary education) helps reduce health
inequalities because it enables people to obtain safer, better jobs, have better

health literacy, take preventive health care measures, avoid riskier health
behaviors, and demand more and better-quality health services.
 Directing More Health Benefits toward the Poor
Because the poor tend to use health services less than the rich, public health
programs may use “targeting” strategies to direct more benefits toward the poor.
These strategies may identify who is poor and therefore eligible for certain
benefits or they may direct programs toward certain areas where poorer people
live, or address specific health problems that the poor tend to suffer.
 Programs using multiple approaches may be most effective.
The “essential services” approach means providing a basic package of cost-
effective health services to everyone. Though financed by the government,
private-sector health providers may deliver the services.
 Increasing the Availability and Quality of Health Services
A common prescription for health systems is to direct more resources toward
primary-level facilities and care, to increase and strengthen these services so that
more people in neglected areas can benefit
 Mobilizing Community Resources
Recent projects in India and Ghana have mobilized community resources in
innovative ways to improve the health of the poor. These approaches have
included intensive training of community- based health workers, the involvement
of traditional leaders, and local delivery of services.
(Award 2 marks for 1 measure + explanation, 1 mark if measure is not

explained)
(ii) 1 advantage of remittances
 To increase the standard of living of the families that receives them. This
positively affects them by increasing their day to day available spending money.
It can also help increase consumption of these families as a kind of financial
injection as a result, increasing national income and affecting GDP
 It facilitates human capital investments particularly in increasing education of
children. It can also help provide food, clothing and health care.
 It reduces poverty and income inequalities by raising the average level of income
per capita and helping to equalize the income distribution.
 Remittances help to increase the rate savings and as a result increase investments.
This is an individual demeanour depending on the region and economic
conditions of the recipient of remittances. Researches proof that mothers that
receive remittances use these funds to facilitate their homes more than for
personal and irrelevant spending
 Remittances flows have a constructive impact on financial developments
consisting of increasing the access and use of financial intermediaries likes banks
especially in the rural areas. Many remittance receivers tend to own bank account,
and this helps to improve the existence of financial intermediaries.
 Remittances help improve credit ratings of countries and help raise external
financing. Inflows would efficiently reduce the country's debts reasonably to its
income and improve the country's creditability thereby reducing its cost of
borrowing/ interest rate in the international capital market.
 Help developing countries raise external financing through securitization. Here,
banks that receive remittance in developing countries, can issue bonds to foreign
investors with the backing of future flows of remittances.
 At the macroeconomic level, they contribute to GDP growth and consumption
 At the household level, they alleviate poverty and supplement income
(1 mark for 1 advantage)
A disadvantage of remittances
 It can promote idleness among recipients. As the basic needs are met by the
remittance funds, recipients tend to stop working. This has a direct negative effect
in labour supply and economic output.
 Remittances can lead to currency appreciation causing exports prices to go up and
import prices to be cheaper. As a result, there is a reduction in export levels, and
increase in import levels. This can also affect the production markets by reducing
the availability of jobs. [10] Creating a malfunction in both the currency and
labour market
 It can lead to the Dutch disease: when there is an increase in the amount of
foreign currency in the country because domestic currency has become expensive
compared to foreign currency.
 it can also encourage more migration of labour because family members receiving
remittance think that they would be better off moving to developed countries and
earn more money rather than staying in their home county. This on the long run
can cause a negative impact, often referred to as "brain drain" whereby the
population is filled with uneducated individuals or people outside the labour
market range.
 It increases the country's dependence on remittance rather than investments.
However, a sudden stop in the inflow of these remittances can cause serious
financial crisis. And if the country's pillars are backed majorly by remittances, the
crisis would be even worse.
(1 mark for 1 disadvantage)

(d) Essay
REGIONAL COOPERATION
2 advantages 2 ways PICs have benefitted
 it enables participating countries to  Pacific Islands Forum
overcome the small size of their The Pacific Islands Forum represents heads of
domestic markets and achieve Government of all the independent and self-
economies of scale and greater governing Pacific island countries, Australia
specialization in production, thus and New Zealand. Since 1971 it has provided
increasing the competitiveness of member nations with the opportunity to
their products. express their joint political views and to
 Access to a larger market enables cooperate on issues of political and economic
developing countries both to expand concern. The Forum‟s 16 members are:
existing industries and to set up new Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, the
export industries, diversifying exports Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall
and reducing their vulnerability to Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau,
setbacks in a specific product Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands,
market. Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. The Pacific
 regional cooperation can enhance the Islands Forum Secretariat was established as a
capacity of developing countries to “Trade Bureau” in 1972 and later became the
meet emerging challenges, including South Pacific Bureau for Economic
the application of new technologies. Cooperation. In 2000 it changed again to
 regional trade facilitation measures become the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.
offer significant benefits by reducing It focuses on economic policy, trade and
the costs of transactions across investment, corporate sector development and
international borders and removing services related to those matters and to political
non-border obstacles and international legal affairs. Apart from
trade, the Forum has detailed cooperation
 Regional cooperation in trade, transport activities in education, gender, ICT, aviation,
and other areas can help to cope with sustainable development and energy. The
these challenges. It focuses on major trade agreements in the region are
addressing the region‟s priorities and the Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement
leaves countries which join the (PICTA, 2001) and South Pacific Regional
process less scope for backsliding. Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement
(SPARTECA, 1980). Important initiatives in
transport and ICT are the Pacific Aviation
Action Plans (1998 and 2003), the Pacific
Islands Regional ICT Policy and Plan (PIIPP
2002) and the Forum Communication Action
Plan (2002).
 Regional cooperation, as a middle  Multilateral free trade through GATT.

path between complete self-reliance  A common voice in the international
and complete openness, gives arena on issues directly affecting the
countries increased room to Pacific – such as Climate Change,
manoeuvre in pursuing development Sustainable Development

 Establishment of regional organisations
which address issues affecting the
Pacific
 Assistance to Pacific Island countries
that are not self sufficient
Relevance (4 marks) – 2 marks for 2 advantages , 2 marks for 2 benefits
(d) Essay
Regional 2 of its roles 2 ways PICs have benefitted

organisation
Pacific Islands  Leadership and decision  New Caledonia-100-femmes-
Forum making programme
Secretariat(PIFS)  Economic empowerment  using creative approach to end
 Ending violence against gender violence in PNG
women  Fiji Women‟s Fund to support
 Education local women‟s groups
 Health  Formal education opportunities
 Monitoring & evaluation for rural women in Fiji
(empowerment)
 Training for women leaders and
advocates
 Cost-benefit analysis
Pacific Islands  To enable Member Fisheries management at FFA
Forum Fisheries Countries to manage, provides policy and services to its
Agency(PIFFA) conserve and use the members to build national capacity and
tuna resources in their regional solidarity for the sustainable
Exclusive Economic management of tuna in the Pacific. This
Zones and beyond, includes legal expertise, principles and
through enhancing projects around Ecosystem Approach to
national capacity and Fisheries Management, policy expertise
strengthening regional and support regarding fisheries
solidarity. management decision making bodies,
 an advisory body, notably the WCPFC and SC-SPTBF
providing support to its (Billfish Committee).
members for the
conservation and Fisheries development at FFA develops
management of living the capacity of members to sustainably
marine resources, in harvest, process and market tuna to

particular highly create livelihoods and economic profits.
migratory species,
within EEZs and the
region.
Pacific Island  To provide professional Island leaders could discuss critical
Development services and research issues of development with a wide
Programme(PIDP) information to Pacific spectrum of interested countries, donors,
Island governments. nongovernmental organizations, and the
 Assist Pacific islands private sector.
leaders in advancing
their collective efforts to Is involved in the following five major
achieve and sustain activity areas: Secretariat of the Pacific
equitable social and Islands Conference of Leaders, United
economic development States/Pacific Island Nations Joint
consistent with the goals Commercial Commission Secretariat,
of the Pacific islands research, education and training.
region's people.
Carrying out secretariat functions for the
Pacific Islands Conference of Leaders,
where climate change issues have been
discussed; regional and national
assessments of the impacts of climate
change on Pacific Island countries, and
education and training on climate
change tools and applications that will
improve Pacific Island livelihoods.
Secretariat for the  the principal scientific Helping Pacific Island countries to
Pacific and technical improve the governance and
Community(SPC) organisation in the management of their deep-sea minerals
Pacific region resources through improved legal
frameworks and increased technical
capacity. A primary objective of the
project is to support informed and
careful governance of any deep sea
mining.
Conducts meetings fir member countries

to raise and discuss issues for example,
WMO/CSIRO/CLIOTOP climate and
fisheries meeting Secretariat of the
Pacific Community -
11 Feb 2014
Studies and Research

Climate Change Matters (April 2013)
SPREP
1 Apr 2013
Solomon Islands: Choiseul Province
Climate Change Vulnerability and
Adaptation Assessment Report
Secretariat of the Help member countries to Studies and Research

Pacific Regional manage the Pacific Climate Change Matters (April 2013)
Environment environment, sustaining our SPREP
Programme livelihoods and natural heritage 1 Apr 2013
(SPREP) in harmony with our cultures. Solomon Islands: Choiseul Province
Climate Change Vulnerability and
Adaptation Assessment Report
Biodiversity and Ecosystems

Management
Waste management and pollution

control
Environmental monitoring and

governance
University of the Provide tertiary education Provide graduates for member countries
South Pacific
(USP) Provide research and technical Strengthen ties
assistance when the need arises
Technical assistance
South Pacific Markets, promotes, and Strengthening regional cooperation;
Tourism develops tourism in the South contributing to sustainable development;
Organization Pacific in overseas markets.
(SPTO) promoting global awareness of the
To improve air and sea access region;
to Islands
Enhancing the resources of the region;
To Enhance brand "South and promoting the cultural diversity of
Pacific" the region.
To develop capacity of
Government and private sector
for sustainable tourism
Pacific Island The premier regional  Develops training and resource

News organisation representing the materials, and encourage
Association(PINA) interests of media professionals exchange of information and
in the Pacific region. It links skills with industry members in

radio, television, newspapers, the PICs.
magazines, online services,  operates a daily news service,
national associations and PACNEWS, compiled from
journalism schools in 23 Pacific news articles contributed by
Island members
 Promotes good governance
1. Promote and defend freedom of through dissemination of
expression and information accurate information to Pacific
2. Promote and develop Island Countries (PICs)
professional standards through  Relationship building with
training and education NGOs, donors, and regional
3. Develop professional fellowship
organisation in strengthening
and cooperation.
coverage of their work
programmes in the development
of PICs.

Ministry of Education Fiji Year 13 Certificate Examination 2017

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Ministry of Education Fiji Year 13 Certificate Examination 2017

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Ministry Of Education, Heritage and Arts

Quality Education for Change, Peace and Progress

FIJI YEAR 13 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2017

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 1

(a) Map Interpretation

 Cheaper and has a sheltered/protected harbour

(2 advantages for 2 marks, 1 advantage for 1 mark)

(b) Pictogram Interpretation

(i) 11 people (1 mark)

(c) Extract Interpretation

1 advantage – income generation for the government

1 disadvantage – indiscriminate killing of game

- depleting wildlife (1 mark for 1 disadvantage)

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 2

Successful enforcement approaches are supported by a strong legal

 Reform public administration & finance management

Reforms focusing on improving financial management and

One such reform is the disclosure of budget information, which prevents

 Promote transparency & access to information - Countries

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 3

Reliance on manual  invest in technology

 Reducing Govt. expenditure:

 Stable basis for growth:

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 4

 Getting of the roller coaster economy:

 Reducing the balance of payment:

 Proper collection and utilization of public finance:

 Access to foreign markets for local products:

 Promotion of free trade with the neighbouring and friendly

 Using the domestic natural resources to strengthen the economy:

 Countering energy crisis analysis:

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 5

Aid – reliance on rich  embarking on a huge development programme"

(1 mark for identifying solution, 1 mark for explaining point raised)

(e) Diagram Interpretation

Land value peaks at the city centre because:

 of its accessibility to department stores and other commercial buildings

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 6

Declining food resources More mouths to feed, therefore, increase exploitation of

Lack of/scarcity of resources More mouths to feed, therefore, increase exploitation of

Overfishing Fishing for the same resource

(2 marks = 1 mark for population issue, 1 mark for explanation)

(1 mark if issue raised but not explained)

SECTION B PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY [22 marks]

QUESTION 2 GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY (22 marks)

No. Term/concept Definition

iv laminar flow a horizontal movement of water, rarely experienced in rivers that it is

(1 mark per definition, do not accept examples)

Differentiate between sill and dyke/dike

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 7

(b) Resource Interpretation

(i) Formation of a waterfall

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 8

(ii) Usefulness of a waterfall to humans

 Health benefits - visit waterfalls from a mental and physical health

The improved mood

 Tourist attractions – source of money to tourist operators, multiplier effect

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2017. 9

(1 usefulness of waterfall award 1 mark, 1 mark for explanation = 2 marks)

(1 mark if valid point is raised but no explanation given)

(c) Short Answer Questions

(i) 2 ecological importance of wetlands

(2 ecological importance = 2 marks – no explanation needed)